Temperature and Light Treatments in Plant Growth Modules: A Study on the Effects of Different Environmental Conditions

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  • Study examines the effects of temperature and light treatments on plant growth
  • Plants were exposed to different temperature and light conditions in growth modules
  • Results suggest that temperature and light intensity have significant impact on plant growth
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英語翻訳

Temperature and light treatments Plants with six expanded leaves were moved to growth modules in walk-in chambers. Three environmentally controlled chambers were maintained at 14 ± 2°C (LT), 20 ± 2°C (MT), and 26 ± 2°C (HT), respectively. Each chamber was divided into two sections that generated 8 h (short day, SD, 08:00-16:00) and 16 h (long day, LD, 08:00-24:00) photoperiods using fluorescent lamps (FL; FL20SEX-D, Kumho Electric Inc., Seoul, Korea) and incandescent lamps (INC; IL220V30W-L, Kumho Electric Inc., Seoul, Korea). Three modules in each section provided three photosynthetic photon fluxes [PPF, 100 ± 5 (LL), 200 ± 10 (ML), and 400 ± 20 (HL) μmol・m-2・s-1] at canopy height. The FL:INC ratio in PPFD at the plant canopy was about 8:2; therefore, plants were exposed to four levels of daily light integral [DLI, DLI (mol・m-2・d-1) = PPF (μmol・m-2・s-1) × photoperiod (h・d-1) × 60 (min・h-1) × 60 (s・min-1) × 10-6], about 3 (LL ×SD),6(LL×LDandML×SD),12(ML×LDandHL × SD), and 24 (HL × LD) mol・m-2・d-1. Twenty plants were grown in each module under different light and temperature conditions (total 18 treatments) for 3 weeks. 翻訳お願いします

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  • furamanko
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回答No.1

翻訳機は下記を表示したが。 温度と光の処理 葉が6枚に展開した植物をウォークインチャンバー内のグロースモジュールに移した。3つの環境制御チャンバーは、それぞれ14±2℃（LT）、20±2℃（MT）、26±2℃（HT）に維持した。各チャンバーは2つのセクションに分けられ、蛍光灯（FL; FL20SEX-D, Kumho Electric Inc, Seoul, Korea）と白熱灯（INC; IL220V30W-L, Kumho Electric Inc, Seoul, Korea）を用いて8時間（短日、SD、08：00-16：00）と16時間（長日、LD、08：00-24：00）の光周期を生成させた。各セクションの3つのモジュールは，キャノピー高さにおいて3つの光合成光束 [PPF, 100 ± 5 (LL), 200 ± 10 (ML), 400 ± 20 (HL) μmol・m-2・s-1] を供給していた。植物キャノピーでのPPFDにおけるFL:INC比は約8であった。 2; したがって、植物は4レベルの日長光積分 [DLI, DLI (mol ・m-2・d-1) = PPF (μmol ・m-2・s-1) × 光周期 (h・d-1) × 60 (min・h-1) × 60 (s・min-1) × 10-6] に曝された。3 (LL × SD), 6 (LL×LDandML×SD), 12 (ML×LDandHL × SD), および 24 (HL × LD) mol・m-2・d-1程度であった。各モジュールで20株を異なる光・温度条件下で3週間栽培した（合計18処理）。 www.DeepL.com/Translator（無料版）で翻訳しました。

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  • 翻訳について

    Plants with six expanded leaves were moved to growth modules in walk-in chambers. Three environmentally controlled chambers were maintained at 14 ± 2°C (LT), 20 ± 2°C (MT), and 26 ± 2°C (HT), respectively. Each chamber was divided into two sections that generated 8 h (short day, SD, 08:00-16:00) and 16 h (long day, LD, 08:00-24:00) photoperiods using fluorescent lamps (FL; FL20SEX-D, Kumho Electric Inc., Seoul, Korea) and incandescent lamps (INC; IL220V30W-L, Kumho Electric Inc., Seoul, Korea). Three modules in each section provided three photosynthetic photon fluxes [PPF, 100 ± 5 (LL), 200 ± 10 (ML), and 400 ± 20 (HL) μmol・m-2・s-1] at canopy height. The FL:INC ratio in PPFD at the plant canopy was about 8:2; therefore, plants were exposed to four levels of daily light integral [DLI, DLI (mol・m-2・d-1) = PPF (μmol・m-2・s-1) × photoperiod (h・d-1) × 60 (min・h-1) × 60 (s・min-1) × 10-6], about 3 (LL ×SD),6(LL×LDandML×SD),12(ML×LDandHL × SD), and 24 (HL × LD) mol・m-2・d-1. Twenty plants were grown in each module under different light and temperature conditions (total 18 treatments) for 3 weeks. 翻訳したら 6枚の葉が展開した植物をウォークインチャンバー内のグロースモジュールに移した。3つの環境制御チャンバーはそれぞれ14±2℃（LT）、20±2℃（MT）、26±2℃（HT）に維持された。各チャンバーは2つのセクションに分けられ、蛍光灯（FL; FL20SEX-D, Kumho Electric Inc, Seoul, Korea）と白熱灯（INC; IL220V30W-L, Kumho Electric Inc, Seoul, Korea）を用いて8時間（短日、SD、08：00-16：00）と16時間（長日、LD、08：00-24：00）の光周期を生成させた。各セクションの3つのモジュールは，キャノピー高さにおいて3つの光合成光束 [PPF, 100 ± 5 (LL), 200 ± 10 (ML), 400 ± 20 (HL) μmol・m-2・s-1] を供給した。植物体のPPFDにおけるFL:INC の比は約8であった。2;したがって、植物は4レベルの日長光積分 [DLI, DLI (mol ・m-2・d-1) = PPF (μmol ・m-2・s-1) × 光周期 (h・d-1) × 60 (min ・h-1) × 60 (s・min-1) × 10-6] に曝された。3 (LL × SD), 6 (LL×LDandML×SD), 12 (ML×LDandHL × SD), および 24 (HL × LD) mol・m-2・d-1程度である。各モジュールで20株を異なる光・温度条件下で3週間栽培した（合計18処理）。 DeepLで翻訳しました (https://www.deepl.com/app/?utm_medium=ios-share) こうなりました。3つの環境制御チャンバーの所がよく分からないので教えて欲しいです。

  • 表について

    表の見方を教えてください。 There were significant interactions among the effects of some environmental conditions on growth and flowering characteristics (Table 1 and 2). However, we carried out regression analysis using ADT and DLI derived from PPF and photoperiod because the effects of light conditions, especially photoperiod, were smaller than those of tempera- ture. After PPF and photoperiod of Table 1 were transferred into daily light integral (DLI), several characteristics had significant correlations with ADT and DLI based on regression analysis (Table 2). For example, as ADT and DLI became higher, the number of leaves (y = -29.30 + 2.10ADT + 1.46DLI, R2=0.83), number of flowers (y = -8.05 + 0.42ADT + 0.17DLI, R2 = 0.71), lateral shoot length (y = -7.87 + 0.40ADT + 0.19DLI, R2 = 0.69), and shoot dry weight (Y = -0.88 + 0.10ADT + 0.06DLI, R2 = 0.86) increased (Fig. 1A, B, C, D). 表について書いてありそうな文です。お願いします。

  • 英語論文翻訳お願いします。

    Exercise stress testing was performed with a 1 or 2 mph Balke protocol. If the subjects could not ambulate on treadmill even at the slowest speed , exercise capacity was assessed with leg cycle ergometry 32. This protocol consisted of 3-min stages, beginning at 150 kpm and increasing 150 kpm/stage. The subjects were instructed to maintain a rate of 50 rpm with the exception of the maximal effort stage. Oeygen consumption (Vo2) was measured during each minute of exercise by open circuit spirometry. Fait and balance measurements were obtained using a modification of the method of Murray et al 33. The measured gait variables included: stride length, velocity, stance time, duration and cadence. Gait measurements were obtained by a videotape motion analysis system. Kinematic(time and distance)measurements of sagittal place movements and kinetic (reaction force )parameters were measured during level walking by using digitized video analysis (Motion Analysis Corp.) and the Kistler force plate, which was mounted in the walkway. Two-dimensional walking patterns were videotaped with normal room light by using two video cameras, one for observational purposes and one for kinematic analysis. Retroreflentive markers were taped to nine standard body landmarks: head, shoulder, tip, iliac crest, second sacral vertebra, knee, ankle, heel and the fifth metatarsal head. A minimum of four gait cycles were videotaped for each subject in each direction with the arms at the side and then crossed, while wearing low-heeled shoes. A gait cycle is the time period from heel strike to heel strike of the same limb as subjects traveled ～20 feet in direction across the walkway. If the subject fatigued while walking, he was allowed to sit and rest. Data ware analyzed on the IBM-AT computer using Expert Vision System software. Kinematic measurements for three representative gait cycles were averaged per side per subject. Under standardized conditions, videotapes of two two-dimensional walking patterns were patterns were obtained with two digital cameras. To identify body landmarks for digital processing of video images, retroreflective markers were taped to the body to identify eight standard landmarks: head, shoulder, hip, knee, ankle, heel, the fifth metatarsal head and a line which bisected the anterior and superior iliac spines. A minimum of four gait cycles were videotaped for each subject in each direction with the arms at the sides and then crossed. The digitized data were averaged for each of the measured gait variables. For postural stability and steadiness testing, the subjects were asked to stand quietly in a comfortable stance near the center of a Kistler force platform, with arms at the side, and look straight ahead at a visual reference for 30 s. Approximately 2nin after the eyes-open trial, the procedure was repeated with eyes closed. The force plate amplifiers were sampled at 100 Hz. The last 20 s of the 30-s trial were analyzed. The x, y and z axial forces platform were used to calculate the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral canter-of-pressure time series. The average distance from the geometric mean center-of-pres-sure and the total excursions of total distance traveled by the center-of pressure were calculated. すみません…お願いします。

  • 英文についての質問

    What are the three important structures that shape the functioning of each chamber in Congress? このような問題文があり、答えになりそうな箇所を探したのですが、 This chapter considers how Congress is structured, both in its division into two equal chambers that must agree with each other to pass legislation, and within each chamber, where three particular structures shape the functioning of each chamber: the leadership structure, the committee structure, and the structure of log-rolling and vote-trading. つまり the leadership structure, the committee structure and the structure of log-rolling and vote-trading. が回答でしょうか？ 全然違う内容であれば指摘して欲しいです。 よろしくお願いします。

  • 英語論文翻訳お願いします。

    Results Results of the recruitment process The study group were drawn from a population that consisted of 200 predominantly male subjects residing at the ZVAMC NHCU from October 1989 to October 1990. The recruitment period extended from October 1989 to June 100 and the exercise program was conducted from January to October of 1990. The inclusion and exclusion criteria shown in Table 1 were applied to the study population. Independent ambulation, requiring no supervision with or without an assistive device, was a prerequisite for study consideration. Because of this criterion, 112 of the NHCU residents were excluded from the study. Another 60 residents were omitted because of significant illness, dementia, leg amputation or dependence on an assistive device for ambulation. Of the remaining 28 subjects, 5were excluded because they scored above the predetermined cut off point on the Tinetti mobility assessment scale; it was felt these individuals were too functional to derive significant benefit from the intervention program. Of the 23 remaining subjects, 15 provided informed consent. Because of resource and supervisory limitation only three to four individuals could reasonably participate in the exercise sessions at any one time. Consequently, only 12 of the potential 15 subjects were actually able to participate in the study. Six subjects joined the exercise group and six the control group. After completion of the control protocol, four of the control subjects then participated in and completed the exercise protocol. Of the original subjects in the exercise group two were forced to total of eight subjects in the exercise group protocol. Selected characteristics of the subjects are described in Table 2. No significant differences were noted between the initial profiles of the exercise and control groups, although weight, length of stay and number of major diagnoses demonstrated more variability than age, height and number of scheduled medications. Baseline Testing of the Exercise and Control Subhects Baseline data for the participants who completed the study indicated that their initial scores for strength, work capacity and gait were substantially lower than age-specific nomal values recorded in the literature30 31 33.the participants demonstrated deficiencies of 21% for tinetti mobility skills, 62% for gait velocity and 56% for stride length. The exercise and the control groups were not significantly different with regard to their profile of baseline deficiencies in these functional capacities. タイプミスあったらすみません。 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1466871

  • 英語論文翻訳お願いします

    Testing procedures All study participants completed manual muscle and Tinetti mobility testing , isokinetic strength testing of the quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups , exercise stress testing and gait and balance testing bath at the beginning and gait and balance testing bath at the beginning and end of the 12-wk study period. These measurements were made by blinded examiners at baseline and 7 to 10 days after completion of either the exercise or control protocols. Positioning of the subjects for manual muscle testing of the various lower extremity muscle groups and the zero to five muscle strength grading system were based on the positions and grades established by Kendall and MCreary.27 Modifications in muscle testing were made as necessary following the procedures recommended by Daniels and Worthingham.28 Leg length discrepancies and significant joint motion limitations were recorded at this time. Clinical gait and balance were measured with a modified version of Tinetti’s instrument.29 This mobility test involves a series of simple tasks including sitting, standing up from and sitting down in a cair, standing and tandem standing both with eyes open and closed , turning in a circle, turning head from side to side , standing on one leg , reaching and bending to pick up an object, withstanding a nudge on the sternum while standing and walking short distances with or without the aid of an assistive device. Observations of gait were made for gait intiation, step length and height, step symmetry, step continuity and gait path. Each task was scored on a zero to one or zero to two scale . Isokinetic muscle strength testing was performed at 60°per second to obtain concentric isokinetic strength measurements for knee flexion and extension, measurements for knee flexion and extension, utilizing the Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer (Lumex, Inc. Bayshore, NY) and single-channel chart recorder. Adjustments for age were determined by estimating a 1% decline in strength per year after age 40.30 Measurements of endurance were recorded by tabulating the number of repetitions completed at 180°per second before strength declined to <50% of peak torque. Testing procedures All study participants completed manual muscle and Tinetti mobility testing , isokinetic strength testing of the quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups , exercise stress testing and gait and balance testing bath at the beginning and gait and balance testing bath at the beginning and end of the 12-wk study period. These measurements were made by blinded examiners at baseline and 7 to 10 days after completion of either the exercise or control protocols. Positioning of the subjects for manual muscle testing of the various lower extremity muscle groups and the zero to five muscle strength grading system were based on the positions and grades established by Kendall and MCreary.27 Modifications in muscle testing were made as necessary following the procedures recommended by Daniels and Worthingham.28 Leg length discrepancies and significant joint motion limitations were recorded at this time. Clinical gait and balance were measured with a modified version of Tinetti’s instrument.29 This mobility test involves a series of simple tasks including sitting, standing up from and sitting down in a cair, standing and tandem standing both with eyes open and closed , turning in a circle, turning head from side to side , standing on one leg , reaching and bending to pick up an object, withstanding a nudge on the sternum while standing and walking short distances with or without the aid of an assistive device. Observations of gait were made for gait intiation, step length and height, step symmetry, step continuity and gait path. Each task was scored on a zero to one or zero to two scale . よろしくお願いします

  • 英語論文の翻訳、長いですがお願いします。

    Protocols for the exercise and control groups Men randomized to the exercise group entered a progressive resistance lower extremity weight training and aerobic conditioning program at the ZVAMC Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Center . Weight training was conducted on a multipurpose weight machine (Marcy Gymnasinm Equipment Co . ) and aerobic conditioning was completed on stationary Air Dyne or cycle ergometers (Air Dyne & Ergo Metric Exercisor Models by Schwinn). Weight measurements were determined with a 23-kg load cell (Sensotec 31/143) and appropriate instrumentation (Sensotec HH). Exercise sessions were conducted 3 days a week for 12 wk totaling 36 sessions. Each session lasted between 45 and 75 min depending on the number of participants. All missed sessions were made up at a later date unless continuation was not possible because of medical or personal problems. Heart rates were continuously monitored by telemetry (Transkinetics TEM-4100)during the exercise sessions and estimated average heart rates were recorded during aerobic training. Each exercise session included : (1)a warm up of leisurely cycling for 3-5min , (2) aerobic exercise on either the Air Dyne or cycle ergometer, (3) strength training and (4) a warm down of cycling for 3-5 min. The aerobic exercise was performed for a duration of 20 min at a target heart rate of >70% of the exercise stress-tested maximal heart rate. The strength training was performed on the hip flexors, hip extensors, hip abductors, knee extensors and ankle plantar flexors. The hip muscle groups were exercised in succession with a standard weight and pulley system attached by a Velcro strap to the ankle with the subjects in a standing position. Four maneuvers were required for each extremity, totaling eight different hip exercise. To exercise the knee extensors, the subjects were required to lift the training weight from a sitting position with 90°of knee flexion to full knee extension using both knees simultaneously. The ankle plantar flexors were exercise with the subjects standing, holding the training weight with arms and back straight, and rising from the foot flat position to maximum, defined as the most weight a subject could lift through a full range of motion one time, was determined for each of the muscle groups before the first exercise session. At the first session, the weight load was set at 40 to 60% of the one repetition maximum so tha the subjects could complete 10 repetitions. Sequential load adjustments were made in subsequent sessions to maintain a maximal fatigue level after completion of the 10 repetitions. The subjects rotated to three weight stations performing one set of 10 repetitions for each of the hip muscle groups and two sets of 10 repetitions for both the knee extensors and ankle plantar flexors. The order of weight training exercise varied depending on preference and station availability. Subjects assigned to the control group received usual care within the NHCU during the study period. When indicated , this care included maintenance physical therapy. No dietary limitations were imposed on either group. After completion of the study period, a subset of the control subjects in either group. After completion of the study period, a subset of the control subjects crossed over to the exercise group. Subjects in either group requiring hospitalization secondary to a medical illness were dropped from the study. よろしくお願いします

  • 英文翻訳をお願いします。

    Before the action could be undertaken, a great deal of preparation was required, much of it innovative.After the Allied conference at Chantilly, Haig issued instructions for army commanders on 17 November 1916, with a general plan for offensive operations in the spring of 1917. The Chief engineer of the Third Army, Major-General E. R. Kenyon, composed a list of requirements by 19 November, for which he had 16 Amy Troops companies, five with each corps in the front line and one with XVIII Corps, four tunnelling companies, three entrenching battalions, eight RE labour battalions and 37 labour companies. Inside the old walls of Arras were the Grand and Petit places, under which there were old cellars, which were emptied and refurbished for the accommodation of 13,000 men. Under the suburbs of St Sauveur and Ronville were many caves, some huge, which were rediscovered by accident in October 1916. When cleared out the caves had room for 11,500 men, one in the Ronville system housing 4,000 men. The 8 ft × 6 ft (2.4 m × 1.8 m) Crinchon sewer followed the ditch of the old fortifications and tunnels were dug from the cellars to the sewer.

  • 英語の翻訳お願いします！

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  • 英語論文翻訳お願いします

    Experience of the Exercise Group Compliance The eight exercise group subjects completed all 36 sessions. However, before completing all exercise sessions, total of 16 sessions were missed accounting for an overall compliance rate of ～95%. The average heart rate of 103 beats /min, achieved during stationary crying, equaled 82%of the exercise stress-tested maximal heart rate and 70% of the age-predicted maximal heart rate. The exercise participants used the Air-Dyne model cycle ergometers 85% of the time and the Ergo-Metric models the remaining 15%. Because of the added upper extremity exercise provided by the reciprocal arm movements, the subjects achieved higher average heart rates and were encouraged to use the Air-Dyne model cycle ergometers. Safety and intercurrent Illness The exercise program was safe with no apparent adverse side effects and no session were missed because of musculoskeletal complications. None of the subjects dropped out because of dissatisfaction with the program. Twp participants, both in the exercise group, were forced to withdraw from the study because of intercurrent illnesses. Results of testing at the end of the exercise program Compasidon of the first to the last exercise sessions showed that each of the men participating in the exercise program increased the amount of weight lifted in the 10 repetition maximum. Baseline weight lifted averaged 7.6 lbs for the hip muscle groups, 28 lbs for the knee extensors and 46 lbs for the ankle plantar flexors. The increase in weight lifted over the course of the study averaged 7.3 lbs (99%) for the hip muscle groups, 21lbs(81%) for the knee extensors and 37 lbs (80%) for the ankle plantar flexors. Although one repetition maximum values were measured before the first exercise session, they were not repeated at the end of the exercise program. The control subjects did not undergo baseline weight measurement determinations. Table 3 provides information regarding each of the before and after variables measured in the exercise group. The mean increase in tinetti mobility scores of+3.37 was significant (P<0.05), with each subject scoring higher after completion of the exercise program. The tinetti scale was divided into three parts, consisting of strength items (12 points), items combining strength and balance (6 points) and items that were primarily related to balance (16 points). Increases in items primarily related to strength were significant (P<0.01), while increases in balance-related item approached significance (P<0.06). Table2&3 Isokinetic strength measurements that increased significantly included overall strength combining the individual muscle group measurements (P<0.01), combined right and left quadriceps strength (P<0.05) and right- and left- handed muscular endurance (P<0.05). left quadriceps strength improvements approached, but did not achieve significance (P<0.07). post-strengthening measurements of gait and balance revealed significant improvements in left-sided stride length (P<0.005), left gait velocity (P<0.01) and average stride length (P<0.005) and velocity (P<0.05). no significant changes occurred for the other measured parameters including V02 max and balance. Experience of the control group The results for the control group can be found in Table 4. All control subjects completed the testing protocol without complications. No outcome variable improved significantly at the end of the 12-wk control period with the exception of the combined hamstring strength (P<0.05). Between group comparisons Table 5 compares the magnitude of change between the before and after test measurements in the exercise U the control group. Differences of significance included the tinetti mobility scores (P<0.005), left stride length (P<0.05), left velocity (P<0.05), average stride length (P<0.05) and average velocity (P<0.05). よろしくお願いします。 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1466871

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