関ヶ原の戦で石田の軍勢は敗れ、大阪城攻略で豊臣一族が滅ぼされる
- 関ヶ原の戦は、京都から100km離れた関ヶ原で起きた歴史的な戦いであり、石田の軍勢は敗れた。
- 15年後、家康は大阪城を包囲し、豊臣一族の本陣を滅ぼすことで関ヶ原に始まった争いを終わらせた。
- 関ヶ原と大阪の戦で家康とその跡継ぎ達は武家の支配を確立し、武力が政治体制の基盤となった。
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英語の文章と和訳があります。訳は正しいですか？
Ishida’s forces were defeated. This decisive encounter took place at Sekigahara, about a hundred kilometers northeast of Kyoto. Fifteen years later, Ieyasu completed the chain of events begun at Sekigahara by besieging and eventually destroying the headquarters of the Toyotomi party in Osaka castle. The luckless Hideyori died in the flames of the final attack. The Sekigahara and Osaka campaigns gave Ieyasu and his heirs military control of the entire country. Authority won by arms had been the basis of every system of political control since the various acts of submission of the court aristocracy to the Taira and Minamoto warrior families in the twelfth century. 日本語訳 石田の軍勢は敗れたのである。この歴史的な戦は京都から北東へ100km離れた関ヶ原でおこった。15年後家康は大阪城を包囲し、ついに豊臣一族の本陣を滅ぼすと関ヶ原に始まった一連の争いを終わらせた。不運にも秀頼は最後の攻撃で戦火に包まれ亡くなった。関ヶ原と大阪の戦で家康とその跡継ぎ達は武家の支配を確立した。12世紀に平家と源氏が朝廷を抑えたように、武力で権力を勝ち取ることが全ての政治体制のもととなっていた。
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以下のとおりお答えします。特に後半部分の（内容はともかく）訳文については、欠落補充などのが再考をお勧めします。 ＞Ishida’s forces were defeated. This decisive encounter took place at Sekigahara, about a hundred kilometers northeast of Kyoto. Fifteen years later, Ieyasu completed the chain of events begun at Sekigahara by besieging and eventually destroying the headquarters of the Toyotomi party in Osaka castle. The luckless Hideyori died in the flames of the final attack. ＞石田の軍勢は敗れたのである。この歴史的な戦は京都から北東へ100km離れた関ヶ原でおこった。15年後家康は大阪城を包囲し、ついに豊臣一族の本陣を滅ぼすと関ヶ原に始まった一連の争いを終わらせた。不運にも秀頼は最後の攻撃で戦火に包まれ亡くなった。 （ほぼ完璧だと思います。語句を少し変えますが、「約100km」の「約」を加える以外はネグってくれても構いません。） ⇒石田の軍勢は敗れたのである。この歴史的な会戦は京都から北東へ約100km離れた関ヶ原で起こった。15年後家康は大阪城を包囲し、ついに豊臣一族の本陣を滅ぼして関ヶ原に始まった一連の騒動を終わらせた。不運にも秀頼は最後の攻撃で戦火に包まれ亡くなった。 ＞The Sekigahara and Osaka campaigns gave Ieyasu and his heirs military control of the entire country. Authority won by arms had been the basis of every system of political control since the various acts of submission of the court aristocracy to the Taira and Minamoto warrior families in the twelfth century. ＞関ヶ原と大阪の戦で家康とその跡継ぎ達は武家の支配を確立した。12世紀に平家と源氏が朝廷を抑えたように、武力で権力を勝ち取ることが全ての政治体制のもととなっていた。 （of the entire country「全国一円にわたる」、the various acts「諸種の行動」、the court aristocracy 「朝廷の貴族制」、warrior families「武士階級」などが洩れていますね。このうち、the various actsの適訳が分かりません。少なくとも、「諸種の行動」よりいい訳がありそうな気がするのですが…。） ⇒関ヶ原と大阪の戦で家康とその跡継ぎ達は全国一円にわたる武家の支配を確立した。12世紀に平氏と源氏の武士階級が朝廷の貴族制を抑えた諸種の行動以来、武力で勝ち取る権力が全ての政治体制のもととなってきたのである。
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After Sekigahara, Ieyasu immediately attended to the important matter of titles. Fortunately for him, Yoshiaki, the titular Ashikaga shogun, had recently died; and although the authentic genealogy of the Tokugawa house did not stretch back beyond the fifteenth century, Ieyasu had little difficulty claiming appropriate Minamoto lineage to take the title of sei-i-tai-shogun for himself and his descendants. The court meekly issued the formal letter of appointment towards the end of 1603. Ieyasu was shogun for only two years, since in 1605 he arranged for the title to be passed on to his son, Hidetada. He lived on for another eleven years, and in his ostensible retirement was as busy as ever, but he preferred to watch over the affairs of the nation and his house, rather than be concerned with details of routine administration. 和訳 関ヶ原の合戦ののち、家康はすぐに関心を向けた称号という重要な問題に。幸いなことに将軍職を持っていた足利義昭がごく最近亡くなったのです。徳川家の正当な系譜は15世紀をさかのぼることは無かったが、家康は彼自身とその子孫が征夷大将軍の地位を得るための正当な源氏の流れであることを宣言するのに何の困難もなかった。朝廷は従順に1603年の暮れ（将軍宣下する旨の）勅令を出した。1605年に息子の秀忠に位を譲ったので、家康が将軍だったのは2年間だけだった。隠居した後、11年間存命だったが、表向きの引退をして以降も相変わらず多忙を極めたが、幕府運営の些事に関わるよりも国家や幕府の行く末を見守ることを好んだ。
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Acknowledgements The author wishes to thank Professor C.Hayashi and Dr.K. Nakazawa for their useful advice and continuous encouragement. The numerical calculations were mainly performed by FACOM M-200 at Data Processing Center of Kyoto University. This work was supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research of the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (Nos. 511409, 56110009 and 57103006). The publication of this paper is indebted to the aid of Central Research Laboratory of Osaka Institute of Technology. よろしくお願いします。
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The Battle of Festubert was the continuation of the Battle of Aubers Ridge (9 May) and part of the larger French Second Battle of Artois. The resumption of the British offensive was intended to assist the French Tenth Army offensive against Vimy Ridge near Arras, by attracting German divisions to the British front, rather than reinforcing the defenders opposite the French. The attack was made by the British First Army under Sir Douglas Haig against a German salient between Neuve Chapelle to the north and the village of Festubert to the south. The assault was planned along a 3-mile (4.8 km) front and would initially be made mainly by Indian troops. This would be the first British army night attack of the war. The battle was preceded by a 60-hour bombardment by 433 artillery pieces that fired about 100,000 shells. This bombardment failed to significantly damage the front line defences of the German 6th Army but the initial advance made some progress in good weather conditions. The attack was renewed on 16 May and by 19 May the 2nd Division and 7th Division had to be withdrawn due to heavy losses. On 18 May, the 1st Canadian Division, assisted by the 51st (Highland) Division, attacked but made little progress in the face of German artillery fire. The British forces dug in at the new front line in heavy rain. The Germans brought up reinforcements and reinforced their defences. From 20–25 May the attack was resumed and Festubert was captured. The offensive had resulted in a 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) advance.The British lost 16,648 casualties from 15/16 to 25 May; the 2nd Division lost 5,445 casualties, the 7th Division 4,123, the 47th Division had 2,355 losses, the Canadian Division lost 2,204 casualties and the 7th (Meerut) Division had 2,521 casualties. The German defenders had c. 5,000 casualties, including 800 men taken prisoner. French casualties during the Second Battle of Artois were 102,533 men and German casualties were 73,072. The 100th anniversary of the battle saw a range of commemorations held across the world. Some of the most poignant were those held in the Highlands of Scotland, in particular in shinty playing communities, which were affected disproportionately by losses in the battle. Skye Camanachd and Kingussie Camanachd, representing two areas which lost a great many men, were joined by the British Forces shinty team, SCOTS Camanachd for a weekend of commemorations, lectures, memorial services and shinty matches on the weekend of 15–17 May 2015 in Portree. Isle of Skye. A week later, the Beauly Shinty Club renamed their pavilion after the Paterson brothers, Donald and Alasdair, who were killed in the battle and were part of their 1913 Camanachd Cup winning side. Donald's bagpipes were recovered with his other effects in the early 1980s and were played at both commemorations.
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In February 1916, before the campaign ended, Britain and France agreed to divide Kamerun along the Picot Provisional Partition Line. This resulted in Britain obtaining approximately one fifth of the colony situated on the Nigerian border. France gained Duala and most of the central plateau, which consisted of the majority of former German territory. The partition was accepted at the Paris Peace Conference and the former German colony became the League of Nations mandates of French Cameroon and British Cameroon by the Treaty of Versailles.
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Fig.2. The orbit of relative motion with b=1.920, e=0 and i=0. The particle enters the Hill sphere (denoted by a circle in a fine line) of the protoplanet at origin. But it escapes away from the Hill sphere without close encounter.
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The most powerful regent was Tokugawa Ieyasu; it turned out that he had an able and implacable foe in one of the commissioners, Ishida Mitunari. This man never tired in his attempts to stir up trouble for Ieyasu by inciting the other daimyo against him. Apart from active intriguing, other, more static forces were at work. In the delicate situation following Hideyoshi’s death the preponderance of Tokugawa power was too great to be left alone. Ieyasu had either to take the final steps which would ensure the supremacy of himself and his sons, or face the prospect that jealous rivals would wait for a chance to humble them forever. Ishida’s schemings forced the issue. On 21 October 1600 an army eighty thousand strong, led by him but provided by a coalition of ‘’western’’ daimyo, attacked the same number of ‘’eastern’’ troops under the command of Ieyasu. 日本語 最も力のあった大老は徳川家康であり、その結果、奉行衆の一人、石田三成の宿敵となった。この男は、対抗する他大名を扇動することで家康に難題を焚きつける企みを決して止めようとはしなかった。三成のおもてだった陰謀はともかく、その他の彼のもう少し地道な活動は機能した。秀吉は死後、難しい状況の中で徳川の力が非常に強くなり無視できなかった。家康は自分と息子の所領安堵の最終段階に入るか、妬んだ政敵が徳川を永遠に屈服させる機会を待つだろう見通しに向かい合うかどちらかを選択しなければならなかった。石田三成の画策は宣戦布告をもたらすこととなった。1600年10月21日、三成に率いられた8万人からなる強力な軍はあろうことか、西側と同じ兵の数を誇り、且つ家康により統制のとれた東軍に攻撃を仕掛けしまった。
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Ieyasu, Hidetada, and Iemitsu never neglected to learn from the past, in particular from the career of Minamoto Yoritomo and the history of the Kamakura bakufu in the thirteenthe century after Yoritomo’s death.
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The traditional picture of Ieyasu is one of a crafty and grasping old man, and Japanese children are probably still told that ‘’Ieyasu ate the pie Nobunaga made and Hideyoshi baked.’’ Ambition never led him astray, however. On the contrary, self-control and a truly marvelous patience stamped his character from childhood. He was also lucky, in surviving so many battles in the first half on his life, and in that his health, of which he took scrupulous care, allowed him to outlive his great contemporaries by a useful margin of twenty or thirty years. 和訳 家康は昔から狡猾で貪欲な老人だと思われてきたし、日本人の子どもは今でも「信長が作って秀吉が焼いたパイを家康が食べた。」と教わっているだろう。しかし、実際には彼は野心により道を外れることなど決してなかった。むしろ、彼は子どもの頃から自制心や真に素晴らしい忍耐を身につけていたのだ。彼が健康に気を遣い、同時代の偉大なライバルたちよりも２０年～３０年長生きしたので、その年月を有効に使えた事も幸運だった。
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The Germans were prevented from advancing further by Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI)'s counter-attacks and a night move by the 10th Brigade. The PPCLI held the line at a steep cost; their 700-man force was reduced to 150, who were in no shape to fight. After this, their unofficial motto—"Holding up the whole damn line"—is still used today. Battle of Bellewaarde (24–25 May) On 24 May the Germans released a gas attack that hit Shell Trap Farm and to the area around the north west, which was affected the most by the attack. A report of the event by Captain Thomas Leahy, of the 2nd Royal Dublin Fusiliers, shows that their C.O. Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Loveband suspected a gas attack and had warned all company officers. Later the Germans threw up red lights over their trench, which would signal a gas release. We had only just time to get our respirators on before the gas was over us. — Captain Thomas Leahy German forces managed to advance and occupy the British line to north and left of the Battalion. The Battalion was now under heavy fire from the German forces. But with shellfire and the aid from the 9th Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders they managed to hold their trenches to the end. Germans advancing under cover of enfilade fire, in small parties, finally occupied Battalion line by 2.30pm. Shelling ceased but rifle and M.G. fire remained accurate and constant, whenever a target presented itself, until dusk. — The War Diary By the end of the battle the Ypres salient was compressed, with Ypres closer to the line. The city, bombarded by artillery fire, was demolished. Although poison gas had been used on the Eastern Front, it surprised the Allies and about 7,000 gas casualties were transported in field ambulances and treated in casualty clearing stations. In May and June, 350 British deaths were recorded from gas poisoning. Both sides developed gas weapons and counter-measures, which changed the nature of gas warfare; the French and British used gas at the Battle of Loos in late September. Gas protection was somewhat improved with the issue of improvised respirators made from cotton waste pads impregnated with sodium hyposulphite, sodium bicarbonate and glycerin. The respirators made little difference, however, due to lack of training and the use of local contraptions and poorly made items imported from Britain. The "P helmet" (or "Tube Helmet") soaked in sodium phenate was issued by December 1915, and the PH helmet (effective against phosgene) was issued in early 1916.
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The obedience of the daimyo was exacted under the guise of vassal loyalty. Those among them who had not already done so had to tender written oaths of obedience to Ieyasu after 1600 acknowledging him as their feudal overlord. These pledges were renewed by each successive daimyo of han, and by all the daimyo whenever a new shogun took office. Lords who disregarded Tokugawa wishes could be punished as disobedient vassals; the shogunate would reprimand them, retire them, or-in extreme cases-confiscate their fiefs. 和訳 大名の服従は臣下としての忠誠心の名のもとに強要された。いまだそれに応じていない者は、1600年以降家康に、彼が武家の大領主であると認める服従を誓う誓詞を提出しなければならなかった。これらの誓詞は、個々の藩の大名後継者によって更新され、新しい将軍が就任した時はすべての大名によって更新された。徳川の意向に背く藩主は反抗的な家臣として処罰する事が可能だった。幕府はそうした者たちを叱責し、代替わりさせたり、極端な場合、領地を没収したりもした。
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