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和訳を教えてください。
薬学論文の次の二つの英文の訳を教えてください。よろしくお願いします。 ・The test strain was more resistant than the model strain, and reciprocally so. ・The strain exhibited significant variability to the disinfection treatment with some strains showing a higher resistance than the model strain, the other reference strain in NF EN 1040.
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- drmuraberg
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第１の文：前後の文が有るか内容が判っていないと訳せない文だと思います。 Reciprocalは広くは相互の意味ですが「逆に」の意味でも使われます。 例reciprocal number 逆数（数学） and reciprocally so. = and it was reciprocally so. としての訳例。 試験菌株はモデル菌株より耐性が高かったし、相互的にもその様であった （相反的にもその様だった）。 相互的や相反的の意味することや、どちらが正しいかは残念ながら 判断できません。 第２の文：showingがsome strains に掛かるとし、the model strain が the other reference strain とすると訳例は。 その菌株はモデル菌株、NF EN 1040（規格）中の他のリファレンス菌株、 より高い耐性を示すいくらかの菌株による殺菌処理に対して顕著な変動性を示した。 some strain, showing・・・・でしたら その菌株はいくらかの菌株による殺菌処理に対して顕著な変動性を示し、モデル菌株、 NF EN 1040（規格）中の他のリファレンス菌株、より高い耐性を示している。 妙に感じるのはtreatment with で、普通は～で処理するですが、～と共に処理する の意味にも取れます。菌株を菌株で殺菌処理すると言う表現が変だからです。 「試験菌株を他の菌株と一緒に殺菌処理した」とも考えられるからです。 専門的な文の場合、前後の文との関連が判る、たまたまその分野の人が 見ていた等で無いと回答は付きにくいです。 Strain と聞くと「歪み」と条件反射する化学物理・工学屋からの敢えての 回答でした。参考になれば幸いです。
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The latest study involved 40 patients infected with P. falciparum in Pailin, and another 40 in Wang Pha, in northwest Thailand2. Half of each group were given just artesunate, and the other half the dual artesunate–mefloquine therapy. The Cambodian group took almost twice as long to clear the parasite from their body as the Thai group: 84 hours compared with 48 hours. Usually artemisinin drugs clear the parasite within three days, says Nick Day, director of the Mahidol Oxford research unit in Bangkok and co-author of the study, published in the New England Journal of Medicine. Infection broke out again for six of the twenty patients taking just artesunate in Cambodia, compared with two patients in Thailand. With the combined therapy, it recurred in only one of the twenty cases in each group. The World Health Organization recommends that artemisinin-based drugs be given only in combination, to delay the onset of resistance. But Day explains that the single-dose groups were crucial in their controlled study to show that there was growing resistance to artesunate, and not to mefloquine alone. The emergence of artemisinin-resistant malaria in Cambodia is especially worrying, because previous drug-resistant strains of malaria have sprung from there. "This is a wake-up call," says Day. "We have got reduced susceptibility to the drugs in an area where we've seen resistance emerge before." Given time, the parasite will only become more resistant to the drugs, he adds. よろしくお願いしますorz
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The research offers a clear warning that efforts to eradicate malaria should be accelerated, says Sanjeev Krishna from St George's University of London, who studies the biochemical origins of artemisinin resistance. He says that he expected resistance to occur eventually — but not as soon as this. "I thought we would have had longer," he says. More intensive drug-development programmes are needed, he adds, to find new drugs based on artemisinin, as well as alternatives. An eradication programme combining continued treatment and use of mosquito nets is under way in this area of Cambodia, Day says. "It's going to need considerable political willpower, scientific research and financial resources to achieve," he cautions. But without it, there is a danger that the resistant parasite could reach the world's malaria heartland — Africa. "That," says Day, "would be a major disaster." よろしくお願いします＾＾；
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Approximately 42000 new cases of tuberculosis were reported in Japan in 1997. That marked the first increase in 38 years. Tuberculosis cannot be called a disease of the past any longer. Tuberculosis is a contagious bacterial disease that usually affects the lungs. In many cases, the body's immune system destroys the bacteria before it does much damage: only a scar or spot is left on the lungs as evidence of the infection. Sometimes, however, the infection spreads and causes a variety of symptoms, including coughing, fatigue, fever, sweating at night, loss of appetite, and weight loss. The bacteria may also pass from the lungs through the lymphatic system to the bones and joints, kidneys, or brain and spinal cord. Occasionally, the bacteria remain dormant in the lungs for years, flaring up again to do further damage. Left untreated, tuberculosis may eventually cause death. A tuberculosis patient is usually treated with two to four antituberculous drugs. The reason multiple drugs are administered is that this helps overcome the danger that the bacteria may develop resistance to one of the drugs. The drugs act either by directly killing the bacteria or by preventing them from multiplying. Some antituberculous drugs may cause adverse side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Because of this, special care is needed when taking these drugs. Drug treatment normally continues until the symptoms have subsided and laboratory investigations such as sputum tests have shown the person to be clear of infection. The treatment usually takes a long time, sometimes more than a year. Conditions in Japan now suggest that the nation is at a critical point inits fight against tuberculosis. There has been a vast increase in the number of patients infected by multiple-drug-resistant strains. One reason for this is that many TB victims did not complete their treatment and, consequently, the bacteria that remained became resistant to current medications. Now, a great deal of research is under way to develop drugs effective against multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis. It is hoped that the advent of such drugs will represent the final victory in the fight against this stubborn, troublesome disease.
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- 【和訳】和訳をお願いできませんでしょうか。
国連の世界貿易レポートを読んでいるのですが、イマイチ理解できません。 大変長い文章ですが、和訳していただけませんでしょうか。 どうかよろしくお願いします。 Thus, while developing countries (25 per cent) have a lower share of foreign value added than the world average (28 per cent), their foreign value added share is significantly higher than in the United States and Japan – or than in the EU, if only external trade is taken into account. Among developing economies, the highest shares of foreign value added in trade are found in East and South-East Asia and in Central America (including Mexico), where processing industries account for a significant part of exports. Foreign value added in exports is much lower in Africa, West Asia, South America and in the transition economies, where natural resources and commodities exports with little foreign inputs tend to play an important role. The lowest share of foreign value added in exports is found in South Asia, mainly due to the weight of services exports, which also use relatively fewer foreign inputs. The average foreign value added share of exports and the degree of double counting in global exports of an industry provide a rough indication of the extent to which industries rely on internationally integrated production networks, as it proxies the extent to which intermediate goods and services cross borders until final consumption of the industry’s output. Clearly, GVCs do not equate with industries. A value chain for a given product may incorporate value added produced by many different industries (e.g. manufactured products incorporate value added from services industries). The global average shares by industry of foreign value added ignore the fact that each industry may be part of and contribute to many different value chains. The value and share of developing-country exports that depend on GVCs, because of either upstream links (foreign value added in exports) or downstream links (exports that are incorporated in other products and re-exported) is quite significant (figure IV.8). East and South-East Asia remains the region with the highest level of GVC participation, reflecting its primacy as the most important region for exportoriented manufacturing and processing activities. Central America (including Mexico) also has a high participation rate, but whereas it ranked equal with South-East Asia in terms of foreign value added in exports, it has a lower downstream participation rate, reflecting the fact that it exports relatively more to the United States domestic market rather than for onward exports.
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The opposing forces were wholly German. During this period of the war, German divisions procured only 50 percent or less of their initial strength. The 117th Division, which opposed the U.S. 79th Division during the offensive's first phase, had only 3,300 men in its ranks. Morale varied among German units. For example, divisions that served on the Eastern front would have high morale, while conversely divisions that had been on the Western front had poor morale. Resistance grew to approximately 200,000–450,000 German troops from the Fifth Army of Group Gallwitz commanded by General Georg von der Marwitz. The Americans estimated that they opposed parts of 44 German divisions overall, though many fewer at any one time. Objective The Allied objective was the capture of the railway hub at Sedan that would break the railway network supporting the German Army in France and Flanders. First Phase (September 26 – October 3, 1918) "During the three hours preceding H hour, the Allies expended more ammunition than both sides managed to fire throughout the four years of the [American] Civil War. The cost was later calculated to have been $180 million, or $1 million per minute." The American attack began at 05:30 on September 26 with mixed results. The V and III Corps met most of their objectives, but the 79th Division failed to capture Montfaucon, the 28th "Keystone" Division was virtually ground to a halt by formidable German resistance, and the 91st "Wild West" Division was compelled to evacuate the village of Épinonville though it advanced 8 km (5.0 mi). The inexperienced 37th "Buckeye" Division failed to capture Montfaucon d'Argonne. The subsequent day, September 27 most of 1st Army failed to make any gains. The 79th Division finally captured Montfaucon and the 35th "Santa Fe" Division captured the village of Baulny, Hill 218, and Charpentry, placing the division forward of adjacent units. On September 29, six extra German divisions were deployed to oppose the American attack, with the 5th Guards and 52nd Division counterattacking the 35th Division, which had run out of food and ammunition during the attack. The Germans initially made significant gains, but were barely repulsed by the 35th Division's 110th Engineers, 128th Machine Gun Battalion, and Harry Truman's Battery D, 129th Field Artillery. In the words of Pershing, "We were no longer engaged in a maneuver for the pinching out of a salient, but were necessarily committed, generally speaking, to a direct frontal attack against strong, hostile positions fully manned by a determined enemy."
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和訳の添削をお願いします。 経済学の内容のため、うまく訳せず困っています。 日本語として不自然な部分や間違った訳し方をしている箇所があれば訂正をお願いします。 The distinguishing feature of the portfolio balance model is that investors no longer regard domestic and foreign bonds as perfect substitutes. This being the case the expected returns on the two assets no longer have to be equal. In other words, the uncovered interest parity condition which was a key condition in the monetary models generally no longer holds. For example, if investors are risk-averse and regard domestic bonds as being relatively risky as compared to foreign bonds, they will require a higher expected return on domestic bonds than foreign bonds. This additional expected return on the relatively risky as compared to the less risky bonds is known as the ‘risk premium’. ポートフォリオバランスモデルの際立った特徴は、投資家が国内と国外の債券を完全な代わりともはや考えないということです。これは２つの資産の期待予想される収益がもはや等しい必要がないという場合です。言い換えると、一般に金融モデルの鍵となる無担保の金利学は、もはや保ちません。例えば、投資家がリスクを避けて国内の債券を外債と比較して比較的危険であると考えるならば、彼らは外債より高い国内の絆の期待される収益を必要とします。これに加えてリスクの少ない債券と比べてよりリスクの高い債券の予想される収益は「リスクプレミアム」として知られています。
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間違っている箇所や不自然な訳し方をしているところがありましたら、ご指摘お願いします。 We have seen that the absorption approach, like the elasticity approach, does not provide an unambiguous answer to the question of whether a devaluation leads to an improvement in the current account. At issue is how economic agents respond to the change in relative prices that is implied by a devaluation. The two analyses are not alternative theories, but rather provide complementary insights into the processes at work. Although, the two models are comparative static in nature, they both point to the importance of dynamic forces and a time dimension to the eventual outcome. Demand elasticities are higher in the long run than in the short run, leading to a possible J-curve effect and the effects of a devaluation on income and absorption will be spread over time. Even in these simple models, it is seen that there are likely to be a variety of forces at work. No doubt even greater ambiguity would emerge as a result of including time lags, wealth effects and an explicit treatment of expectations. アブソープションアプローチが弾力性アプローチのように、平価切り下げが経常収支の改善につながるかどうかという問題の明確な答えはない。 問題となるのは、経済代理人がどのように、切り下げによってほのめかされる相対的な価格の変化に応じるのかということです。２つの分析は代替の理論ではなく、プロセスに働く補完的な洞察が生じます。２つのモデルは自然に静的に比較されますが、これらは両方とも最終的な結果として動的な力と時間の規模の重要性を指します。需要弾力値は短期間よりも長期的に見た方が高く、Ｊカーブ効果の可能性につながっています、そして、収入と消費に関する切り下げの影響は時間とともに広げられます。これらの単純なモデルにおいてさえ、様々な焦点が影響に働きます。間違いなく、さらに大きなあいまいさは、結果として時間差や富裕効果と明白な処置が出てきます。
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和訳の添削をお願いします。 経済学の内容のため、うまく訳せず困っています。 日本語として不自然な部分や間違った訳し方をしている箇所があれば訂正をお願いします。 （原文） The monetary models of exchange rate determination make the crucial assumption that domestic and foreign bonds are perfect substitutes. This implies that the expected yields on domestic and foreign bonds are equalized. In effect, apart from their currency of denomination domestic and foreign bonds are regarded by international investors as the same. However, the portfolio balance model is distinguished from the monetary models because it allows for the possibility that international investors may regard domestic and foreign bonds as having different characteristics other than their currency of denomination. In particular, they might for various reasons regard one of the bonds as being more risky than the other. This being the case they will generally require a higher expected return on the bond that is considered more risky to compensate for the additional risk it entails. Allowing for domestic and foreign bonds to have different characteristics is potentially very important because operations that influence the exchange rate affect the composition of domestic and foreign bonds in agents’ portfolios in different ways. In this chapter we use the portfolio balance model to examine three operations that are commonly used to influence the rate （和訳） 為替相場の決定の金融モデルは、国内外の債券が完全な代わりであるという重要な仮定をします。これは、国内外の債券の予想される利回りが等しくされることを意味します。 実質的に、デノミ時での通貨は別として、国内外の債券は、国際的な投資家によって、同じことと考えてられています。しかしながら、それが国際的投資家が国内外の債券をデノミ時での通貨以外の異なる特徴を持つと考えるかもしれないという可能性を考慮に入れるので、ポートフォリオバランスモデルは金融モデルと区別されます。 特に、これらはいろいろな理由のために債券のうちの1つを他より危険であると考えるかもしれません。この場合、それが伴う更なる危険を補償するためにより危険であると思われる債権のより高く期待される収益を必要とします。国内外の債券には異なる特徴があるのを考慮することは、為替相場に影響する事業がエージェントのポートフォリオで国内外の債券の構成に影響を及ぼすので、非常に重要です。この章では、影響の度合いに一般に用いられる3つの活動を調べるために、ポートフォリオバランスモデルを使います
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Further north, part of the British Third Army also supported the attack. South of the Fourth Army's 19 km (12 mi) front, the French First Army launched a coordinated attack on a 9.5 km (6 mi) front. The objective was to break through one of the most heavily defended stretches of the German Siegfriedstellung (Hindenburg Line), which in this sector utilised the St Quentin Canal as part of its defences. The assault achieved its objectives (though not according to the planned timetable), resulting in the first full breach of the Hindenburg Line, in the face of heavy German resistance. In concert with other attacks of the Grand Offensive along the length of the line, Allied success convinced the German high command that there was little hope of an ultimate German victory. Rawlinson wanted the Australian Corps, under the command of Lieutenant General Sir John Monash, with its well-earned reputation, to spearhead the attack. Monash was unhappy, because his Australian force was by now short of manpower and many soldiers were showing signs of strain, having been heavily engaged in fighting for several months. There had been some episodes of mutiny by troops who were feeling unfairly put upon. Monash was however very pleased when Rawlinson offered him the American II Corps (the U.S. 27th and 30th Divisions), which still remained at the disposal of the British command, since American divisions were twice the numerical strength of their British counterparts. U.S. Corps commander Major General George Windle Read handed command of his American force for the duration of the action to Monash. However, the American soldiers lacked battle experience. A small group of 217 Australian officers and N.C.O.s was assigned to the U.S. troops for advice and liaison. The British high command considered that German morale was suffering badly and that their capacity to resist was much weakened. Monash believed that the operation would be "more a matter of engineering and organisation than of fighting". Whilst there had been some evidence of poor German morale from previous operations, this proved to be a dangerous assumption. Monash was tasked with drawing up the battle plan. He would use the Americans to breach the Hindenburg Line and the Australian 3rd and 5th Divisions to follow behind and then exploit the breakthrough. Monash intended to attack the Hindenburg Line south of Vendhuile where the St Quentin Canal runs underground for some 5,500 m (6,000 yd) through the Bellicourt Tunnel (which had been converted by the Germans into an integral part of the Hindenburg Line defensive system).
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Abstract The linkage between multi-decadal climate variability and activity of the sun has been long debated based upon observational evidence from a large number of instrumental and proxy records. It is difficult to evaluate the exact role of each of solar parameters on climate change since instrumentally measured solar related parameters such as Total Solar irradiance (TSI), Ultra Violet (UV), solar wind and Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) fluxes are more or less synchronized and only extend back for several decades. Here we report tree-ring carbon-14 based record of 11-year/22-year solar cycles during the Maunder Minimum (17th century) and the early Medieval Maximum Period (9–10th century) to reconstruct the state of the sun and the flux of incoming GCRs. The result strongly indicates that the influence of solar cycles on climate is persistent beyond the period after instrumental observations were initiated. We find that the actual lengths of solar cycles vary depending on the status of long-term solar activity, and that periodicity of the surface air temperatures are also changing synchronously. Temperature variations over the 22-year cycles seem, in general, to be more significant than those associated with the 11-year cycles and in particular around the grand solar minima such as the Maunder Minimum (1645–1715 AD). The polarity dependence of cooling events found in this study suggests that the GCRs can not be excluded from the possible drivers of decadal to multi-decadal climate change.
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非常に丁寧な説明をしていただき、ありがとうございます。 英語の補足も含め、大変わかりやすかったです。勉強になりました。 第１の文で、私はreciprocalを相互的にと訳していたため、文章の意味がよくわからなかったのですが、相反的という意味を用いると、訳がしっくりきました！ また、第2の文では前者で訳していただいた文の方が論文中の試験結果とも一致します。 ありがとうございました。