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質問

The outcome of the Treaty of Trianon is to this day remembered in Hungary as the Trianon trauma. All official flags in Hungary were lowered until 1938, when they were raised by one-third after southern Slovakia and Ruthenia, with respectively 59% and 86% Hungarian populations, were annexed following the peacetime Munich Conference and First Vienna Award, whereby Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy sought to satisfy Hungarian territorial claims. Hungarian irredentism fuelled not only the post-war kingdom's revisionist foreign policy but was also a source of regional tension after the Cold War. The Austro-Hungarian Empire was one economic unit with autarkic characteristics during its golden age and therefore achieved rapid growth, especially in the early 20th century when GNP grew by 1.76%. (That level of growth compared very favourably to that of other European nations such as Britain (1.00%), France (1.06%), and Germany (1.51%).) There was also a division of labour present throughout the empire: that is, in the Austrian part of the Monarchy manufacturing industries were highly advanced, while in the Kingdom of Hungary an agroindustrial economy had emerged. By the late 19th century, economic growth of the eastern regions consistently surpassed that of western, thus discrepancies eventually began to diminish. The key success of fast development was specialisation of each region in fields that they were best.
The Kingdom of Hungary was the main supplier of wheat, rye, barley and other various goods in the empire and these comprised a large portion of the empire's exports. Meanwhile, the territory of present-day Czech Republic (Kingdom of Bohemia) owned 75% of the whole industrial capacity of former Austria-Hungary. This shows that the various parts of the former monarchy were economically interdependent. As a further illustration of this issue, post-Trianon Hungary produced 500% more agricultural goods than it needed for itself and mills around Budapest (some of the largest ones in Europe at the time) operated at 20% level. As a consequence of the treaty, all the competitive industries of the former empire were compelled to close doors, as great capacity was met by negligible demand owing to economic barriers presented in the form of the newly defined borders.

回答No.1

Nakay702 · ベストアンサー

＞The outcome of the Treaty of Trianon is to this day remembered in Hungary as the Trianon trauma. All official flags in Hungary were lowered until 1938, when they were raised by one-third after southern Slovakia and Ruthenia, with respectively 59% and 86% Hungarian populations, were annexed following the peacetime Munich Conference and First Vienna Award, whereby Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy sought to satisfy Hungarian territorial claims.
⇒「トリアノン条約」の結果は今日に及び、「トリアノン・トラウマ（心の傷）」としてハンガリーに記憶されている。1938年までにハンガリーの正式な旗がすべて降ろされ、その3分の1が掲げられたのは、それぞれ59％と86％のハンガリー人集団を持つスロバキア南部とルテニアが追加された後であった。平和時の「ミュンヘン会議」と「第1回ウィーン授章」がそれに続いたが、そこでナチス・ドイツとファシストのイタリアがハンガリーの領土主張を満たすことを求めた。

＞Hungarian irredentism fuelled not only the post-war kingdom's revisionist foreign policy but was also a source of regional tension after the Cold War. The Austro-Hungarian Empire was one economic unit with autarkic characteristics during its golden age and therefore achieved rapid growth, especially in the early 20th century when GNP grew by 1.76%.(That level of growth compared very favourably to that of other European nations such as Britain (1.00%), France (1.06%), and Germany (1.51%).)
⇒ハンガリーのイレデンティズム（未回収地回復主義）は、戦後の王国の修正主義的外交政策だけでなく、冷戦後の地域的緊張の源泉でもあった。オーストリア‐ハンガリー帝国の黄金時代は、自給自足体制の経済単位の1つで、それゆえ、特にGNP（国民総生産）が1.76％成長した20世紀初頭には、急成長を成し遂げた。（英国〈1.00%〉、フランス〈1.06%〉、ドイツ〈1.51%〉など他のヨーロッパ諸国と比較して、その成長率は非常に良好であった。）

＞There was also a division of labour present throughout the empire: that is, in the Austrian part of the Monarchy manufacturing industries were highly advanced, while in the Kingdom of Hungary an agroindustrial economy had emerged. By the late 19th century, economic growth of the eastern regions consistently surpassed that of western, thus discrepancies eventually began to diminish. The key success of fast development was specialisation of each region in fields that they were best.
⇒帝国全土にわたって分業も現れた。すなわち、オーストリアの君主国の一部で製造業が高度化し、一方ハンガリー王国では農業産業経済が発達した。19世紀後半にかけて、東部地域の経済成長は一貫して西部地域の経済成長を上回っていたが、最終的には不一致が減少し始めた。急速な発展の重要な成功が見られたには、最も優れていた各地域の専門分野であった。

＞The Kingdom of Hungary was the main supplier of wheat, rye, barley and other various goods in the empire and these comprised a large portion of the empire's exports. Meanwhile, the territory of present-day Czech Republic (Kingdom of Bohemia) owned 75% of the whole industrial capacity of former Austria-Hungary. This shows that the various parts of the former monarchy were economically interdependent.
⇒ハンガリー王国は、国内産の小麦、ライ麦、大麦などさまざまな品物の主要供給地であり、これらは王国の輸出の大部分を構成していた。一方、現在のチェコ共和国（ボヘミア王国）の領土は、旧オーストリア‐ハンガリーの全産業能力の75％を占めていた。これは、旧君主国のさまざまな部分が経済的に相互依存していたことを示している。

＞As a further illustration of this issue, post-Trianon Hungary produced 500% more agricultural goods than it needed for itself and mills around Budapest (some of the largest ones in Europe at the time) operated at 20% level. As a consequence of the treaty, all the competitive industries of the former empire were compelled to close doors, as great capacity was met by negligible demand owing to economic barriers presented in the form of the newly defined borders.
⇒この問題のさらなる例として、「トリアノン」後のハンガリーは、自給に必要な農産物よりも500％多く生産していたし、ブダペスト（当時のヨーロッパにおける最大産地の部類）周辺の製粉工場は、（穀類生産量の）20％水準で稼働していた。条約の結果、新たに定義された国境という形で提起された経済障壁に起因して、大きな（供給）能力が需要無視（低下？）に遭遇して、旧帝国の競争力を持つすべての産業が閉鎖に追い込まれた。

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