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英語で書かれた論文の一部なのですが、訳が分かりません。長文ですが、よろしくお願いいたします。。。 論文を読んでいる最中なので、早めに回答していただいた方にチップを差し上げます！ 翻訳機では意味不明だったので。。。 自分の訳を載せないのは厚かましいとは思いますが、お願いいたします。。。 Using other people as information providers frowned on. Children and young adults routinely use other people as information providers. In addition to asking adults outright for information at the beginning of a search, Maureen discovered that the strategy used most frequently by her teenagers to establish the projects was to ask their teachers for verification. But, educators rarely consciously set assignments that allow their charges to refine their skills in soliciting information from other people. Techniques for selecting appropriate individuals and then forming effective questions are often ignored, despite the fact that the ability to use good questioning techniques can make or break the task. Often students did badly because the person asked did not know enough about the subject. It is not only teachers who are prone to underrate the use of other people for information purpose. Few IL models attach any great importance to the matter and there may be a tendency for information professionals to jump to the conclusion that our students are information illiterate because they go to people such as friends for information instead of using sources that may be deemed more authoritative. Nevertheless, unless the teachers involved have a particular interest in information skills, there is a danger that language education at primary level will be dominated by coverage of the basics, such as speaking and listening, reading, spelling, sentence construction, punctuation and hand writing, especially if these are stressed in the political climate of the day. For the information specialist, IL is obviously a crucial area but, to teachers whose main responsibilities lie elsewhere, even at primary level it will understandably form much less of a priority.

The First Battle of Champagne (French: 1ère Bataille de Champagne) was fought from 20 December 1914 – 17 March 1915 in World War I in the Champagne region of France and was the second offensive by the Allies against the Germans since mobile warfare had ended after the First Battle of Ypres in Flanders (19 October – 22 November 1914). The battle was fought by the French Fourth Army and the German 3rd Army. The offensive was part of a strategy by the French army to attack the Noyon Salient, a large bulge in the new Western Front, which ran from Switzerland to the North Sea. The First Battle of Artois began on the northern flank of the salient on 17 December and the offensive against the southern flank in Champagne began three days later. By early November, the German offensive in Flanders had ended and the French began to consider large offensive operations. Attacks by the French would assist the Russian army and force the Germans to keep more forces in the west. After studying the possibilities for an offensive, the Operations Bureau of Grand Quartier Général (GQG: the French army headquarters) reported on 15 November. The Bureau recommended to General Joseph Joffre a dual offensive, with attacks in Artois and Champagne, to crush the Noyon salient. The report noted that the German offensive in the west was over and four to six corps were being moved to the Eastern Front. Despite shortages of equipment, artillery and ammunition, which led Joffre to doubt that a decisive success could be obtained, it was impossible to allow the Germans freely to concentrate their forces against Russia. Principal attacks were to be made in Artois by the Tenth Army towards Cambrai and by the Fourth Army (General Fernand de Langle de Cary) in Champagne, from Suippes towards Rethel and Mézières, with supporting attacks elsewhere. The objectives were to deny the Germans an opportunity to move troops and to break through in several places, to force the Germans to retreat. After minor skirmishes, the battle began on 20 December 1914 when the XVII and I Colonial Corps attacked and made small gains. On 21 December, the XII Corps failed to advance, because most gaps in the German barbed wire were found to be covered by machine-guns. The attack by XII Corps was stopped and the infantry began mining operations, as the artillery bombarded German defences. After several days of attacks, which obtained more small pieces of territory, the main effort was moved by de Cary to the centre near Perthes and a division was added between XVII Corps and I Colonial Corps. On 27 December, Joffre, sent the IV Corps to the Fourth Army area, which made it possible for de Langle to add another I Corps division to the front line. First Battle of Champagne 第一次シャンパーニュ会戦

The Battle of Krithia Vineyard (6–13 August 1915) was fought during the Gallipoli Campaign during the First World War. It was originally intended as a minor British action at Helles on the Gallipoli peninsula to divert attention from the imminent launch of the August Offensive, but instead, the British commander, Brigadier General H.E. Street, mounted a futile and bloody series of attacks that in the end gained a small patch of ground known as "The Vineyard".The original commander of the British VIII Corps at Helles, Lieutenant General Aylmer Hunter-Weston, had departed the peninsula in July, following the last Helles offensive—the Battle of Gully Ravine. His replacement, Lieutenant General Francis Davies, arrived in early August but had not yet assumed command of the corps when a series of diversions were due to be launched from Anzac and Helles to divert Ottoman attention from the planned landing at Suvla and the break out from Anzac. Consequently, the Helles diversion was planned and conducted by the VIII Corps' chief of staff, Brigadier General H.E. Street, who proved himself an able student of Hunter-Weston's battle strategy.Due to the shortage of artillery, the attack was split into two parts with the 88th Brigade of the 29th Division attacking on the afternoon of 6 August while two brigades of the 42nd (East Lancashire) Division would attack the following day. They were facing four Ottoman divisions, three of which were fresh, while there were two more divisions in reserve. The 88th Brigade's attack managed to capture some Ottoman trenches, which were recaptured by the Ottoman 30th Regiment during a counter-attack. The British attacked again and once more captured some trenches, but the Ottomans counter-attacked again and drove them out. The British failed to hold any ground and the 88th Brigade was effectively destroyed as a fighting force. At around 9:40 am on the morning of 7 August the 42nd Division attacked on the right of the 88th Brigade's sector. The 127th Brigade managed to break through the line held by the Ottoman 13th Division, but were forced back by an Ottoman counter-attack. The Ottomans counter-attacked repeatedly from 7 August to 9 August and the fighting in the area continued until 13 August when it finally subsided. Afterwards, this sector of the Helles front would remain one of the busiest and most violent for the remainder of the campaign.Two Victoria Crosses were awarded to men of the 42nd Division during the fighting at Krithia Vineyard. The British casualties in the first 24 hours of fighting, covering the original attacks of the 88th Brigade and the two brigades of the 42nd Division, were 3,469. The total British casualties for the duration of the battle were probably in excess of 4,000. The Ottoman casualties for the period of the battle were estimated to be around 7,000.

平成27年度春季の基本情報を受けるつもりです．基本情報処理技術者試験で高得点合格できるための，あるいは予備知識がある人向けの参考書を教えてください． 情報工学系専攻の大学4年生です（4月に大学院進学予定）．予備知識はあるとは思うので，適当な参考書を1冊買って過去問演習をすればとりあえずの合格はできると思います． 1年前に同期が何人か受けていたのですが，ノー勉だったり1週間へろへろ～っと過去問演習だけをして受かっていました． とはいえそれなりに難しいとの評判の試験なので自分はしっかり勉強をして臨みたいと思っています．せっかく受けるなら高得点で，できれば満点に近い点数をとって合格したいですね． 大学2年のときに日商簿記3級を受けましたが1問ミスで大変悔しい思いをしました． インターネットでオススメの参考書を検索しても，基本的には要点を絞って初学者が合格ラインに届くことを目的としたときの評判が良いものが目立ちます． 参考書を買ったはいいけどほとんど知っている内容だった…なんてのはやっぱりもったいない．問題演習ができるのはいいのですが． 幅広く勉強を行いたければ複数の参考書を買って網羅すれば良いのでしょうが，いかんせん時期的に，卒業研究が終わっても院入学までにやることが多く，資格勉強の時間があまり沢山はとれそうにありません．そのため参考書をたくさん買っても使い切れずに積んでおしまいになってしまいそうです． 実はＩＰＡの試験を受けるのは今回が初めてで，どんな内容の試験となるのかはこれからリサーチをする予定なんですね．午後ガー午後ガーとよく聞きますが，いまいちよく分かっていません． 短時間でできて1～２冊にすべてが詰まったようなそんな都合のいいものはなかなかないでしょうが，もしちょうどよさそうなものをご存知の方がいらっしゃれば，ご紹介くだされば幸いです． よろしくお願いいたします． ちなみに，Ｃ言語は得意な方です．でもアルゴリズムの単位は「可」で，データベースの単位は落としました． また，ストラテジ・マネジメント系の勉強が特に必要になりそうです．

In the reality of the financial portfolios of derivative products, there was a leveraging strategy based upon a short-term tactic. The 30-year prime home mortgage loans provided the interest for the securitized ten-year CDOs. Yet over time as the principle of these loans was paid down, the size of the interest payments would decrease – making any subsequent ten-year CDOs (over the 30 year-term of the mortgages) not possible to further sell. But also in the meantime, the initial CDOs were never fully paid but only financed by yearly short-term loans -- needed to be renewed each year for nearly thirty years. Thus the ‘derivatives’ were only a falsely-rated and short-term scheme, not sustainable over the long-term of the home-mortgages bonds. Sooner or later, that scheme would collapse; and it did in 2007. Morgenson and Rosner wrote: "This game worked while the mortgage mania was raging; but in 2007, when losses in subprime mortgages began to spook the markets. Investors fled SIVs in general and Citi's in particular. . . Suddenly, Citi was left with mortgages . . . (which) had to be either sold or brought back onto Citi's balance sheet at massive losses." (Morgenson and Rosner, 2011). 上記英文の下記の試訳の添削をお願いします。 「デリバティブ商品の金融ポートフォリオの現実において，短期の方策を基礎にした梃子を掛ける戦略がある。30年物の優遇住宅ローンが10年物の資産担保の証券化にとっての利益を提供する。しかしながら，これらローンの元本が時間的に即金で支払われるようになるにつれて，金利の支払いの大きさは減少し，――（住宅ローンの30年間の満期にわたる）続く10年物CDOsをさらに販売することが出来なくなる。しかし，そうこうする中でさえ，初期のCDOsは，全額払い込み済みになることは決してなく，ほぼ30年間の各年につき新たにされる必要のある――年度短期のローンによってのみ調達が可能である。それゆえ，「デリバティブ」は，誤って格付けされ，短期に構想されるだけで，長期にわたる住宅ローン債券について持続可能なものではない。遅かれ早かれ，この図式は崩壊するであろう。そして，2007年にそうなった。Morgenson and Rosnerは，次のように述べている。「このゲームは，住宅ローンの熱狂が猛威を振るう中では続いた。しかし，2007年，サブプライム住宅ローンで損失が生まれると，市場は動揺し始めた。投資家はなべて，SIVsから逃げはじめ，特にCitiから逃げはじめた。…。突如，Citiには住宅ローンが残され，…（それは）売却されるか，Citiのバランス・シートに巨額の損失を生む買戻しがなされなければならなくなった」（Morgenson and Rosner, 2011）。」 以上宜しくお願いします。

いつもお世話になっております。 つぎの英文について添削をお願いします。 1. This is the fact that fianance is now an industry populated by many thousands of skilled employees who share, more often than not, a common language about the theory and practice of finance. これは，現在，金融がその理論と実務に関する共通言語を共有する何千もの特殊技能を持った人々により占められる産業であるという事実である。 2. The TMT bubble and the systematic misleading of the market by those with a stake in market speculation have challenged the plausibility of these axioms. TMTバブルおよび市場投機を行う人々による市場のシステマティック・ミスリーディングが，これら公理の妥当性に疑いを持ってきた。 3. One does not have to be a believer in the 'strong' version of market efficiency to agree that these sylized facts about the world are at least one plausible scenario for the future. ストロング型の効率的市場において，投資者は，これらの証券市場に関する定型化された事実が，少なくともひとつのもっともらしい将来のシナリオであるということに同意する信者である必要はない。 4. The combination of axioms and stylized facts provides both a recipe for short-term and long-term investment strategy recognized as such by the Goldman Sachs textbook on investment management as well as the Goldman Sachs report on global growth prospects over the next 50 years. 公理と定型化された事実の組合せは，ゴールドマン・サックスによる翌50年にわたる国際的な成長見通しの報告と同様に，同社の資産運用に関するテキストのようなものとして認識される短期と長期両方の投資戦略の策定法を提示する. 5. Just as importantly, clients have come to expect financial service providers to sell their services according to the expertise assumed to be embodied in certain types of people (their training and education ). 金融サービスの提供者が特定の人々（訓練および教育）に包含されると考えられる専門知識にしたがってサービスを提供することを，顧客が期待するようになってきている。 6. The clients convinced that adherence to axioms of the mordern portfolio theory is a measure of quality differentiating between competing financial service providers. 現代ポートフォリオ理論に関する公理の順守が，競合する金融サービス提供者間の質の差別化するひとつの方法であると,顧客はは思いこんでいる。 7. If we assume the client underwrites the expected value of benefits or in some way provides a capital guarantee, ～ もし顧客が利益の期待値の費用を負担する，または何らかの方法で保証資本を提示するならば，～ いずれか一つでも構いませんので，ご教示のほど何卒よろしくお願いいたします。

英語は理解できますが、自分で書くことができません。 練習しているので、文法的に間違っているところ、表現を変えた方がいいところなど教えてくだされば嬉しいです。（下に自分の英訳を載せています） ぼろぼろですが、どうぞよろしくお願いします。 彼は、メガバンクの法人業務部で１２年間働いている。 最初から大企業担当、東京支店を目指していたが、 名古屋３年間、岐阜３年間、静岡３年間を経て １０年目にしてやっと丸の内支店担当になった。 やりがいは、企業の社長と親密に話せること、 社長にありがとうと言ってもらえること 自分の提案で、その会社の方針が動くこと とにかくお客様のニーズを引き出す為に、 雑談もたくさんして仲良くなること。 ３０分話して、２０分は雑談、１０分だけ仕事の話というのも多いようだ。 大変なことは、３０社もの会社を同時に引き受けるため、 時間のやりくりが難しい。 また、田舎の場合は車で３０分移動しないといけないなど、 時間がとられる。 たくさんの電話がかかってくるから、対応が大変。 He works at the mega bank in Corporate Services division　for 12years. However he was aiming for the Tokyo branch from the beginning,it was difficult to apply the wish. He worked at Nagoya for 3 years, then at Gifu for 3 years ,and Shizuoka 3 years. 9years after and finally he came to Marunouchi branch. His rewarding in this job is to talk with CEO of enterprise,and they say “thank you” to him.And when he sees their enterprise decides a strategy along his proposition. To get many information of the needs,you must talk with them for long time and be intime. Sometimes,they talk for 30minutes,among that they chat for 20 minutes,then they get start the topic of business. The hardship for him is to take charge of 30 company at the same time,so time management is too difficult. Also if he works at country,it takes 30 minutes by car to visit each companies. He get a lot of phone call from these companies,so he is very busy.

東京都在住、26歳男性です。現在、契約社員でゲーム会社にデバッガーとして勤めています。(CMになるぐらい大手です) アニメ会社では制作進行のお仕事を希望しています。将来的には映像編集・CG関連の業務に携われたら幸いです。 一般大学卒業後1年間、一般企業で正社員をしておりましたが、やはりクリエイティブ業界を目指したいと思い退社し現在に至ります。 アニメ業界を目指したいと思ったきっかけは、ゲームでアクション性や楽しみを提供するよりストーリー性のあるアニメでワクワクや感動を提供したいと気づいたからです。 現に今の人生は何度も辛い時期をアニメに支えられており、ある意味で人生の教科書として捉えられ、この生涯を何か一つの仕事に捧げるのであればアニメ業界だと考えています。(もっと早く気付くべきでした…) 在学時はIT業界(この業界もブラック)を目指してた人間なので、月給15万(生活可能ならそれ以下)でも残業8時間でも会社に寝泊まりでも覚悟を決めました。 保有資格は普通自動車免許は勿論の事、 ・ITパスポート ・基本情報技術者試験 があります。 また、大学は情報分野と経営の講義を中心に受講しており、マネジメント、ストラテジー等の基礎部分は抑えています。 また、話が少しそれますがドライブが趣味で1日1000kmの運転経験もあるので車であちこち回るとなってもそこまで苦に感じません。 東京都在住ですが、職場が関東圏であればどこでも行きます。 既にいくつかの転職サイト・エージェントサービスに登録し行動を始めています。 他にこうした方が良い、元請、下請けでこんな会社を目指した方が良い等アドバイスを頂けると幸いです。 この業界は20代前半までが境界線という話をよく聞くので今からだとシビアな部分があり内心かなり焦ってます。 ご教授お願いします。

文系学部出身の、若手SEです。 春季の情報処理試験で、応用情報にやっと受かりました。 これから２年間、高度情報処理試験の午前試験が一部免除になるので、 早めに対策をして、合格をしたいと思っています。 実務はかなり特殊なことをしており、COBOLで金融システムを構築しています。 COBOLということもあり、転職は、考えておりません。 （前提） ・私の会社では、情報処理技術者試験を一番重く見ています。 高度情報に一つは受かっていないと、主任級になれない決まりがあります。 ・私の職場では、ＤＢは一切触りません。ＤＢ専門のチームの方がすべて作られ、それを簡単なツールで触る程度です。 ・COBOLということもあり、情報処理試験以外に取れそうな資格がありません。 ・去年、簿記２級を取得しました。 ・応用情報では、ストラテジ、マネジメント系を選択しました。どちらも点数に偏りはありませんでした。 秋の試験は １．ITストラテジスト試験　（ST） ２．システムアーキテクト試験　（SA） ３．ネットワークスペシャリスト試験　（NW） ４．情報セキュリティスペシャリスト試験　（SC） ５．ITサービスマネージャ試験　（SM） ですが、実務経験的にも、１は絶対に太刀打ちできないと思います。 ２，５も難易度が高く、論文もあるのでちょっとしんどいかもしれません。 となると、残るはネットワークかセキュリティなのですが、どちらも自分のスキルに全くひもづかない気がして・・・。 何を受けようか、真剣に悩んでいます。もう、次の試験まで２か月しかないし、早く参考書を買って勉強したいのですが・・・ 「試験を受けるのではなく、新聞を読んだりしたほうがいいよ」といった感じのご意見も、もっともだと思います。自分も本当は、もっと汎用的な知識を身に付けたいのですが、会社の方針にある程度従うことも、大切かと思っています。 よろしければ、一緒に次の試験、何を受けるか相談に乗ってもらえないでしょうか。 よろしくお願いいたします。

The Bergmann Offensive (Turkish: Bergmann Atağı; Russian: Берхманнский прорыв; in Russian literature Russian: Кёприкейская операция, "Köprüköy operation") was the first engagement of the Caucasus Campaign during World War I. General Georgy Bergmann, commander of I Caucasian Army Corps, took the initiative against the Ottoman Empire. At the outbreak of war, the Russians decided to occupy the Eleşkirt valley as a defensive measure to prevent the incursion of Kurdish Hamidiye units. The Russians considered the Turkish forces to be too weak to mount any offensive before winter weather would make any such offensive impossible, and no other offensive moves were intended by the Russian high command of the Caucasian army - their strategy envisaged an active defense against a locally superior force. However, local Russian commanders had the authority to authorize limited advances. On 2 November, Bergmann's troops crossed the border in the general direction of Köprüköy. The primary aim was to secure the Eleșkirt valley. On the right flank, 20th Infantry Division under Istomin moved from Oltu in the direction of İd. On the left flank a Cossack division under Baratov moved into the Eleșkirt valley towards Yuzveran, after it crossed the Aras River. By 5 November Bergmann had completed the objectives expected of him. However, he expanded his mission by ordering further advances into Ottoman territory. By 6 November contact was made between the opposing armies, and heavy fighting continued into the 7th, with temporary Russian successes. Further Russian advances were held in check as a result of heavy fighting between 7 and 10 November. On 11 November Ottoman forces counterattacked and the Russian flanks quickly became at risk, forcing a Russian retreat. By the 12th they had retreated back to the lines they occupied on the 4th, and still at risk of being outflanked, further retreats followed. Only the arrival of Russian reinforcements headed by General Przevalski checked the situation and halted the Russian retreat. On 16–17 November Przevalski crossed the Aras river and at dawn attacked part of the Turkish XI Corps, halting their advance. After two more days the fighting finally petered out. Russian losses were 1,000 killed and 4,000 wounded, 1,000 men died of exposure (with the Bakinski regiment suffering 40% losses), while the Ottomans lost 1,983 men killed, 6,170 wounded, 3,070 were taken prisoner, and 2,800 deserted. Yudenich and his staff were disappointed by the unsuccessful attack. Turkish forces then crossed the border and, advancing into the lower Choruh valley, destroyed on 15 November a Russian column sent to protect the copper mines at Borçka, forcing the Russians to evacuate Borçka, Artvin and Ardanuç. Turkish success during these first engagements encouraged Enver Pasha in his plan to attack at Sarıkamıș.

閲覧ありがとうございます。 ジェンダー論等にお詳しい方にお答えいただきたいです。 今、子どもに関するジェンダーの論文をいろいろと読んでいて混乱してきてしまいました。 作野友美(2008)「2歳児はジェンダーをどのように学ぶのか－保育園における性別カテゴリーによる集団統制に着目して－」では、保育園で食事前手を洗わせる際に「男の子（女の子）先に手を洗ってきて」というように指示している場面を捉えて研究しているようなのですが、「青のテープのところに並んでいる男の子」「ピンクのテープに並んでいる女の子」みたいな指示から始まって～みたいな風に書かれています。 結局この筆者が結論として何が言いたいのかわからなくなってしまい、混乱しています。 保育者が、男女別に分ける必然性のない場面で、性別カテゴリーや色に関するジェンダー・ステレオタイプを利用するということは、してもよいことなのでしょうか？ 固定概念を植え付ける、また、性に対する自意識を勝手に植え付けることになっていないのかと疑問です。 クラス運営のストラテジーとしてジェンダーが用いられているというように言っている論文もあるようなのですが、結局、そのような性別で差別しようと思っていない場面であれば、「男／女」で分けるようなことがあってもいいということなのでしょぅか？ 個人的には、保育現場で、「男の子どうぞー」という風に男女で分けて指示をした上で、「男の子」のタイミングで動いてしまった女の子やその逆が、周りから強く「今は男の子だよ！」とか「お前男の子なの？」とか言われる場面を想像すると、もしその本人が聞いていなかったなどの注意不足でなかった場合に、自分の性自認との間でつらい思いをするのではないかと想像するのですが、、、 （これはジェンダーの話ではなくなってきてますかね？） 長くなってしまったのですが、ジェンダーにお詳しい方、該当論文（Web上にあり）を読んだことがあるという方の解釈であったり、お考え、ご教示であったりをいただけたらと存じます。 よろしくお願いいたします。

都内に勤める34の男です。普段は、マーケティング関連の仕事をしています。悩みはコンプレックスの塊で満足できない自分と、現状を満足できない私に対して、それは贅沢！おかしい！もっと足元を見なさいとアドバイスする地元（群馬）の友人に共感できない自分です。 私は、大学の時に上京、大学を卒業来2回の転職をしています。最初の会社も地元の友人に言わせればうらやましい会社のようでしたが（大手ではあったので）仕事の深さに満足できずに、今に至ります。今は、某メーカーでマーケティング関連の仕事をしています。年収は750万円程度（＋趣味の執筆で50万くらい）の計800万くらいです。　私の年の大卒給与で考えると平均よりちょい上くらいでしょうか？ただ、結構な量の残業や休日も情報収集や勉強などしているので、時給では？ですが。 で、コンプレックスというのは、さらに上の仕事をされている戦略コンサルタントの方や代理店のストラテジープランナー、外資のマーケでバリバリされている方など、スキルも年収もまだまだ上に行かなきゃっておもっちゃうんですよね。できれば30代で1000万を目指したいです。単に1000万ほしいのではなく、1000万円の給与を得る価値ある人材になりたいと思っています。 なので当然、機会と自身のキャリアプランとマッチすれば転職に抵抗は全くないです。 このコンプレックスは抜けないのです！ で、地元の友人はそんな転職ばっかり考えて！とか、幸せはお金じゃないよとか、十分もらってるじゃん？ありえないとか。残業ばっかして楽しいの？足元みなよ！などなど、私の仕事感は共感されないどころか、転職には猛反対なのです。（最初の大手から転職したときも、マーケがやりたかったので会社の知名度が低く未経験で採用してくれるところに、行った際も猛反発されました・・） だらけた文章で申し訳ないのですが、 (1)みなさんはコンプレックスとどうつきあっていますか？ (2)私のコンプレックスはおかしい？ (3)地元の友人の言っていることに耳を傾けない（られない）のは頑固？ (4)どのようにすれば、仕事感を説明・共感頂ける？ よろしくお願い致します。

The immediate strategic goal of the Caucasus Campaign was to retake Artvin, Ardahan, Kars, and the port of Batum. As a longer term goal, head of the Ottoman war ministry İsmail Enver hoped a success would facilitate opening the route to Tbilisi and beyond, which in turn would trigger a revolt of Caucasian Muslims. Another Turkish—or rather German—strategic goal was to cut Russian access to its hydrocarbon resources around the Caspian Sea. The headquarters of the Ottoman 3rd Army was in Erzurum, under the command of Hasan Izzet. On 30 October 1914, the 3rd Army headquarters was informed by High Command in Constantinople about the Ottoman navy's bombardment of the Russian ports of Novorossiysk, Odessa and Sevastopol in the Black Sea. High Command expected the Russian Army to cross the Ottoman border at any time. The Bergmann Offensive (November 2, 1914 – November 16, 1914) ended with the defeat of Russian troops under Bergmann. The Russian success was along the southern shoulders of the line. Hasan İzzet stabilized the front by letting the Russians 25 kilometres (16 mi) inside the Ottoman Empire along the Erzurum-Sarikamish axis. The Third Army was a relatively ragtag force when it was assigned to the offensive. The most combat-hardened and well-equipped units in the empire such as the III Corps were selected to defend the strategically significant Gallipoli peninsula. Facing the Russians in Caucasia, of the Third Army's nine infantry divisions, three were being rebuilt from scratch and four were new divisions deployed there from Thrace that year. Additionally, many of its approximately 118,000 soldiers were actually gendarmerie rather than regular army troops. Erickson describes the Third Army as "hastily assembled and clobbled-together army, hurled against the Russians with predictably disastrous results." The war minister, Ismail Enver, devised an operation plan while he was at the Department of War in Istanbul. His strategy was based on German principles copied from Napoleon. Enver's plan involved a single envelopment using three Corps. On the right flank, XI Corps would fix the Russians in place and conduct feint attacks. In the center, IX Corps would fight in the direction of Sarikamish Pass. Assistant Chief of Staff Colonel Hafız Hakkı’s X Corps, which was to be on the left flank, would drive to Oltu, cross the Allahuekber Mountains, cut the Kars road, and drive the Russians to the Aras Valley, where the Russian forces would be destroyed by all three Corps attacking in concert. Meanwhile, a detachment unit under Stange Bey would conduct highly visible operations to distract and pin Russian units. Success depended on all troops arriving at their specified objectives at the correct moment. The first part of the plan was fulfilled when the Russians concentrated their forces at Sarikamish and Köprüköy after the Bergmann Offensive.

The second prong would be an attack on the German defences at Longido in the north around Kilimanjaro, then swing south and seize Neu Moshi, the western terminus of the Usambara or Northern Railroad. According to author Charles Miller, "the objective for the capture of Longido was to squeeze the German Schutztruppe in the upper end of a two-hundred-mile pincer." The region was a major German settlement area with established plantations of sisal, coffee and other cash crops at the northern edge of the Usambara highlands. Since small German raiding parties had already begun to ambush British detachments and attack the Uganda Railway, the destruction of German forces in the area bordering British East Africa was a key objective of the British plan of operation. Miller later wrote that "the strategy was faultless on paper." By late October 1914 the British Indian Expeditionary Force "C" gathered with 4,000 men near the border of British and German East Africa, commanded by Brigadier General J. M. Stewart. The brigade included colonial volunteers who called themselves the East Africa Mounted Rifles. Flawed intelligence reports estimated the German military presence in the region at 200 men; however, there were 600 askaris in three companies plus the colonial volunteers of 8th Schützenkompagnie [rifle company] of 86 young Germans on horseback. On 3 November 1914, some 1,500 Punjabis of the British force came up the slope at night near Longido and, at daylight in the morning fog, were caught in the crossfire of a strong German defensive position. The large force of Indian infantry fought well when counterattacked, however, during the day the British attackers made no headway, but suffered substantial casualties.By mid-morning, a mounted patrol of the 8th Rifle Company ambushed a British supply column; roughly 100 mules carrying water for the troops were stampeded away by the German horsemen. Some of the carriers in the column panicked and dropped their loads leaving food, ammunition and equipment behind. The British officers with their now widely scattered troops waited until darkness, determined their situation to be untenable, pulled out and down the mountain and marched back to British East Africa having accomplished nothing. This defeat of the invaders by a force less than half their size cooled the enthusiasm for war especially among the British colonial volunteers. The northern prong attack at Longido had been intended as little more than a diversion. Byron Farwell recounts that "the main effort was [the] ambitious amphibian assault on the port of Tanga" that commenced on 2 November 1914. With the northern prong accounted for, the askari companies were shuttled by rail to Tanga to assist in opposing the southern prong.

The joint American-German TV production, Sinking of the Lusitania: Terror at Sea premiered on the Discovery Channel on 13 May 2007, and on BBC One in the UK on 27 May 2007. In November 2018, Gregg Bemis was interviewed for one hour on live radio about the Lusitania, revealing previously unknown information about her sinking, including inter alia that many depth charges have been found at the wreckage site, that at least one has been brought to the surface, that some of the original art presumed to be lost in wreckage may not have been, and that additional evidence Churchill may have acted to provoke Germany into attacking the Lusitania has been overlooked. He also talked about some of the logistical complications in conducting a maritime archaeological expedition to penetrate the hull. Diving Accidents A number of tech divers attempting to dive at the Lusitania wreckage site have been seriously injured. Mixed gases must be used to reach the wreckage which purportedly is littered with British depth charges and mines, covered in fishing nets, stocked with WWI munitions, and where sediment limits visibility. 1984 British legal action In 1982, various items were recovered from the wreck and brought ashore in the United Kingdom from the cargo of Lusitania. Complex litigation ensued, with all parties settling their differences apart from the salvors and the British Government, which asserted "droits of admiralty" over the recovered items. The judge eventually ruled in The Lusitania, [1986] QB 384, [1986] 1 All ER 1011, that the Crown has no rights over wrecks outside British territorial waters, even if the recovered items are subsequently brought into the United Kingdom. The case remains the leading authority on this point of law today. The Second Battle of Artois (French: Deuxième bataille de l'Artois, German: Lorettoschlacht) from 9 May to 18 June 1915, took place on the Western Front during the First World War. A German-held salient from Reims to Amiens had been formed in 1914 which menaced communications between Paris and the unoccupied parts of northern France. A reciprocal French advance eastwards in Artois could cut the rail lines supplying the German armies between Arras and Reims. French operations in Artois, Champagne and Alsace from November–December 1914, led General Joseph Joffre, Generalissimo (Commander in Chief) and head of Grand Quartier Général (GQG), to continue the offensive in Champagne against the German southern rail supply route and to plan an offensive in Artois against the lines from Germany supplying the German armies in the north. Field Marshal Sir John French, commander of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), co-operated with the French strategy to capture Vimy Ridge by planning British attacks against Aubers Ridge. Second Battle of Artois　第二次アルトワ会戦

受験生時代に東進に通っていて、偏差値65以上の大学に通っている方、教えて下さい。 自分は高３で、早稲田（西早稲田キャンパスならどこでも）志望で、昨年から東進に入っています。 現在、山中博のＤＵＮＫＳＨＯＴ　ＥＮＧＬＩＳＨと、 　　　　出口の驚異の論理力トレーニング 　　　　板野のハイパー古文 　　　　漢文トレーニング 　　　　清水のセンター政経 を受講しています。 あと通期３講座と、講習４コマのユニットが残っています。 現在偏差値５０くらいなのですが、ダンクショットのおかげでかなり英語が伸びました。 ダンクの１学期が終わり、２学期の講座に入る前に夏期講習をとったほうがいいとのことで、夏期講習だけ申し込みました。 そしたら、ダンクの冬期講習２つも一緒に勝手にとられてしまいました。（学力ＰＯＳを見たら入っています。） 今日担任に説明を求めに行ったところ、不在で明日か、明後日東進に行ったときに聞いてみようと思うのですが、どんどんどんどん講座ばっかりとっていてはお金と時間がかかります。 確かに物凄くいい講座ばかりなのですが、ダンクは１学期と２学期と夏期講習だけでいいと友達から聞いた事があります。 正直冬期講習まではとる気はなかったのですが・・・　担任はあったほうがいいという感じで勝手にとったのかもしれませんが・・・ 最近になり、受験後、東京に一人暮らしなどをしたときにお金がかなりかかるので親がもうこれ以上東進の追加料金は払わないから、ユニットのあまりでやりくりしなさいと言われているので、これは冬期講習２つは想定外でした。 東進に通っていた方で、あと自分はこの残りのユニットで何をとれば合格に近づくでしょうか？？？ （もちろん問題演習などは自分で買ってきてやってます。） ダンクが終わったらストラテジーと、ロジカルリーリーディングもとったほうがいいと言われていますが、 早稲田しか受験しないので、早稲田に特化した、早慶上智文法・長文をもうとったほうがいいでしょうか？ 何方かご回答お願い致します。本当に困っています。お願い致します。

明日英語でのプレゼンテーションがあります。２つの車広告の比較分析です。添削お願いします。私は前半を担当するので終わり方が中途半端になっていますが大丈夫です。 Today, we would like to discuss two advertisements in this presentation, TOYOTA COROLLA and PORSCHE MACAN. The purpose of this presentation is to deconstruct these advertisements by analyzing each strategy. To accomplish this purpose, we discuss mainly two points. First, we’ll talk about what each advertisement is trying to achieve by analyzing important elements of each ad. And then, we explain about similarities and differences between the ads by comparing these positioning and target segment. Please look at this advertisement. When you look at this, what attract your attention first? Yes, maybe this car jumps into your eyes. This is because it uses the simple beige background and there are no destructions. And the cat on the car is the big feature of this advertisement. By placing the cat on the product, viewers receive the message that this product is comfortable and they can relax every time they drive it. Now, I’d like to move on this advertisement. In this picture, the car is running in the city. And it is focused only on this product car. This is designed for an effect to make the product like a leading role in a city. It expresses people can have confidence in themselves by owning this product. And in this advertisement,“blank” is used effectively to improve visibility and gracefulness. Furthermore, by putting the bland mark here, they succeeded in improving luxury bland image. このプレゼンで、私たちは２つの広告、ひとつはトヨタカローラ、もうひとつはポルシェマカンについて議論したいと思います。このプレゼンの目的はこれら２つの広告の戦略を分析することによって、それらの効果を考えるということです。 その目標を達成するために私たちは主に2つのポイントを話したいと思います。まず、それぞれの特徴的なメッセージエレメンツからそれらの意味を分析することによって、それぞれの広告が達成しようとしているものを熟考します。そしてこれら２つの広告をポジショニング、マーケットセグメントの面で比較することによって類似点と違う点を明らかにします。 まず、こちらのトヨタの広告を見てください。この広告を見た時には車本体がぱっと目を引きます。それはほかに障害物がなくバックグラウンドもシンプルなベージュだという理由があります。そしてこの広告のもうひとつの特徴は、車の上にいるネコです。このネコというのは怠惰で家にいる動物の象徴であり、車の上にこのネコがいることで快適でリラックスできるというようなイメージを消費者に持たせることができます。 そしてこちらのポルシェの広告を見てください。こちらの広告では車は町の中を走っているという設定になっています。そして車だけに焦点が合っていることによってこの車が街の主役であるかのように感じさせることができます。そしてこの2ページのなかに大きな空白があることもこの広告の大きな特徴です。広告における余白は見る人に商品に対する高級感を与えることができます。そしてそこにポルシェのブランドマークがあることで、ポルシェがいかに高級感のあるブランドかということを伝えています。

France The signing of the treaty was met with roars of approval, singing, and dancing from a crowd outside the Palace of Versailles. In Paris proper, people rejoiced at the official end of the war, the return of Alsace and Lorraine to France, and that Germany had agreed to pay reparations. While France ratified the treaty and was active in the League, the jubilant mood soon gave way to a political backlash for Clemenceau. The French Right saw the treaty as being too lenient and saw it as failing to achieve all of France's demands. Left-wing politicians attacked the treaty and Clemenceau for being too harsh (the latter turning into a ritual condemnation of the treaty, for politicians remarking on French foreign affairs, as late as August 1939). Marshal Ferdinand Foch stated "this (treaty) is not peace. It is an armistice for twenty years."; a criticism over the failure to annex the Rhineland and for compromising French security for the benefit of the United States and Britain. When Clemenceau stood for election as President of France in January 1920, he was defeated. Italy Reaction in Italy to the treaty was extremely negative. The country had suffered high casualties, yet failed to achieve most of its major war goals, notably gaining control of the Dalmatian coast and Fiume. President Wilson rejected Italy's claims on the basis of "national self-determination." For their part, Britain and France—who had been forced in the war's latter stages to divert their own troops to the Italian front to stave off collapse—were disinclined to support Italy's position at the peace conference. Differences in negotiating strategy between Premier Vittorio Orlando and Foreign Minister Sidney Sonnino further undermined Italy's position at the conference. A furious Vittorio Orlando suffered a nervous collapse and at one point walked out of the conference (though he later returned). He lost his position as prime minister just a week before the treaty was scheduled to be signed, effectively ending his active political career. Anger and dismay over the treaty's provisions helped pave the way for the establishment of Benito Mussolini's dictatorship three years later. Portugal Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in 1916 primarily to ensure the security of its African colonies, which were threatened with seizure by both Britain and Germany. To this extent, she succeeded in her war aims. The treaty recognized Portuguese sovereignty over these areas and awarded her small portions of Germany's bordering overseas colonies. Otherwise, Portugal gained little at the peace conference. Her promised share of German reparations never materialized, and a seat she coveted on the executive council of the new League of Nations went instead to Spain—which had remained neutral in the war. In the end, Portugal ratified the treaty, but got little out of the war, which cost more than 8,000 Portuguese troops and as many as 100,000 of her African colonial subjects their lives.

Much of the new digging on the rest of the Western Front was done on reverse slopes, invisible to ground observers and capable of being engaged only by howitzer-fire. The French methods of attack had been made obsolete by the time of the resumption of the offensive in September 1915, when many French troops were killed on such slopes, in front of uncut wire, before an undamaged second position. French sources put casualties from 3 May to 18 June at 102,500 of whom 35,000 men were killed; another 37,500 casualties were incurred in secondary operations. The German official historians of the Reichsarchiv recorded c. 102,500 French casualties from 9 May –to18 June, 32,000 British casualties and 73,072 German casualties. Sheldon recorded the same figures for French casualties, quoting the French Official History and c. 30,000 casualties for the German divisions most involved in the battle (1st and 5th Bavarian Reserve divisions, 3rd Bavarian, 5th, 11th, 15th, 16th and 115th divisions) noting that some figures are estimates believed to be too low but that the total was far fewer than French losses. In 2013 Krause recorded ranges of 100,000–121,000 French and 50,000–80,000 German casualties. The battle had great influence on the French army during the preparations for the autumn offensive of 1915 in Champagne and Artois, which were also based on an assumption that strategic victories were possible after one or two days of offensive action. Joffre ordered another 5,500 machine-guns, to double the number per brigade by 1 January 1916. Production of the 240 mm Trench Mortar (240 mm (9.4 in)) and 340 mm (13 in) trench mortar was increased and manufacture began of artillerie lourde à grande puissance (ALGP, long range heavy guns); production of 75 mm ammunition was reduced to increase quality and large orders were placed for aircraft and for gas shells. The growth of French war production by September 1915, enabled the French to attack in two places simultaneously. At the end of June, Joffre discussed strategy with the army group commanders and Pétain, who had been promoted to the command of the Second Army. Foch again advocated a series of limited attacks, particularly in Artois where strategically important railways were relatively close behind the German lines.[j] Castelnau believed that it was still possible to advance through the German defences in one attack and that Champagne was a likely region for such an attempt, if the mistakes made on 9 May could be avoided. Pétain agreed with Foch but doubted that another offensive could quickly be prepared in Artois and was sceptical that any part of the Western Front was free of villages like Souchez and Neuville, which could be fortified and against which, only attacks even more limited than those advocated by Foch were practical. On 8 July, Joffre decided to make the principal attack in Champagne, with a supporting attack in Artois a few days earlier to attract German reserves.

QNo.6820412（2011-06-19）の続きです．英国の子供が書いた論文を訳しました．読破して，小さな著者に手紙を出したいと思っています．どなたか添削してください．宜しくお願いします． 4. DISCUSSION This experiment is important, because, as far as we know, no one in history (including adults) has done this experiment before. It tells us that bees can learn to solve puzzles (and if we are lucky we will be able to get them to do Sudoku in a couple of years’ time). In this experiment, we trained bees to solve a particular puzzle. The puzzle was go to blue if surrounded by yellow, but yellow if surrounded by blue. Test 1 showed that the bees learned to solve this puzzle. We know this because the test results showed that they mostly went to the flowers that they were supposed to go to, because those were the ones that had contained a sugar freward before. However, we also noticed that the bees solved the puzzle in different ways, and that some were more clever than others. Two bees preferred yellow and two others preferred blue flowers. The B bee was best at understanding the pattern in the first test, because it had the most correct answers compared to incorrect answers. It also went both to correct yellow and correct blue flowers, although it preferred the blue flowers. What is important about this puzzle is that there is more than one strategy the bees could use to solve it. ４．討議 私達の知る限り，大人を含めてこの実験の前史上誰もしていないので（この実験は）重要である． これはハチ達がパズルを解くことを学習する（また，ここ数年，私達は運が良ければ，できる “数独”のように←？まったくお手上げ） この実験で，私達はハチ達に特別なパズルを解くことを訓練した．このパズルは周囲が黄色だったとき青に行き，周囲が青だったとき黄色へ行くことだった．テスト１は，ハチ達がこのパズルをとくことを学習したことを示した．私達は，このテストの結果が，ハチ達（彼女ら）がもっとも多く行くことを想定された花に行ったことを示したのでこれが分かった．というのは，それはハチ達の以前に砂糖の入っていた花を経験したからである． しかしながら，私達はまた，ハチ達が違った方法でパズルを解いたことに気付いた．そして，何匹かは他の（ハチ達）よりもっと賢かった．二匹のハチは黄色お好のみ，そして他の２匹は青い花を好んだ．最初のテストで“B”のハチのパターンの理解力がもっとも良かった．というのは，それは　不適当な答えに比べて，もっとも多い正解だった．《意味》最初のテストで，“B”のハチは目的以外の花（不適当な花）より目的の花（正解）が多かったので，“B”のハチのパターンを理解する力が最もよいことが分かる．また，それ（“B”のハチ）は　適当な黄色および青の両方にも行った．とはいえ，それ（“B”のハチ）はむしろ，青い花を選んだ．《別訳》また，それ（“B”のハチ）は青い花を選ぶことが多かったが，目的の黄色および青の花の両方にも行った．このクイズで重要なことは，ハチ達がそれを解くことを使うことでだけではなく，その環境適応である．（←こんなことを言っているような気がするのですが，自信なし）