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以下のように、その当時までの戦いから考えて革命的と言える戦い・戦争・紛争を教えて下さい。 鉄砲の有効活用で、戦国最強と言われた武田騎馬軍団が破られた長篠の戦い。 国家総力戦で闘うことになった第一次世界大戦。 飛行機が戦いの主役になった第二次世界大戦。

本質問はマイクロソフト社によるライブ中継番組「ファンタジーアース ゼロ メルファリア ANNEX」からの質問です。 番組公式サイトはこちら→ http://go-live.jp/annexlive/ 第2回目を迎える今回は、人気声優"中村繪里子"さんからの出題です。 見事、良回答に選ばれた方には素敵なプレゼントをプレゼント！ 当選者の発表は毎週土曜日20:15から配信される番組内にて発表いたします。 なお、回答の際には、番組の投稿で用いるハンドル名をご記入ください。 ー－－ー－－ー－－ー－－ー－－ー－－ー－－ー－ー－－ー－－ー－－ー－－ー－－ー－ー－－ー－－ー－－ー－－ー－－ー－－以下、中村繪里子さんからの質問です。 チーム名（軍団名）をまだまだ大•大•大募集来る９月１３日 オンラインゲーム『ファンタジーアースZERO』内で、 私 中村繪里子（エリリン）と６番樋口（６ひぐ）率いる５０人と今井麻美（ミンゴス）と５番猿橋（５ざる）率いる５０人で、対戦イベントを開催致します！ そこで☆前回のミンゴスからの相談に引き続き、それぞれのチーム名（軍団名）をまだまだ大•大•大募集♪しちゃいます♪ みなさんからのチーム名で、わっほわっほ☆なイベントにできればと思っています♪ 兵士も　名前も　求む…！！

いつもお世話になっています。 この映画に於いて大天使ガブリエルは狂信者的立場にあり、サタンの息子を人間界に呼び込もうとしましたね。 一方かなり昔の映画になるのですが「ゴッズ・アーミー　神の軍団」と言う映画では、堕天使となったガブリエル（クリストファー・ウォーケン）が第二の魔王の座を狙いました。 どちらの映画ともガブリエルと利害が相反するサタン（「ゴッズ・アーミー」ではヴィゴ・モーテンセン）が人間に協力し、ガブリエルを倒します。 で、ストーリーは全く異なるものの、設定の大事な部分が似ているので少し驚いたのですが、ひょっとしてこれはパクリなどではなく、何か根拠があるのかなと思った訳です。 私は自身クリスチャンでクリスチャンネームがガブリエルです。それで余計に気になるのですが、ガブリエルが神を裏切る予兆の解釈がどこかに存在するのでしょうか。私の知識（単なるカトリックとして受ける教育や聖書、数冊の研究書）の中では見た覚えがありません。どなたか何かご存知でしたらヒントでも結構ですのでください。よろしくお願いいたします。

我が女房は、福原藍ちゃんで卓球に興味を覚え、石川遼選手の活躍でゴルフ中継の視聴者に、錦織圭選手でテニスファンに成ったようです。 そのように、貴方の大好きな競技に興味を覚えたり始める契機と成った選手＆エピソードをご紹介お教え願えませんか？ ※ちなみに 私の場合は→野球であり、その熱心なファンに成ったきっかけは「鉄腕稲尾和久物語」です。 余談ですが・・・ 私の「lions-123」は 大好きなプロ野球 私の中では史上最強チームであり、 巨人軍監督を非情＆無意味な形で追われ、九州の弱小球団の監督と成った、知将三原脩が臥薪嘗胆、田舎の荒削りな選手たちを率いて、力強く伸び伸びとした魅力的な野武士集団＜西鉄ライオンズ＞に変身させ、宿敵水原巨人軍をエリート球団を破り日本一に、V3＜昭和３１年・３２年・３３年の日本一＞を成し遂げた感動をネーミングにしております。 今は、悲しく寂しい変遷を経て、埼玉西武ライオンズとなっていますが・・・ lions-123 :西鉄lionsの日本一と成ったS３１年の１、３２年の２，３３年の３と年号の最後の数字、今後も３連覇程度を、あの素晴らしい強さ・伸び伸び野球を何度か繰り返して実現してくれるように祈念したハンドルネームです。 「神様・仏様・稲尾様」がいて、中西・豊田・大下・関口・仰木・高倉・玉造・花井・城戸・田中・和田・滝内・小渕・西村・若生・河村が、三原マジックと共に暴れまくった平和台球場の侍メンバー達を懐かしく偲んで・・・。 私の愛し尊敬するプロ野球選手は「神様仏様稲尾様」　の西鉄ライオンズ故・稲尾和久投手です。 詳細は映画「鉄腕投手・稲尾物語」に描かれた通りですが、野球を覚え一日中、広場でグランドで三角ベースボールで楽しんでいた頃の史上最強軍団「西鉄ライオンズ」のエースであり、名将智将魔術師と言われた三原修監督の下、中西・豊田・大下・仰木・高倉・玉造・城戸・和田や西村・島原ら野武士軍団が居た。 あの稲尾和久投手です。 因みに、私は感動のあまり、その映画（2本立てだった、こまどり姉妹の主演作品の名称は忘れました）を朝から晩まで3回観た記憶があります。 稲尾和久は昭和十二年六月十日、別府北浜の漁師の七人兄妹の末ッ子に生れた。 父の久作は一本気で曲ったことの大嫌いな男だった。和久もこうした負けん気な性格を受けついだ。 十一歳のある日、和久は友達に舟が漕げないだろうとからかわれ、憤然として荒海に乗り出した。 知合いの松源旅館の娘紀子の知らせで、母かめのは久作に救け舟を出すように頼んだが、久作は許さなかった。和久は父の期待通り、無事に舟を漕ぎ通した。 久作の父性愛は和久に不屈の精神を叩き込んだ。 その年、荒巻投手の星野組が全国実業団野球大会に優勝して、別府に凱旋して来た、和久はそれをみて心おどらせた。 前から和久の肩のいいのを知っている松源の源太郎は、自分のチームのキャッチャーになるようすすめた。 貧しい家のことを考えた和久は、一応は断ったが野球の誘惑には勝てなかった。 母は乏しい家計の中から、和久にグローブを買ってくれた。 中学に入って和久は父に内証で野球部に入った、父はそれを知って、やるなら最後までがんばれと、和久を励ました。 県立緑ケ丘高校に進学した和久は、二年の時にピッチャーに転向した、その頃から、和久は父も驚くほどのトレーニングに励んだ。 試合に負けると父に怒鳴られ、キャッチャーの栗原も良き友であり、美しい女学生節子に淡い恋心を抱くなど、和久の高校時代は楽しかった。 彼の才能をプロ球団が見逃すはずはなかった。九州男児の和久は、郷土のチーム西鉄ライオンズに入団した。 開幕第一戦、対大映戦にリリーフとして登板、見事にその責任を果した。 この頃から父は健康を害しはじめた。和久の活躍は自覚しく、その年は二十一勝六敗でパ・リーグ新人王、翌三十二年には最高殊勲選手並びに最優秀投手の栄冠に輝いた。 久しぶりに故郷に帰った和久の心は、父の衰弱ぶりが激しく暗かった。父のために日当りのよい二階家を建ててやろうと決心した。が、キャンプ中に父危篤の電報が届いたのは、それから間もなくであった。駈けつけた和久を、久作は大事な練習を休むなと追いかえした。 父死すの電報を秘めて練習に励む和久、それをみつめる三原監督の目は感動に濡れていた。三十三年、西鉄はシーズン末まで苦戦が続いた。しかし、悪戦苦闘の末三たび首位を獲得して、宿敵巨人と日本選手権を争うことになった。 その第一戦、長島を加えた巨人は見事稲尾攻略に成功した。余勢を買って巨人は三連勝、西鉄を窮地に陥し入れた。が、和久はくじけなかった。 第四戦以後、和久は投げて投げて投げまくった。そして球史始って以来の逆転優勝を成し遂げた。博多の街は西鉄チームの凱旋でわきかえっていた。和久は亡き父のはなむけに優勝の報告をした。そして母を東京見物に誘うのだった。 http://www.ishirohonda.com/works/195903-inao/195 …

「テレビ朝日系列による、刑事ドラマの名作、「西部警察」シリーズ。 この第２シリーズか、第３シリーズで、番組の名物として放送された、地方ロケシリーズの回。 この内、大阪方面が舞台となる、３～４回の内。 「殺された、自分の姉妹の仇を討つのに、探偵に情報収集を依頼した、下着会社のワコールで、社員モデルとして、勤務してる関係から、活動拠点を東京に移した関係で、自宅も、京都から東京へ引越した、事件解決のカギを握る、１人の女性」役で、浅野ゆう子さん。 「浅野さん扮する、１人の女性の姉妹を、殺した犯人一味が、別の事件も犯してた。 そのボスで、京都の財界関係者でもある、貿易関係の会社社長だが、石原裕次郎さん（故人）扮する、西部署の捜査課長から、「財界での知合い」を理由にした、捜査協力の要請に応じた、宝酒造の社長（会長）に、どこかの邸宅に呼び出される事で、結局は自分の自宅で、事件が失敗（手下達は、西部署の面々と京都府警に、全員逮捕された）と知って、京都府舞鶴市の舞鶴港から、手配した貨物船で海外逃亡する為、舞鶴港へ向かう自動車の用意を、部下に指示した所で、乗り込んだ課長に、任意同行を求められる事で捕まった、悪のボス」役で、神田隆さん（故人）。 この２人が、主なゲストとして、出演してた。 因みに、神田さん扮する、悪のボスを呼び出した、宝酒造の社長（会長）。 並びに、浅野さん扮する、事件解決のカギを握る、１人の女性が、モデルとして勤務してる、ワコールの社長どちらも、当時の本当の社長（会長）が、本人役でゲスト出演してた。 ただ、舞台となった場所が、 場所なので、番組名物、爆破（爆発）を活用したシーンは、殆ど無しにしたと言う…」逸話ある、主な舞台が、京都市方面となる回から質問したいと、思います。 幾つかの関連本を、見た所… 「西川きよしさんも、「浅野さん扮する、事件解決のカギを握る、１人の女性から、「殺された、姉妹の仇を討つ為、居場所の特定等、犯人一味の情報収集」の依頼を、引き受けた、大阪の探偵会社で、上司からの指示で、担当者として調査したが、浅野さん扮する女性から、聞いた事情から、個人的にも動いた為、後で西部署の大門軍団の刑事から、事情聴取を受けてしまった、社員である探偵」役で、友情出演として、ゲスト出演してた。 実際、番組スタート時にある、出演者の名前が出て来る所では、「友情出演」である旨込みで、西川さんの名前が、表示された…」内容で、載ってました。 そこで、質問したいのは… 「西川さんは、西部警察シリーズの問題の回では、友情出演として、ゲスト出演してるが、番組のレギュラー出演者の誰かが、一応友人になると思うが、その友人とは、誰の事と、思われるか？」に、なります。

先日、１０月２８日（水曜日）の午後１０時から。 「住んでる、自宅がある地元の市営住宅（団地）で、各住居による、テレビの受信用アンテナの設置・管理業務を、地元の市からの委託先として、地元局が担当してる、ケーブルテレビのJ-COMで、無料視聴可能な３つのチャンネルの内、１つのチャンネル」で、再放送してたのを、私は見ました。 再放送してたのは、テレビ朝日と、石原プロモーション（石原プロ）が、共同制作した、刑事ドラマの名作「西部警察パート３」にもあった、名物の地方ロケシリーズの回、第３９話「激闘！！炎の瀬戸内海」に、なります。 問題の回、主なストーリーは… 「主な舞台は、岡山県の岡山市。 柴俊夫さん扮する、大門軍団のメンバー、山県刑事（以降、軍団での通称、大将）。 「この大将が、神奈川県警時代、刑事として勤務した所轄署時代の警部補である上司で、退職して故郷の岡山に帰り、岡山市と倉敷市方面では、「下電」の愛称で有名である、当時は倉敷市内の下津井方面で、鉄道も走ってたローカル系の鉄道会社、下津井電鉄(株)へ再就職して、管理部長として、本社で勤務してた」佐藤允さん（故人）扮する、栗原。 この栗原は、神奈川県警の刑事だった５年前、部下としての大将と一緒に、「郵便局強盗と、現場付近に居た、数人の通行人が、射殺された」事件の犯人、阿久津と言う男を逮捕して、その後に退職した。 ５年後、無期懲役だった阿久津は、「自分に、手錠を掛けた栗原に対して、報復を実行する為」として、刑期を勤めてた刑務所を脱走した。 途中、東京での取引先への納品を終えて、岡山の本社へ帰る社員が乗ってた、カバヤ製菓(株)の自社のトラックの箱形の荷台に乗り込んで、自分の出身地である、岡山に戻った。 岡山には、「刑務所時代、一緒だった、爆弾作りの前科ある、岡山県出身者」等、数人の手下が、アジトを作って、時限爆弾を作りながら、ボスたる阿久津が来るのを、待っていた。 阿久津は、その時限爆弾を使って、「岡山市内で乗った、下電の系列のタクシー会社のタクシー１台を、降りてから爆発する様に、セットした時限爆弾で、爆破させて、担当の運転手さんに、火傷による大ケガを、負わせた」事件。 並びに、「岡山市にある、下津井電鉄の営業所へ戻った、観光バス１台にも、時限爆弾をセットし爆破させて、乗員２名を死亡させた」事件 を、引き起こした。 この後、阿久津は、倉敷市にある、下津井電鉄の本社へ電話して、「今度、作った爆弾は、多数の人を殺傷させられる力あるので、爆破され無ければ、ドル紙幣で５００万ドルを、明後日の正午迄に用意しろ、但し用意出来なければ、岡山市内で仕掛けて、爆破させる」的な内容で、社長に対して、脅迫してた…」的な内容に、なります。 ただ、阿久津役の俳優さんの名前は、分かりません。 そこで、質問したいのは… 「倉敷市にある、下津井電鉄本社へ、阿久津が脅迫電話を、掛けてた後。 通報により、柴さん扮する大将だけで無く、渡哲也さん扮する団長や、小林昭二さん（故人）扮する親父さんは、その本社へ、駆けつけた。 「社長室手前の応接室で、団長や親父さんと大将と共に、録音された脅迫電話を聞いた、佐藤さん扮する栗原。 「自分が、神奈川県警の刑事時代、逮捕した人間が、自分が再就職して勤務してる会社で、報復による爆破事件を起こしていて、会社に迷惑掛けてるので、引責辞任したい 」旨、持ってた辞表を、社長室から出て来た、メガネを掛けた、男性の社長に手渡す事で、申し出た。 しかし、その社長は、上司として、佐藤さん扮する栗原が、手渡して来た辞表を、実質的に破り捨てて、「君は、刑事時代、間違って無い行動してるから、責任を取って、退職する必要は無いから、心配するな」的な内容で、声を掛けた…」 シーンが、登場してた。 その社長役で、ゲスト出演してた俳優さんだが、「名前迄は、分からないけれど、時代劇であれば、ボス役か準ボス役なら、悪役が比較的強かった」俳優さんだった様に、何回も見た記憶あるが、何と 言う名前による、俳優さんだったか？」に、 なります。

■水曜スペシャル川口弘探検隊「フィリピンパラワン島奥地に幻の原始猿人バーゴンを追え！！」 水曜スペシャルって、そういやテレビ朝日だった・・・ 質問 水曜スペシャルどれ一番面白かったですか？ 20世紀の奇跡を見た!!人跡未踏の密林に石器民族は1000年前の姿そのままに実在した!! 2 1978年6月28日 驚異の人食いワニ・ブラックポロサスを追え!恐怖の毒蛇タイパン狩り!2億年の恐竜は存在した! 3 1978年11月28日 暗黒の魔境アマゾン奥地3000キロに幻の原始民族を追え!! -第1部- 4 1978年12月6日 暗黒の魔境アマゾン奥地3000キロに幻の原始裸族を見た!! -第2部- 5 1979年2月14日 緊急特報!パラオ島奥地に生き残り日本兵を追え!! 6 1979年5月9日 あのジョーズの海フロリダ沖に人食いサメは存在した!! 7 1979年8月5日 完全踏破!ガタルカナル奥地に白骨街道は実在した!!2万5千の遺骨が語るガ島奪回丸山道作戦の謎 8 1979年10月1日 これが地球の底だ!!人類未踏!オーストラリア世界最大の地底大洞穴探検!! 9 1980年1月23日 これが海底大洞窟だ!!世界最大!パラオ諸島の二つの島を結ぶ鍾乳洞トンネルは実在した!! 10 1980年2月13日 姥捨て!八丈島日本最長の溶岩大洞窟に人捨て穴は実在した!! 11 1980年4月23日 恐怖の人食いザメ!!南オーストラリア嵐の海に人間が食われる瞬間を見た! 12 1980年5月28日 爬虫類王国オーストラリア!猛毒蛇の大洞窟征服の果てに幻の白いカンガルーを見た!! 13 1980年7月9日 恐怖の人食いトラ!!インドネシア・スマトラに“密林の殺し屋”を追え!! 14 1980年7月30日 巨大怪蛇ナーク!!タイ秘境底なし沼に恐怖の魔人は実在した!! 15 1980年10月22日 恐怖の首狩り族!ルソン島未踏の奥地にウロン族は実在した!! 16 1980年11月19日 “ギャオ”これが地球の割れ目だ!氷の国アイスランド地底大洞穴に恐怖のマグマ地獄を見た!! 17 1980年11月26日 “ギャオ”これが地球の底だ!火と鳥の島アイスランド地底大洞穴に“悪魔の腹わた”を見た!! 18 1981年2月25日 恐怖の世界猛獣探検隊シリーズ総特集!! 19 1981年4月29日 首狩り族か!人食い人種か!?最後の魔境ボルネオ奥地に恐怖のムル族は実在した!! 20 1981年7月8日 恐怖の吸血コウモリ数万大群をメキシコ魔境洞穴に捕獲せよ!! 21 1981年10月7日 巨大怪奇地底都市!!美少女ミイラ発見!トルコ秘境に幻の黄金宮殿の謎を追え!! 22 1981年11月4日 湖が消えた!謎の巨大異常現象をユーゴスラビアに見た!! 23 1981年11月11日 密林の王者ターザンは実在した!! 24 1982年5月12日 恐怖!双頭の巨大怪蛇ゴーグ!南部タイ秘境に蛇島カウングの魔人は実在した!! 25 1982年6月9日 謎の原始猿人バーゴンは実在した!パラワン島奥地絶壁洞穴に黒い野人を追え! 26 1982年7月28日 恐怖の死闘!猛毒ハブ異常大軍団の謎を台湾秘境洞穴に見た!! 27 1982年12月1日 謎の巨大要塞島!コレヒドール地底に白骨トンネルは存在した! 28 1982年12月8日 恐怖の人食いトラ!スマトラ奥地密林に血に飢えた牙を追え!! 29 1983年1月19日 謎の地底大噴火!中国竜口洞に怪現象“仙人水”は実在した!! 30 1983年2月9日 恐怖の人食いザメをオーストラリア死の海に追え! 31 1983年6月22日 恐怖!ブラジル魔境に人食いピラニア大軍団を追え!逆襲死闘 川口が手指をピラニアに噛まれ負傷した。 32 1983年7月27日 驚異!幻の魔獣“バラナーゴ”をスリランカ奥地密林に追え!! 33 1983年10月19日 決死の大氷壁!アルプス大洞穴に謎の巨大氷宮殿は実在した!! 34 1984年1月25日 衝撃!魔境ボルネオ島奥地に幻の巨大獣人を追え!! 35 1984年4月11日 恐怖の蛇島は実在した!!南フィリピン魔の海に異常発生大群団を追え!! 36 1984年5月30日 驚異!幻の石器民族はボルネオ島奥地密林に実在した!! 37 1984年7月4日 恐怖の人食いワニ!オーストラリア魔の河に死神ブラックポロサスを追え!! 38 1984年10月17日 衝撃!謎の巨大白骨洞穴発見!!バラワン島密林に“開かずの扉”は実在した!! 39 1985年1月16日 恐怖の巨大怪鳥ギャロン!ギアナ奥地落差1000メートルの大滝ツボ洞穴に原始怪獣を追え!! 40 1985年4月24日 暗黒の怪“光る河”はブラジル死の妖気大洞穴に実在した!! 41 1985年6月19日 フィリピン原始洞穴に幻の石器裸族タオパントゥは実在した!!共同生活5日間 42 1985年7月24日 ワニか怪魚か!?原始恐竜魚“ガーギラス”をメキシコ南部ユカタン半島奥地に追え!! 43 1985年7月31日 ワニか怪魚か!?原始恐竜魚“ガーギラス”をメキシコ南部血塗られた伝説の湖に追え!! -完結編- 44 1985年11月13日 ガラパゴス炎上!珍獣を絶滅から救え!!地上最後のゾウガメ大捜索! 45 1985年11月20日 珍獣王国ガラパゴス炎上!火災現場大捜査! （46） 1986年5月7日 流氷が落日に燃えた・川口浩がんを乗り越え新たな出発 ガラパゴス探検後癌が発覚した川口が北海道で闘病とリハビリに挑む姿を追った番組。新・水曜スペシャルで放送された。便宜上この番組も川口浩探検シリーズとして取り扱う。 春秋改編期の特番[編集] もうテレ朝は、こういった面白い捏造番組作らないんでしょうか？

http://okwave.jp/qa4131826.htmlの関連質問です。 まずは、僕がひとつ大きな誤解をしていたみたいです。 藤沢～渋谷は圧倒的に湘南新宿ラインが速いし、Yahoo!路線情報でみると湘南台～渋谷は湘南台⇒（地下鉄）⇒戸塚⇒（湘南新宿ライン）⇒渋谷、もしくは湘南台から下北沢経由で行ったほうが、速いし、大和～渋谷だって、下北沢経由の方が速いです。 だから、前の質問では、渋谷や半蔵門線方面へ小田急江ノ島線沿線の住民が行く事を想定して質問しましたが、実際に話を聞いてみても、中央林間乗換えをする人のおおくは田園都市沿線へ通勤、通学してるのではないかと思います。 また中央林間駅の東急と小田急の平日の時刻表をみると、朝は小田急の上りの急行が到着した、すぐ後に東急の準急、急行が発車します。午後はほぼすべての小田急の下りの快速急行が到着する1分ぐらい前に東急の急行が到着します。これでは駅構内が障害物走になってしまうのはあたりまえだと思います。遅刻しそうな時は藤沢からhttp://www.ekikara.jp/newdata/detail/513681/2976885.htmの電車にのって中央林間で降りて、http://www.ekikara.jp/newdata/detail/513731/2994869.htmの電車に乗ることがありますが、このときは100人（ちょっと大げさかも）ぐらいの人がどどどって、駆けています。また逆から駆けてくる軍団もいるので、駅構内で突っ立てたら、張り倒される勢いです。僕も靴を後ろの人に引っ掛けられて脱げて、ぶつかった事が何回もあります。それに田園都市沿線の私立学校に通う小学生達やお年寄りの方までが走っている状態です。駅構内ですべってこけている方々や眼鏡を落として踏まれて、割れれる方々、走るのを止めようとする駅員を振り倒すひとや、電車に間に合わず、乗り継ぎの悪さに怒りを抑えきれず、閉まった準急の扉を叩く人も見たことがあります。もちろんこのような乗り換えをするのは非常に危険な行為であり、避けるべき行為です。しかしこの乗り換えをしなければ、 藤沢を20分以上早く出発しなければならず、忙しい朝にはどれだけ20分が貴重かということは誰もが理解できるでしょう。 では上記のことや、前回の質問に関して 直通運転は無謀だとわかりましたが、疑問点があります。 　・小田急は千代田線へ、東急は半蔵門線へ直通運転をしております。これらはどちらも東京メトロですし、車両はそっくりに素人には見えます。ではなぜ「田園都市線直通には小田急の車両・東急の車両とも改造が必要」「車両規格、性能の統一が必要」なのでしょうか？ 　・「現時点では田園都市線には１０両編成以外走らせる余地がない。」のが問題な理由がわかりません。小田急の急行のみを直通すればよいのです。 　・「中央林間駅周辺の大規模改造が必要」 地図で調べましたが、東急中央林間を出た後、限界までカーブさせ、しばらくは小田急の地下に東急が走る状態にしてから、土地に余裕があるとこで合流すればいいと思います。 　・「小田急が乗り入れると速度が落ちて」 なぜ？今の中央林間始発、止まりを減らして… 　・「限界に達している田園都市線を何とかしたい」 複々線ができないと聞きましたが、地下を小田急の下北沢みたいに2段する、もしくは第2田園都市線を作るとか、だめなんですか？ 直通運転以外で質問 ・小田急が到着、すぐ東急の準急、急行が発車。これは東急が意図的にやってるんですね？中央林間からの乗り換えがなくなれば混雑緩和になるという理由ですね。東急のキャッチフレーズは「美しい時代へ」だった気がしますが、他社の沿線に住んでる人を差別して、ひどい目にあわせて、自分たちだけ、美しい時代へと　ナチス・ドイツみたいな解決方法は止めて欲しいです。東急沿線に用がある藤沢市民などはどうしたらよいかという事を考えて欲しいです。 ・直通運転は無理でもダイヤ改正の時にもっと乗り継ぎを よくしてもらうとか、駅の構造改革をしてもらう方法はありませんか？ ・他にも関係することがあれば、教えてください。 東急関係者には大変失礼な内容ですが、この危険な状態を解決してほしいと思ってこその内容です。どうかアドバイスをお願いします。

The “Stange Bey Detachment” left Istanbul on the battleship Yavuz. The first stop was disembarked in Rize. The detachment was then reinforced with nearly two thousand Kurdish volunteers and materially assisted by the rebellious Adjarians of the country. It had been the original intention that this army should strike at Batum when it was in sufficient force by additions from oversea, but as the result of Russian resistance on land, and especially of various actions between the Ottoman and Russian Fleets, which ended in the latter gaining the control of the Black Sea, the idea was rendered impracticable and was abandoned. Enver Pasha developed his plans for Battle of Sarikamish. The Stange Bey unit and its supports were fitted to his plan as a secondary force. They were to cut the support for Russian forces at Sarikamish-Kars. The Stange Bey Detachment conduct highly visible operations to distract and pin Russian units. In his plan Stange Bey operated in the Chorok region and seized the road. On 15 December 1914, Stange Bey occupied Ardanuch. On 27 December 1914, after a desperate Russian resistance lasting seventeen days, took Ardahan, and threatened an immediate descent on Kars, which if it succeeded would cut off the retreat of the Russians west of it, that is, at Sarikamish, from Kars. The Russian Viceroy and his military advisers had grasped the situation. The Stange Bay made that Russians informed very dearly for every foot of their advance. The Russian diversion to Stange Bay unit meant to be a support element to operations to capture Sarikamish and Kars. Russians needed to be strongly reinforced. At this moment, In December 1914, General Myshlaevsky ordered withdrawal from major Russian units at the Persian Campaign at the height of the Battle of Sarikamish. Persia was denuded of Russian soldiers, and large bodies of troops were hurried forward to the front by rail from Kars, Erivan, and Julfa—almost, but not quite, too late. They would have been altogether too late if the 1st Army Corps had been able to make its contemplated descent on Kars, and the first concern of the Viceroy had been to send supports to the gallant regiment which alone had so long withstood the attack of the two divisions of this Corps before and at Ardahan. Yet larger reinforcements were dispatched to Sarikamish, and they arrived to find that though the place had been reft from Russian hands the battle was being waged with no less determined persistence and tenacity by their compatriots. Neither at Ardahan nor at Sarikamish were the Russians, even in the closing stages[dubious – discuss]. Hardly any information regarding the battle of Ardahan can be obtained beyond statements that after the place was bombarded, the Russians drove the Stange Bey Detachment group out.

The immediate strategic goal of the Caucasus Campaign was to retake Artvin, Ardahan, Kars, and the port of Batum. As a longer term goal, head of the Ottoman war ministry İsmail Enver hoped a success would facilitate opening the route to Tbilisi and beyond, which in turn would trigger a revolt of Caucasian Muslims. Another Turkish—or rather German—strategic goal was to cut Russian access to its hydrocarbon resources around the Caspian Sea. The headquarters of the Ottoman 3rd Army was in Erzurum, under the command of Hasan Izzet. On 30 October 1914, the 3rd Army headquarters was informed by High Command in Constantinople about the Ottoman navy's bombardment of the Russian ports of Novorossiysk, Odessa and Sevastopol in the Black Sea. High Command expected the Russian Army to cross the Ottoman border at any time. The Bergmann Offensive (November 2, 1914 – November 16, 1914) ended with the defeat of Russian troops under Bergmann. The Russian success was along the southern shoulders of the line. Hasan İzzet stabilized the front by letting the Russians 25 kilometres (16 mi) inside the Ottoman Empire along the Erzurum-Sarikamish axis. The Third Army was a relatively ragtag force when it was assigned to the offensive. The most combat-hardened and well-equipped units in the empire such as the III Corps were selected to defend the strategically significant Gallipoli peninsula. Facing the Russians in Caucasia, of the Third Army's nine infantry divisions, three were being rebuilt from scratch and four were new divisions deployed there from Thrace that year. Additionally, many of its approximately 118,000 soldiers were actually gendarmerie rather than regular army troops. Erickson describes the Third Army as "hastily assembled and clobbled-together army, hurled against the Russians with predictably disastrous results." The war minister, Ismail Enver, devised an operation plan while he was at the Department of War in Istanbul. His strategy was based on German principles copied from Napoleon. Enver's plan involved a single envelopment using three Corps. On the right flank, XI Corps would fix the Russians in place and conduct feint attacks. In the center, IX Corps would fight in the direction of Sarikamish Pass. Assistant Chief of Staff Colonel Hafız Hakkı’s X Corps, which was to be on the left flank, would drive to Oltu, cross the Allahuekber Mountains, cut the Kars road, and drive the Russians to the Aras Valley, where the Russian forces would be destroyed by all three Corps attacking in concert. Meanwhile, a detachment unit under Stange Bey would conduct highly visible operations to distract and pin Russian units. Success depended on all troops arriving at their specified objectives at the correct moment. The first part of the plan was fulfilled when the Russians concentrated their forces at Sarikamish and Köprüköy after the Bergmann Offensive.

The IX Corps were at Sarikamish. The X Corps were threatening to pierce the Russian front along the Kars railway to the east. The Stange regiment was descending upon Ardahan 60 miles to the northeast. Enver's operational plan was looking successful on paper. However, the Ottoman forces were worn out, half starved, and short of guns and ammunition. They had no hope of reaching their objective on time. Enver thought that the Russians were retreating to Kars. It was actually an encircling movement. Assault at Sarikamish, December 29 Russian trenches in the forests of Sarikamish On December 29, the assault took place. The IX and XI Corps, totaling 12,000 men, began to attack Sarikamish. During bayonet fighting, only 300 men succeeded in breaking into the city. They were driven off, losing 6,000 troops. Enver received information that Russians were preparing to encircle his forces with a force of five regiments. On December 31, the IX Corps was bogged down in the woods outside Sarikamish and had been reduced to some 2,500 men and 14 artillery guns and machine guns. On the same night news arrived to headquarters from Bardız: The 32nd Division had abandoned its positions to the Russians. This meant that the Barduz and Kızılkilise roads were now in Russian hands. The Ottoman forces were inside a semicircle. Enver refused to lose momentum, and ordered his units to continue with the plan. On January 1, the commander of the XI Corps pressed a frontal attack on Sarikamish that lasted for the next four days; after that the fighting began to lose momentum. Snow hindered advancing forces which were supposed to bring relief. The IX Corps melted away on the way to Sarikamish. One of the divisions lost 40% of its strength in a snowstorm. The X Corps never came to the rescue. 90% of X Corps was left on the slopes of the Allahüekber Mountains. The XI Corps was fighting in the Aras region. A regiment entered Çerkezköy, only to be taken prisoner. While the Stange regiment entered Ardahan on schedule, the troops were exhausted. The Russians were poised to encircle the remaining forces. Entrapped in a semicircle, January 2–3 On January 2, Russian artillery fire caused severe casualties. Enver received two reports; one was from the chief of staff of the IX Corps, Lieutenant Colonel Şerif, and the other from Colonel Hafız Hakkı. Both reports said that they were too weak to launch another attack. Enver responded to the units: "The offensive is to go on at full strength." Later Enver focused on securing routes for the retreat instead of insisting on new attacks to take Sarikamish. He combined the two corps and renamed it the "Left Wing Army." He promoted Colonel Hafız Hakkı to Brigadier General and gave him command of the Left wing Army.

The First Battle of Champagne (French: 1ère Bataille de Champagne) was fought from 20 December 1914 – 17 March 1915 in World War I in the Champagne region of France and was the second offensive by the Allies against the Germans since mobile warfare had ended after the First Battle of Ypres in Flanders (19 October – 22 November 1914). The battle was fought by the French Fourth Army and the German 3rd Army. The offensive was part of a strategy by the French army to attack the Noyon Salient, a large bulge in the new Western Front, which ran from Switzerland to the North Sea. The First Battle of Artois began on the northern flank of the salient on 17 December and the offensive against the southern flank in Champagne began three days later. By early November, the German offensive in Flanders had ended and the French began to consider large offensive operations. Attacks by the French would assist the Russian army and force the Germans to keep more forces in the west. After studying the possibilities for an offensive, the Operations Bureau of Grand Quartier Général (GQG: the French army headquarters) reported on 15 November. The Bureau recommended to General Joseph Joffre a dual offensive, with attacks in Artois and Champagne, to crush the Noyon salient. The report noted that the German offensive in the west was over and four to six corps were being moved to the Eastern Front. Despite shortages of equipment, artillery and ammunition, which led Joffre to doubt that a decisive success could be obtained, it was impossible to allow the Germans freely to concentrate their forces against Russia. Principal attacks were to be made in Artois by the Tenth Army towards Cambrai and by the Fourth Army (General Fernand de Langle de Cary) in Champagne, from Suippes towards Rethel and Mézières, with supporting attacks elsewhere. The objectives were to deny the Germans an opportunity to move troops and to break through in several places, to force the Germans to retreat. After minor skirmishes, the battle began on 20 December 1914 when the XVII and I Colonial Corps attacked and made small gains. On 21 December, the XII Corps failed to advance, because most gaps in the German barbed wire were found to be covered by machine-guns. The attack by XII Corps was stopped and the infantry began mining operations, as the artillery bombarded German defences. After several days of attacks, which obtained more small pieces of territory, the main effort was moved by de Cary to the centre near Perthes and a division was added between XVII Corps and I Colonial Corps. On 27 December, Joffre, sent the IV Corps to the Fourth Army area, which made it possible for de Langle to add another I Corps division to the front line. First Battle of Champagne 第一次シャンパーニュ会戦

On 30 December, the French began a new attack as the Germans counter-attacked II Corps on the right flank, took three lines of defence and inflicted many casualties. Next day, II Corps retook most of the lost ground but the Germans made four big counter-attacks against the Fourth Army, which disorganised the French offensive. Over the next few days, the French used artillery-fire to keep pressure on the Germans. A counter-attack on the night of 7/8 January drove the French out of a salient west of Perthes, until another French attack recovered most of the lost ground. French attacks continued for another two weeks, took small amounts of ground and drove off several German counter-attacks but had made few gains, by the time that the offensive was suspended, on 13 January. Supporting attacks in Artois and Champagne by the Second Army, Eighth Army and the troops on the coast at Nieuport supported the Tenth Army at Arras in the First Battle of Artois (17 December 1914 –13 January 1915). The Fourth Army attacks were assisted by the Army Detachment of the Vosges, which had also had little success. The armies on supporting fronts had far fewer guns and an attack by the XI Corps of the Second Army on 27 December, had no artillery support. In the Vosges, French artillery did not begin to fire until the two attacking divisions began to advance. All of the supporting attacks were costly failures. In mid-January a German attack began to the north of Soissons, on the route to Paris but the attack was made by small numbers of troops, to conserve reserves for operations on the Eastern Front and the French defenders repulsed the attack. In late January, a German attack was made against the Third Army, which was defending the heights of Aubréville close to the main railway to Verdun. Having been pushed back, the French counter-attacked six times and lost 2,400 casualties. The German attack failed to divert French troops from the flanks of the Noyon Salient. De Langle wrote a report on the campaign, in which he asserted that the army had followed the principle of avoiding a mass offensive and instead, made a series of attacks against points of tactical significance. When such operations succeeded it had become necessary to make similar preparations for a new attack, by digging approach trenches and destroying German field defences with artillery-fire. Obtaining a breakthrough by "continuous battle" was impossible and de Langle claimed that methodical successive attacks, to capture points of tactical importance, would have more effect. Joffre replied that the failure of the offensive was due to inadequate artillery support and too few infantry. Attacks had been made on narrow fronts of a few hundred yards, despite the offensive taking place on a 12 mi (19 km) front and left infantry far too vulnerable to massed artillery-fire. De Langle was ordered quickly to make several limited attacks but Joffre told Poincaré the French president, that a war of movement was a long way off. Casualties In 2005, Foley recorded c. 240,000 French casualties in February with c. 45,000 German losses, using data from Der Weltkrieg, the German Official History. In 2012, Sheldon recorded 93,432 French casualties and 46,100 German losses.

From 17 September – 17 October 1914, the belligerents had made reciprocal attempts to turn the northern flank of their opponent. Joffre ordered the French Second Army to move to the north of the French Sixth Army, by moving from eastern France from 2–9 September and Falkenhayn ordered the German 6th Army to move from the German-French border to the northern flank on 17 September. By the next day French attacks north of the Aisne, led to Falkenhayn ordering the 6th Army to repulse French forces to secure the flank. When the French Second Army advanced, it met a German attack rather than an open flank on 24 September and by 29 September, the Second Army had been reinforced to eight corps but was still opposed by German forces near Lille, rather than advancing around the German northern flank. The German 6th Army had also found that on arrival in the north, that it was forced to oppose the French attack, rather than advance around the flank; the secondary objective of protecting the northern flank of the German armies in France had become the main task. By 6 October, the French needed British reinforcements to withstand German attacks around Lille. The BEF had begun to move from the Aisne to Flanders on 5 October and with reinforcements from England, assembled on the left flank of the Tenth Army, which had been formed from the left flank units of the Second Army on 4 October. In October 1914 French and British artillery commanders met to discuss means for supporting infantry attacks, the British practice having been to keep the artillery silent until targets were identified, the French artillery fired a rafale, which ceased as the infantry began the assault. A moving barrage of fire was proposed as a combination of both methods and became a standard practice, when guns and ammunition were accumulated in sufficient quantity. Falkenhayn issued memoranda on 7 and 25 January 1915, defining a model of defensive warfare to be used on the Western Front, to enable ground to be held with the fewest possible troops. By reducing demand for manpower in the west, a larger number of divisions could be sent to the Eastern Front. The front line was to be fortified, to enable its defence with small numbers of troops indefinitely; areas captured were to be recovered by counter-attacks. A second trench was to be dug behind the front line, to shelter the trench garrison and to have easy access to the front line, through covered communication trenches. Should counter-attacks fail to recover the front trench, a rearward line was to be connected to the remaining parts of the front line, limiting the loss of ground to a bend (Ausbeulung) in the line, rather than a breakthrough. The building of the new defences took until the autumn of 1915 and confronted Franco-British offensives with an evolving system of field fortifications, which was able to absorb the increasing power and sophistication of attempted breakthrough attacks.

During the mobile operations of 1914, armies which operated in enemy territory were forced to rely on wireless communication to a far greater extent than anticipated, having expected to use telegraph, telephones and dispatch riders. None of the armies had established cryptographic systems adequate to protect wireless transmissions from eavesdropping; all of the attacking armies sent messages containing vital information in plain language. From September to November 1914, the British and French intercepted c. 50 German messages, which showed the disorganisation of the German command in mid-September and the gap between the 1st and 2nd armies on the eve of the Battle of the Marne. Similar plain language messages and some decodes of crudely coded German messages, gave warnings to the British of the times, places and strengths of eight attacks of four corps or more, during the Race to the Sea and the subsequent battles in Flanders. Both sides tried to advance, after the "open" northern flank had disappeared, Franco-British attacks towards Lille in October were followed by attacks of the BEF, Belgians and a new French Eighth Army. A German offensive began on 21 October but the 4th and 6th armies were only able to take small amounts of ground, at great cost to both sides, at the Battle of the Yser (16–31 October) and further south at Ypres. Falkenhayn then attempted to achieve the limited goal of capturing Ypres and Mount Kemmel, from (19 October – 22 November). By 8 November, Falkenhayn accepted that the advance along the coast had failed and that taking Ypres was impossible. The French and Germans had failed to assemble forces near the northern flank swiftly enough to obtain a decisive advantage. Attacks had quickly been stopped and the armies had then improvised field defences, against which attacks were repulsed with many more casualties. By the end of the First Battle of Ypres, both sides were exhausted, short of ammunition and suffering from collapses in morale; some infantry units refused orders. The mutual failure in Flanders, led both sides to elaborate the improvised field fortifications of 1914, which made a return to mobile warfare even less likely. In November, Falkenhayn reconsidered German strategy, because the failures on the Yser and at Ypres, showed that Germany lacked the forces in the west to obtain a decisive victory; Vernichtungsstrategie and a dictated peace were beyond German resources.

German 2nd Army attack On 17/18 April, the Germans bombarded the area behind Villers-Bretonneux with mustard gas, causing 1,000 Australian casualties. On the evening of 23/24 April, an artillery barrage was fired, using mustard gas and high explosive rounds. Next morning, the Germans attacked the village with four divisions. The German infantry, with fourteen supporting tanks (one was unserviceable), broke through the 8th Division, making a 3-mile (4.8 km) wide gap in the Allied line. Villers-Bretonneux fell to the Germans and the railway junction of Amiens became vulnerable to capture. After the Germans took Villers-Bretonneux, the first engagement between opposing tanks took place. Three British Mark IV tanks from No. 1 Section, A Company, 1st Battalion, Tank Corps had been dispatched to the Cachy switch line, at the first reports of German advance and were to hold it against the Germans. One was a "male" (the No. 1 Tank of the section) armed with two 6-pounder guns and machine guns, under the command of Lieutenant Frank Mitchell. It was crewed by only four of the normal crew of eight, as the others had been gassed. The other tanks were "females" armed with 0.303 in (7.7 mm) machine-guns, for use against infantry. All were advancing when they encountered a German A7V, "Nixe" of Abteilung III Imperial German Tank Force, commanded by 2nd Lieutenant Wilhelm Biltz. Nixe fired on the two "females", damaging them to the extent that it left holes in the hull leaving the crew exposed. Both retreated; their machine guns were unable to penetrate the armour on the German tank. Mitchell's "male" Mark IV continued to fire at the A7V, while on the move to avoid German artillery fire and the gun of the German tank. The movement meant Mitchell's gunner had difficulty in aiming the 6-pounders. The tanks fired at each other on the move, until the Mark IV stopped to allow the gunner a clear shot and the gunner scored three hits (a total of six shell hits). Nixe heeled over on its side, possible as a result of crossing an incline at the wrong angle. The surviving German crew (out of 18 men), including Biltz, alighted from the vehicle and the British fired at them as they fled on foot, killing nine.

Some 10 miles (16 km) east of Amiens and north of the Roman road to St-Quentin, it rises gently to a plateau overlooking Amiens, the Somme valley and the town. The cemetery contains 2,000 graves, of which 779 are Australian. A further ten Australian casualties of the battle are buried in the Villers-Bretonneux Communal Cemetery. The smaller Crucifix Corner British Military Cemetery just east of the town, in the shadow of a motorway embankment, contains the graves of Australian, British and French metropolitan and colonial (Moroccan) troops, the former including many Australians who fell in the area in fighting, which moved further to the east only on 8 August 1918 (but from then on rapidly). The victory gained at Villers-Bretonneux on the third anniversary of the Gallipoli landings is yearly commemorated by Australians. In 2008, to mark the ninetieth anniversary, the Australian and New Zealand Anzac Day dawn service was held for the first time on the Fouilloy Hill, as well as the traditional one held on the Gallipoli Peninsula. The Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt, officially known by the British as the Second action of Es Salt and by others as the Second Battle of the Jordan, was fought east of the Jordan River between 30 April and 4 May 1918, during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War. The battle followed the failure of the First Transjordan attack on Amman fought at the beginning April. During this second attack across the Jordan River, fighting occurred in three main areas. The first area in the Jordan Valley between Jisr ed Damieh and Umm esh Shert the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) defended their advanced position against an attack by units of the Seventh Army based in the Nablus region of the Judean Hills. The second area on the eastern edge of the Jordan Valley where the Ottoman Army garrisons at Shunet Nimrin and El Haud, on the main road from Ghoraniyeh to Amman were attacked by the 60th (London) Division many of whom had participated in the First Transjordan attack. The third area of fighting occurred after Es Salt was captured by the light horse brigades to the east of the valley in the hills of Moab, when they were strongly counterattacked by Ottoman forces converging on the town from both Amman and Nablus. The strength of these Ottoman counterattacks forced the EEF mounted and infantry forces to withdraw back to the Jordan Valley where they continued the Occupation of the Jordan Valley during the summer until mid September when the Battle of Megiddo began.

On 18 April the II Corps was ordered by the Regency Council to stop near Kaniv in Ukraine; in a triangle between Potik, Kozyn and Stepantsi. Soon it begun to be surrounded by a nearby German units. On 6 May the commander of the 28th German Landwehr Brigade, General Zierold, subordinate of Marshal Hermann von Eichhorn, issued an ultimatum to the II Corps, demanding it lay down its arms and surrender. II Corps readied for battle, and surprised Zierold, who was unprepared for battle. Zierold backed down saying that the ultimatum was a miscommunication. Soon however Zierold received reinforcements, which convinced him he had enough strength to force the issue. On the night of the tenth of May to the eleventh of May 1918, II Corps was surrounded and attacked by German units. Polish units, initially surprised, formed on the village of Yemchykha and took defensive positions. The II Corps resisted for about a day, and both sides sustained heavy losses. By the evening of 11 May the Germans, who did not expect the Poles to put such a stiff resistance, proposed a ceasefire and negotiations. With supplies running low the Poles accepted the offer to negotiate, and eventually agreed to an honorable capitulation. The battle resulted in heavy losses for the Germans, estimated at about 1,500 dead and 273 wounded. Polish losses are estimated to be much smaller, at about few dozen killed and about 150 wounded. Half of the Polish survivors were arrested and sent to prisoner of war camps (number of prisoners is estimated at about 3,250; another estimate suggests 4,000 imprisoned, and 1,500-2,000 who escaped), but the others managed to escape. Those who escaped included the Polish commander Józef Haller de Hallenburg, who faked his death in the battle, and fled to France where he was later appointed commander of the new Polish unit, the Blue Army (or Haller's Army). In the Second Polish Republic, several units would adopt the name "of Kaniów" in honor of that battle: the 28th, 29th, 30th and 31st Infantry Regiments (of Kaniów Rifleman, Polish: Pułki Strzelców Kaniowskich") and 6th Uhlan Kaniów Regiment (6 Pułk Ułanów Kaniowskich). The Revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion was the armed actions of the Czechoslovak Legions in the Russian Civil War against Bolshevik authorities during May - August, 1918, in Volga, Siberia and Ural regions.

This event made possible the anti-Bolshevik activity of the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly.During World War I, ethnic Czechs and Slovaks living in the Russian Empire petitioned Czar Nicholas II to set up a national force to fight against Austria-Hungary. In 1916, the Russian military authorities began to form a Czechoslovak Legion. As of the end of 1917, the Legion had more than 60,000 soldiers; many of them were former POW's from the Austro-Hungarian army. After the October Revolution in 1917, the Czechoslovak Legion was in a very complicated situation. The Bolsheviks did not want to use it on the Eastern Front, and it was very hard to remove Czechoslovak troops to the Western Front. In March 1918, the Soviet government (under pressure from Germany) stopped the transfer of Czechoslovak troops to France through Arkhangelsk and sent them through Siberia to Vladivostok. The slow evacuation by the Trans-Siberian Railway was exacerbated by transportation shortages – as agreed in the Brest-Litovsk treaty, the Bolsheviks were at the same time repatriating German, Austrian and Hungarian POWs from Siberia. Around the same time Leon Trotsky, then People's Commissar of War, under intense pressure from the Germans, ordered the disarming and arrest of the Legion, thus betraying his promise of safe passage.In May 1918, tensions with the Bolsheviks provoked what is generally referred to as the Revolt of the Legions. Conflict already existed between trains of legionaries going east to fight on the Allied side and German and Austro-Hungarian prisoners (including some Czechs and Slovaks) going west to fight for "the other" side. On 14 May 1918, the legionaries stopped a Hungarian train at Chelyabinsk in the Urals and shot a soldier who had thrown a stone at the Czechs, hitting one of Czechs and injuring him , killing a man.[clarification needed] Then the local Bolshevik government arrested some of the Czechoslovaks and ordered them to be executed. Members of the Legion stormed the railway station, freed their men and subsequently occupied the city of Chelyabinsk. This incident triggered further hostilities between the Legion and the Bolsheviks. Czechoslovaks began to occupy the cities on their route: Chelyabinsk, Petropavlovsk, Kurgan, Novonikolaevsk, Mariinsk, Nizhneudinsk and Kansk. At the same time as the Czechs moved in, Russian officers' organizations overthrew the Bolsheviks in Petropavlovsk and Omsk. Within a month the Whites controlled most of the Trans-Siberian Railway from Lake Baikal to the Ural Mountains regions.

In the words of Christopher J. Walker, had the Armenians lost this battle, "it is perfectly possible that the word Armenia would have henceforth denoted only an antique geographical term." In January 1918, two months after the Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia, the Sovnarkom, the highest government authority under the Bolshevik system, issued a decree which called for the withdrawal of Russian troops from the Caucasus Front. This move threw the Armenian leadership in the Transcaucasia into a panic, since it removed from the region the only force capable of protecting the Armenian people from the Ottoman Empire, which had effectively exterminated its Armenian population through systematic massacres and deportations. The Armenians refused to recognize the authority of the Bolsheviks and attempted to form military units to defend the front as the Ottoman armies prepared to expand eastward. The Armenians attempted to stall the Ottoman advance as they created a small Armenian army to take up the positions the Russians had abandoned. General Tovmas Nazarbekian was selected as its commanding officer and Drastamat Kanayan was appointed as civilian commissar. But in May 1918, just two months after the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty was concluded with the Russian SFSR, elements of the Ottoman Third Army crossed into Eastern Armenia and attacked Alexandropol (modern-day Gyumri). The Ottoman Army intended to crush Armenia and seize Russian Transcaucasia and the oil wells of Baku. The German government, the Ottoman Empire's ally, objected to this attack and refused to help the Ottoman Army in the operation. At this time, only a small area of historical Armenian territory which used to be a part of the Russian Empire remained unconquered by the Ottoman Empire, and into that area hundreds of thousands of Armenian refugees had fled after the Armenian Genocide. The Ottoman Forces began a three-pronged attack in an attempt to finally overwhelm and conquer the rest of Armenia. When Alexandropol fell, the Ottoman Army moved into the former territory of the Yerevan guberniia – the heart of Armenia. The Ottoman offensive was viewed by Armenians with foreboding. With nowhere else left to retreat, they decided to make their stand and prepare for the upcoming battle: Catholicos Gevorg V ordered that church bells peal for six days as Armenians from all walks of life – peasants, poets, blacksmiths, and even the clergymen – rallied to form organized military units.