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Fog also caused problems for infantry/tank cooperation. The 30th Infantry Division broke through the Hindenburg Line in the fog on 29 September 1918, entering Bellicourt, capturing the southern entrance of Bellicourt Tunnel and reaching the village of Nauroy, but the troops only managed to hold onto part of Nauroy. The advancing Australians came across large groups of leaderless, disoriented Americans. Bean wrote: "By 10 o'clock Monash's plan had gone to the winds....From that hour onward...the offensive was really directed by Australian battalion or company commanders at the front..." The 30th Division won the praise of General Pershing, who wrote: "... the 30th Division did especially well. It broke through the Hindenburg Line on its entire front and took Bellicourt and part of Nauroy by noon of the 29th." There has since been considerable debate over the extent to which the American forces were successful. Monash wrote: "...in this battle they demonstrated their inexperience in war, and their ignorance of some of the elementary methods of fighting employed on the French front. For these shortcomings they paid a heavy price. Their sacrifices, nevertheless, contributed quite definitely to the partial success of the day's operations..."The objective of U.S. II Corps, the Catelet-Nauroy Line, was not captured by the Americans. During the battle, Monash was furious about the performance of the American divisions. Late on 29 September Rawlinson wrote: "The Americans appear to be in a state of hopeless confusion and will not, I fear, be able to function as a corps, so I am contemplating replacing them...I fear their casualties have been heavy, but it is their own fault." Meanwhile, on the right of the Bellicourt Tunnel front the Australian 32nd Battalion under the command of Major Blair Wark established contact with the 1/4th Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment, of 46th Division, which had crossed the canal and were now present in force east of the Hindenburg Line. By this stage in the war the Tank Corps had suffered greatly and there were fewer tanks available for the battle than had been deployed in the Battle of Amiens in August. Eight tanks were destroyed when they strayed into an old British minefield but the 29 September attack also highlighted the high vulnerability of tanks to strong German anti-tank measures. In one instance four heavy tanks and five medium tanks were destroyed in the space of 15 minutes by German field guns at the same location.

On 4 June 1918, Azerbaijan and the Ottoman Empire signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation, clause 4 of which held that the Ottoman Empire would provide military assistance to Azerbaijan, if such assistance was required for maintaining peace and security in the country. Prelude The Ottoman Islamic Army of the Caucasus was under the command of Nuri Pasha. It was formed in Ganja. It included the Ottoman 5th Caucasian and 15th divisions, and the Azerbaijani Muslim Corps under general Ali-Agha Shikhlinski. There were roughly 14,000 Ottoman troops with 500 cavalrymen and 40 pieces of artillery. 30% of the newly formed army consisted of Ottoman soldiers, the rest being Azerbaijani forces and volunteers from Dagestan. The Baku forces were commanded by the former Tsarist General Dokuchaev, with his Armenian Chief of Staff, Colonel Avetisov. Under their command were about 6,000 Centrocaspian Dictatorship troops of the Baku Army or Baku Battalions. The vast majority of the troops in this force were Armenians, though there were some Russians among them. Their artillery comprised some 40 field guns. Most of the Baku Soviet troops and practically all their officers were Armenians of Dashnak leanings, and often outright Dashnaks. One of the Red Army commanders was the notorious Amazasp, who had fought as a guerrilla leader against the Turks, and for whom any Muslim was an enemy simply because he was a Muslim. The British mission, Dunsterforce, was headed by Major-General Lionel Dunsterville, who had arrived to take command of the mission force in Baghdad on 18 January 1918. The first members of the force were already assembled. Dunsterville set out from Baghdad on 27 January 1918, with four NCOs and batmen in 41 Ford vans and cars. The British troops in battle under Dunsterville numbered roughly 1,000. They were supported by a field artillery battery, machine gun section, three armoured cars, and two airplanes. He was to proceed through Persia (began from Mesopotamian Campaign through Persian Campaign) to the port of Anzali. On 6 June 1918, Grigory Korganov, People's Commissar of Military and Naval Affairs of the Baku Soviet, issued an order to the Red Army to begin offensive operations against Ganja. Being unable to defend the independence of the country on their own, the government of Azerbaijan asked the Ottoman Empire for military support in accordance with clause 4 of the treaty between the two countries. The Baku Soviet troops looted and killed Muslims as they moved towards Ganja.

In order to foster international cooperation, it is also essential that the United States rejoin the global community and lead efforts to secure an international treaty at Copenhagen in December of next year that includes a cap on CO2 emissions and a global partnership that recognizes the necessity of addressing the threats of extreme poverty and disease as part of the world's agenda for solving the climate crisis. Of course the greatest obstacle to meeting the challenge of 100 percent renewable electricity in 10 years may be the deep dysfunction of our politics and our self-governing system as it exists today. In recent years, our politics has tended toward incremental proposals made up of small policies designed to avoid offending special interests, alternating with occasional baby steps in the right direction. Our democracy has become sclerotic at a time when these crises require boldness. It is only a truly dysfunctional system that would buy into the perverse logic that the short-term answer to high gasoline prices is drilling for more oil ten years from now. Am I the only one who finds it strange that our government so often adopts a so-called solution that has absolutely nothing to do with the problem it is supposed to address? When people rightly complain about higher gasoline prices, we propose to give more money to the oil companies and pretend that they're going to bring gasoline prices down. It will do nothing of the sort, and everyone knows it. If we keep going back to the same policies that have never ever worked in the past and have served only to produce the highest gasoline prices in history alongside the greatest oil company profits in history, nobody should be surprised if we get the same result over and over again. But the Congress may be poised to move in that direction anyway because some of them are being stampeded by lobbyists for special interests that know how to make the system work for them instead of the American people. どうしても訳せません（ ｉ _ ｉ ） どなたかご協力をお願いします！

長文ですので、無償で翻訳を頼むのは心苦しいですが、緊急のため皆さんのお力をお貸し頂きたいです。 某サイトの運営サポートにて問い合わせをしたところ、下記のような文章が返ってきました。 「Thank you for contacting us. Indeed, English emails are replied to faster as more staff is available. With regards to the issues on hand, we have received reports that you have been deliberately delaying games, and following a review of your hand history, we have confirmed this to be true. Some hand history transcripts are copied below where you used the full amount of time to act for basic folding decisions. This is unacceptable as it demonstrates poor etiquette and contravenes the spirit of the game. You are welcome to take the allotted time with difficult decisions or when deciding how to play your hand, but deliberately delaying games is not tolerated. Your play and chat privileges have been suspended pending your acknowledgment and agreement to abide by our requests. To have your privileges reinstated, please reply to this email with an exact copy of the following statements: 1) I agree to cease my abuse and will not delay the game on purpose ever again. 2) I am aware that a further infraction may result in permanent account closure depending on the case and at PokerStars' discretion. You will be requested to re-submit your response if the statements are not exact. Thank you for your cooperation. 」 Google翻訳に頼ってみた結果、恐らく「ゲームプレイ中の遅延行為が原因だ」という内容の返答だと推察できたのですが、それ以外の内容が理解できませんでした。 １，２の質問文は「金輪際このような事をしないか？反省し、同意するのであればその旨を書いて返信してくれ」という内容で合ってるでしょうか？ その他の文章に関しても翻訳して頂けると助かります。 長文になってしまいましたが、どうか宜しくお願い致します。

アメリカのアマゾンからＣＤを購入したのですが、状態が良くなかった ので、アマゾンに返品しました。（本来はアマゾンに出店している所へ返さなければいけないことが後になって分かりました。） 何回かアマゾンからメールが届き機械翻訳していたのですが、今回来たメールは意味がほとんど分かりません。 長文で申し訳ないですが何とかお助けください。 原文 The seller of this listing has agreed to reimburse you upon receiving the return of the item. We would ask that you ship the return via a traceable method to the following address: ここには住所が記載してありましたが伏せます。 We would ask that you use a shipper that offers signature requirement as well as insuring the item to ensure its safe delivery. If the seller's return address is a PO Box, you will need to ship USPS. Please be sure to request signature confirmation and insurance for USPS shipments. Please understand that using a traceable return shipping method is the only way for us to verify that your merchandise has been received by the seller. Amazon.com strives to maintain a marketplace that is fair to both buyers and sellers. If you don't use a traceable method to return your item and you file an A-to-z Guarantee claim, that may be grounds for your claim to be denied. Note that Delivery Confirmation through the U.S. Postal Service does not offer a signature service. If the seller's return address is a P.O. Box, you will need to ship USPS, but be sure to request signature confirmation and insurance for USPS shipments. Please reply to this email with tracking information within three business days. Please note, if we do not receive a reply within this time we will close your claim until we hear from you. We appreciate your understanding. Thank you for your cooperation and thank you for your interest in Amazon.com.

This was during the attempt to subdue severe machine gun fire coming from the Le Catelet–Nauroy Line in the vicinity of Cabaret Wood Farm (a tank fort – see map) and showed the danger posed by German field guns to tanks operating without close infantry support (because the crew had very limited visibility and often could not see a threat which those outside the tank could see). The tanks could protect the infantry but they also needed the close cooperation of the infantry to alert them to the danger of concealed field guns. In the case of this attack, the machine gun fire was so severe that the infantry were ordered to withdraw, leaving the tanks well forward of them and prey to the German field guns. The attack across the canal cutting, also known as the Battle of Bellenglise, saw IX Corps (commanded by Braithwaite), on the right of the American and Australian Divisions, launch its assault between Riqueval and Bellenglise. The assault was spearheaded by the 46th (North Midland) Division under the command of Major-General Gerald Boyd. In this sector the St Quentin Canal formed an immense, ready-made anti-tank "ditch" and the main Hindenburg Line trench system lay on the east (German) side of the canal. IX Corps was supported by tanks of the 3rd Tank Brigade, which had to cross Bellicourt Tunnel in the 30th U.S. Division sector and then move south along the east bank of the canal. IX Corps had to cross the formidable canal cutting (which increased in depth as it approached Riqueval until its very steep banks, strongly defended by fortified machine gun positions, were over 15 m (50 ft) deep in places), and then fight its way through the Hindenburg Line trenches. The 46th Division's final objective for 29 September was a line of high ground beyond the villages of Lehaucourt and Magny-la-Fosse. The British 32nd Division, following behind, would then leapfrog the 46th Division. Following a devastating artillery bombardment (which was heaviest in this sector), and in thick fog and smoke the British 46th (North Midland) Division fought its way through the German trenches west of the canal and then across the waterway. The 137th (Staffordshire) Brigade spearheaded the attack. The ferocity of the creeping artillery barrage contributed greatly to the success of the assault, keeping the Germans pinned in their dugouts. The soldiers used a variety of flotation aids devised by the Royal Engineers (including improvised floating piers and 3,000 lifebelts from cross-Channel steamers) to cross the water. Scaling ladders were used to climb the brick wall lining the canal.

今、国際関係の勉強をしていて、ジョセフ・ナイ『国際紛争　第９版』有斐閣という本を、原著（Understanding Global Conflict and Cooperation）と照らし合わせながら読んでいます。 第４章「第二次世界大戦の起源(The Origins of World War II)」の日本語訳の１５１ページに 「ドイツ分割によって、「ドイツ問題」は半世紀ぶりに解決した。」 と書いてあるのですが、原著(p.121)では、 "The 'German problem" was solved for half a century by dividing Germany." となっています。この for half a centuryは、単純に考えると「半世紀の間」となるのではないかと疑問に思いました。 この文章は、第二次世界大戦が何をもたらしたか（無条件降伏、日本やドイツの占領と改革）という文章のあとに出てきます。なので、「半世紀の間」ととると、1945年からドイツ統一の1990年までの時期があてはまります。ドイツが分断されたことで、半世紀の間は「ドイツ問題」はおさまったという意味かなと思いました。 「半世紀ぶりに」ととると、1945年から半世紀さかのぼることになると思うのですが、そうすると1895年前後の時期に「ドイツ問題」があることになります。 ウィキペディアなどで「ドイツ問題」を調べると、ドイツ統一前の時期にドイツをどうするかとか、ドイツ統一後に大国になっていったドイツをどうするかといったことを「ドイツ問題」と言うようですが、1895年前後の時期からはじまった「ドイツ問題」というのが見当たりませんでした。 私の英語力や知識が足りないだけかもしれないのですが、どちらが正しいのか、ご教示いただければ幸いです。よろしくお願いします。

(1) For example, their findings suggest that the common practice of asking participants comprehension questions before an experiment will provide conservative estimates of cooperativeness, because the questioning will put people into reflective mode, which Rand and colleagues have shown is likely to result in them behaving less cooperatively. たとえば、彼らの知見では実験前の参加者への理解力を問う一般的な試験は協力性の保守的な予測をもたらすと考えられる。なぜならば、この質問は人を熟慮をさせようとする可能性があり、Randらはこの実験では協力性が見られるのは少ないであろうという見解を示した。 (2)It may be in many case, such as in studies of people's economic decisions , as economists are typically interested in reflected behaviour. 人における社会的な意思判断の研究では社会経済学者が熟慮された行動において典型的な行動をしているためにこのようなことは多くみられると考えられる。 と訳してみましたが自信がありません。 (3)The study also indicates that intuitions may be particularly important in novel situations, and that experience might trigger reflection that either supports or modifies the initial intuitions. Should economic theories based on social motivations take intuitions into account even if the main importance of intuition is (only) in initiating cooperation? この研究は、直観がまた新しい環境下での特定の重要性をもち、そしてこの経験は初期の直観を支持もしくは改善することを反映する引き金となる可能性があることを示す。社会的動機づけの経済理論はたとえ直観の主な重要性が強調性の開始においてのみのものだとしても原因としての直観を考えなければならないのだろうか？ 言っていることが意味の解らない文章になりました。 (4)This observation needs to be squared with Rand and colleagues' results : might it be that conditional cooperators are intuitively cooperative and selfish people take a reflected free ride? この実験はRandたちの結果を検討する必要性がある。　それは条件付きの協力者は直観的に協力的に動き、利己的な人はタダ乗りを考えるのかどうかということである。 以上です。 長くなりましたがご教授お願い申し上げます。

The French Mandate was settled at the San Remo Conference. Comprising the region between the Euphrates River and the Syrian Desert on the east, and the Mediterranean Sea on the west, and extending from the Alma Dagh Mountains on the south to Egypt on the south; Area of territory about 60,000 sq mi (160,000 km2) with a population of about 3,000,000. Lebanon and an enlarged Syria, which were later assigned again under League of Nations Mandate. The region was divided under the French into four governments as follows: Government of Aleppo from the Euphrates region to the Mediterranean; Great Lebanon extending from Tripoli to Palestine; Damascus, including Damascus, Hama, Hems, and the Hauran; and the country of Mount Arisarieh. Faisal ibn Husayn, who had been proclaimed king of Syria by a Syrian National Congress in Damascus in March 1920, was ejected by the French in July of the same year. Kingdom of Hejaz The Kingdom of Hejaz was granted international recognition. Estimated area of 100,000 sq mi (260,000 km2), and population of about 750,000. The biggest cities were the Holy Places of Makka, with a population of 80,000, and Medina, with a population of 40,000. It had constituted the vilayet of Hejaz, but during the war became an independent kingdom under British influence. The terms of the Treaty of Sèvres were far more severe than those imposed on the German Empire by the Treaty of Versailles. France, Italy, and Great Britain had secretly begun the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire as early as 1915. The open negotiations covered a period of more than fifteen months, beginning at the Paris Peace Conference. They continued at the Conference of London, and took definite shape only after the premiers' meeting at the San Remo conference in April 1920. The delay occurred because the powers could not come to an agreement which, in turn, hinged on the outcome of the Turkish national movement. The Treaty of Sèvres was annulled in the course of the Turkish War of Independence, and the parties signed and ratified the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 and 1924. Not all signatories of the Treaty of Sèvres were parties to the Treaty of Lausanne, nor was there a valid international act of annulment of the Treaty of Sèvres. Therefore, the Treaty of Sèvres remains a valid instrument of international law, although the Lausanne signatories have chosen not to implement it. While the treaty was under discussion, the Turkish national movement under Mustafa Kemal Pasha split with the monarchy based in Constantinople, and set up a Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara in April 1920. On 18 October, the government of Damat Ferid Pasha was replaced by a provisional ministry under Ahmed Tevfik Pasha as Grand Vizier, who announced an intention to convoke the Senate with the purpose of ratification of the Treaty, provided that national unity were achieved. This required seeking for cooperation with Mustafa Kemal.

翻訳業者に翻訳を依頼しました。（日→英）どのくらい正確に翻訳されているかのご確認をしていただけたら幸いです。 よろしくお願いします。 ↓↓↓ 落札ありがとうございます。 心から感謝したいと思います。商品到着後、PositiveFeedBackを必ず書いてください。 DSRの数を増やしてください。（5星の評価を必ず付けてください） 手間がかかりますが宜しくおねがいします。 商品または取り引き内容に不満があれば、私に報告してください。 弊社は努力で不満を解決します。 安全なネット通販を我々は目指しています。 皆様のご協力が必要です。 今回のご購入ありがとうございます。 Thank you for making the successful bid on our item(s). We truly appreciate your participation in the auction. Once you receive the item, please make sure to write a positive feedback. Please help the DSR points to go up. (Please make sure to give 5 stars.) It may cause you some inconvenience, but it would be very helpful if you give a positive feedback. If you are not satisfied with the item or the deal, please report your complaint to me. We will resolve the problem with a great effort. Our goal is to run a secure internet-sales business. We need your cooperation to achieve it. Thank you very much for your business. ご落札された商品を送りました。 郵便局のEMS便で送りました。 5～10日間の間に到着する予定です。 お問い合わせ番号→ 下記のホームページで配送状況を確認してください。 We shipped the item that you successfully bid on. It was shipped by ESM (Express Mail Service) of the post office. The item will arrive in 5 to 10 days. The phone number for your inquiry → For tracking, please go to the following homepage. 支払いを確認しました。 明日中に商品を送ります。 発送後にお問い合わせ番号をお知らせします。 We have confirmed your payment. The item(s) will be sent tomorrow. We will inform you the reference (tracking) number after we ship the item(s). 鞄のConditionは詳しく説明しますがUSEDBAGなので全てのキズまたは汚れの説明をすることは難しいです。 キズと汚れのクレームは受け付けませんのでご了承ください。 神経質な方はご入札をお控えください。 日本人が質問に答えます。 全域到着日。 →5日間～10日間。 発送方法は郵便局のEMS便で送ります。 配送途中で紛失されても補償があるので安心してください。 一度に、2個以上の商品を送ることができますが配達料の料金は重さによって変化します。 重量が重たくなるほど送料料金も高くなります。 落札した後に、3日以内に入金してください。 落札した後に、3日以内に入金を確認できないときは、取り引きを中止します。 商品の割り引きまたは輸送費の割引はできません。 The condition of the bag is explained in detail, but it is difficult to provide explanation on every scratch and spot since it is a used bag. Please understand that we do not accept any claim about scratch and spot. We do not recommend a sensitive person’s participation in a bid. The item(s) will be sent from Japan. The arrival of shipment to the destination anywhere in the world → Within 5~10 days Japanese service representatives answer your questions and inquiries. The merchandise will be shipped via EMS (Express Mail Service) of the post office. You have no worries since item(s) will be insured for the loss during the delivery. Two or more items can be sent at the same time, but the shipping charge will be determined by weight. The heavier the item(s) the higher the shipping charge would be. Please make a payment in three days after your successful bid. If we cannot confirm the payment within three days, the deal would be canceled. We do not offer any discount on the price of the item(s) or on the shipping charge. 鞄は届きましたか？ PositiveFeedBackを書くことによって、PAYPALからお金を受け取ることができます。 弊社はまだお金を受け取っていません。 ご協力おねがいします。 Have you received the bag(s)? We can receive money from Paypal when you write a positive feedback. We have not received the money, yet. We need to ask for your cooperation.

The communication and cooperation between the Ottoman units failed; forces functioned as separate units rather than in mutually supporting engagements as originally planned. There was not a sufficient operational reserve established for the size of engagement. The conditions for the Ottoman forces could have been better, if Enver paused the operations on December 24, and had not moved beyond the Oltu line with the artillery pieces. The decision to take the heavy artillery rather than short-range smaller caliber guns beyond the Oltu line was a failure, as the forces faced detachment units with better mobility. The plan had a faulty estimate of the size of the Russian forces. The commanders of the X and IX Corps were replaced with men of little or no experience at the operational level. The chief of staff of IX Corps Köprülülü Şerif Bey said, "..troops fought on the top of tall mountains under snowstorm against the artillery of an enemy of centuries and they were completely annihilated, but not a single Turkish soldier has ever turned his back to his nation... In Sarikamish, there was no panic.” During the battle, light infantry was used by both sides. The detachment of Armenian volunteer units on the Russian side, and the detachment I Corps unit under the control of Stange, provided a skirmishing screen ahead of the main body of infantry, harassing and delaying of the enemy advance or preventing them escaping. The Armenian detachment units were credited in no small measure for the success of the Russian forces, as they were natives of the region, adjusted to the climatic conditions, familiar with every road and mountain path, and were fierce and resolute in combat. The Armenian units were small, mobile, and well adapted to the semi-guerrilla warfare. They did good work as scouts and took part in many severe engagements. Armenian detachment battalions challenged the Ottoman operations during critical times: "the delay enabled the Russian Caucasus Army to concentrate sufficient force around Sarikamish". The relationship between the Ottoman Empire and its Armenian population had already started to deteriorate after numerous Armenians were massacred throughout the empire during the 1890s. During July 1914 there were negotiations between the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) and Armenian intelligentsia at the Armenian congress at Erzurum. The public conclusion of this congress was "ostensibly conducted to peaceful advance Armenian demands by legitimate means". The CUP regarded the congress as the seedbed for establishing insurrection. Historian Edward J. Erickson concluded that after this meeting the CUP was convinced to pursue strong Armenian—Russian links with detailed plans to detach the region from the Ottoman Empire. On his return to Istanbul, Enver blamed his failure on the actions of the region's local Armenians. Repressive measures taken against the empire's Armenian population were an early stage of the Armenian Genocide. This policy towards the Armenians was paralleled on a smaller scale in Ottoman policy that led to the Greek Genocide against the Pontic Greeks and Caucasus Greeks of Kars Oblast, also on the pretext that like the Armenians they too had fought in or collaborated with the Russian Caucasus Army at Sarikamish and elsewhere on the Caucasus Campaign.

質問させていただきます。 課題英作(和文英作)なんです。一応やってみたのですが、わからないところばかりだったので、添削・ご指導よろしくお願いします。 １ 雨は降らなくても降りすぎても災いを招く。天気予報という言葉さえなかった時代、先の天気は自分で判断するしか術はなかった。だから人々は真剣に空を眺め、風を読んだにちがいない。天気に関わる言葉が豊かなのは、そのせいだろう。 Rain causes disaster when it rains little or a lot. The era without even word “the weather forecast", man can do nothing but judge weather in the future for himself. So people must have looked at the sky, and read wind seriously. Word related to the weather is rich because of that. ２ わが国は、国際社会において、諸外国とより円滑な協力関係を構築・維持していく必要がある。そのためには、諸外国との相互理解を増進していくことが重要な課題といえる。こうした観点から、外国人旅行者の訪日促進は、外国人に日本理解を深めてもらう上で意義がある。 経済的観点から見ると、一国の国際観光収入は輸出高、国際観光支出は輸入高とみなされ、国際観光は「見えざる貿易」ということができる。世界の多くの国々では、国際観光は外貨獲得の重要なソースで、ＷＴＯによれば、1998年には、世界の83%の国で、国際観光収入が輸出商品上位５位以内に入っている。 In the international society, our country should create and keep smoother cooperation with every country. For that, it can be said that it is important for us to improve mutual understanding with every county. From such point, it is very significant to improve foreign traveler visit Japan. From economical point, one country’s international tourism income is regarded as export amount, and international tourist outgo is regarded as import amount. So international tourist could be said invisible trade. Many country of the world, international tourist is an important source to get foreign currency. According to WHO, international tourism income of 83% countries of the world is within 5th place of the export goods.

The German economy was so weak that only a small percentage of reparations was paid in hard currency. Nonetheless, even the payment of this small percentage of the original reparations (132 billion gold marks) still placed a significant burden on the German economy. Although the causes of the devastating post-war hyperinflation are complex and disputed, Germans blamed the near-collapse of their economy on the treaty, and some economists estimated that the reparations accounted for as much as one-third of the hyper-inflation. In March 1921, French and Belgian troops occupied Duisburg, which formed part of the demilitarized Rhineland, according to the Treaty of Versailles.[citation needed] In January 1923, French and Belgian forces occupied the rest of the Ruhr area as a reprisal after Germany failed to fulfill reparation payments demanded by the Versailles Treaty. The German government answered with "passive resistance", which meant that coal miners and railway workers refused to obey any instructions by the occupation forces. Production and transportation came to a standstill, but the financial consequences contributed to German hyperinflation and completely ruined public finances in Germany. Consequently, passive resistance was called off in late 1923. The end of passive resistance in the Ruhr allowed Germany to undertake a currency reform and to negotiate the Dawes Plan, which led to the withdrawal of French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr Area in 1925.In 1920, the head of the Reichswehr Hans von Seeckt clandestinely re-established the General Staff, by expanding the Truppenamt (Troop Office); purportedly a human resources section of the army. In March, 18,000 German troops entered the Rhineland under the guise of attempting to quell possible unrest by communists and in doing so violated the demilitarized zone. In response, French troops advanced further into Germany until the German troops withdrew. German officials conspired systematically to evade the clauses of the treaty, by failing to meet disarmament deadlines, refusing Allied officials access to military facilities, and maintaining and hiding weapon production. As the treaty did not ban German companies from producing war material outside of Germany, companies moved to the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Sweden. Bofors was bought by Krupp, and in 1921 German troops were sent to Sweden to test weapons. The establishment of diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union, via the Genoa Conference and Treaty of Rapallo, was also used to circumvent the Treaty of Versailles. Publicly, these diplomatic exchanges were largely in regards to trade and future economic cooperation. However, secret military clauses were included that allowed for Germany to develop weapons inside the Soviet Union. Furthermore, it allowed for Germany to establish three training areas for aviation, chemical and tank warfare.

Among the propositions formulated at the conference was the proposal that central banks make a partial return to the gold standard, which had been dropped to print money to pay for the war. Central banks wanted a return to a gold-based economy to ease international trade and facilitating economic stability, but they wanted a gold standard that "conserved" gold stocks, with the gold remaining in the vaults and day-to-day transactions being conducted with representative paper notes. The partial return to the gold standard was done by permitting central banks to keep part of their reserves in currencies, which were themselves directly exchangeable for gold coins. However, citizens would not receive gold coins of the realm in exchange for their notes, unlike the prewar gold standard. Citizens of European countries had to redeem their banknotes in large gold bars, unsuitable for day-to-day transactions. That largely achieved the goal of keeping the gold in the vaults. On 16 April 1922 on the sidelines of the Genoa Conference, the RSFSR and Germany signed the Treaty of Rapallo. Ratifications were exchanged in Berlin on 31 January 1923. The treaty did not include secret military provisions; however secret military cooperation soon followed. With the Treaty of Rapallo pulling Russia and Germany out of the main picture, the conference lapsed into stalemate. The major powers at first agreed on a contingency package of financial aid to Russia, but the Allies could not agree on the final plan and nothing was offered. The issue of German reparations went nowhere after Poincaré threatened to invade Germany on a unilateral basis if Berlin defaulted on its next round of payments. Lloyd George was increasingly undercut by heavy attacks from the London newspapers. Nevertheless, he offered a final series of linked proposals, which would reduce Germany's liabilities for reparations, increase the French share of payments, and float an international loan to finance German payments, with the money from the loan going directly to France. But nothing was approved. Germany was expelled, France and Belgium withdrew, and the final draft communiqué to Russia was signed only by Britain, Italy, Japan, Poland, Romania, Switzerland, and Sweden, leaving out the key world powers except for Britain itself. Russia in turn rejected this final document. The last decision was to set up another conference at The Hague to take up the same issues. British historian Kenneth O. Morgan concludes: Genoa was a watershed in international diplomacy.... Never again would such a large, rambling assembly, on the lines of Paris in 1919, be convened, until San Francisco in 1945.... There was too little detailed preparation, too much generalized optimism, too many disparate issues muddled up with one another. In many ways, it was a parody of summit diplomacy at its worst.

NHKからの抜粋です South Korea's transport ministry says it will refer a former Korean Air vice-president to prosecutors for her outburst over how nuts were served on board and the consequences it led to. Cho Hyun-ah ordered her flight back to a boarding gate when the aircraft was taxiing for takeoff at JFK Airport in New York earlier this month. この文中に２つのherがあります。 (a)her outburst (b)her flight 文法書を読むと、 （1）所有格の意味 （2）主格・目的格関係 （3）起源・著者・作者 （4）性質・特色・対象・目的・用途 （5）長さ・時間・距離・価値・重量 がありました。他にもあるかもしれませんが、(a),(b)について考えると (a)her outburst -> she outbursted ->(2) (b)her flight -> 彼女の飛行？ で、(b)については、意味はわかりますが、考えると不思議ですで所有格を使う理由がわかりません。 乗客が彼女（Cho Hyun-ah）一人だけなら(1)を活用して良いと思います。 いくら副社長（辞職したそうですが）でも、航空機は彼女の所有物では無いし、飛行自体を所有できないと思います。彼女の操縦でもありません。 面倒でも、「その旅客機には彼女が客として搭乗していた」と背景を説明すべきかと感じます。ニュースだし。 どうでしょうか。 全文です： S.Korea refers 'nut rage' case to prosecutors Dec.16, 2014 - Updated 06:40 UTC South Korea's transport ministry says it will refer a former Korean Air vice-president to prosecutors for her outburst over how nuts were served on board and the consequences it led to. Cho Hyun-ah ordered her flight back to a boarding gate when the aircraft was taxiing for takeoff at JFK Airport in New York earlier this month. The executive, then in charge of cabin service, was angered when she was served nuts in a bag and not on a plate in first class. She claimed the service breached protocol and ordered the cabin crew chief to disembark. Transport ministry officials told reporters on Tuesday that Cho may have violated the aviation safety law, which requires the cooperation of passengers to ensure safe operation of the flight. Cho's loud voice reprimanding the crew is said to have been heard even in economy class. The ministry says it will entrust the prosecutors to look into whether she used physical violence against crew members. Transport ministry officials also said they plan to impose administrative punishment against the airline, possibly in the form of suspended operations or fines.

先ほどメールボックスを確認したら英語の名前の人から以下のような メールが届いていました。これは迷惑メールというか間違いメールですか？でも間違えてgoomailに送りますか？ 簡単に言うと「マレーシアで自分の顧客が死んだので同じ名前のあなたに報酬を与えるから協力してほしい」ということですよね。 これはどうしたらよいでしょうか？ あとこのメール文をこのページに載せたのはまずかったですか？　 I apologized, If my business proposition offends your moral and ethic values, My name is Mr. Kamal Harun, I am a legal practitioner with Kamal Harun Chambers in Johor Bahru, Malaysia. I saw your contact and profile I decided that you could cooperate with me in this proposition. I have a client who was deceased in November, 2001, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. I am contacting you because you have the same surname as my deceased client and I felt that you could help me in the distribution of fund that were left in my deceased client's bank account. This fund is closed to be declared UN-serviceable by the bank as there were no indicated next of kin or next beneficiary of the fund in the bank account. The total amount of cash in the bank account of my deceased client is US$21.5 Million (Say, Twenty One Million, Five Hundred Thousand US$), only. The bank had issued to me a notification to contact the next of kin of my deceased client for either to re-activate the bank account or to make claim of beneficiary, of the fund in the bank account, with a month surcharge of 6% to be deducted as an Escrow safe keeping fee of the bank account, so as to avoid the indefinite closure of the bank account. My proposition to you is to seek your consent, and to present your kind self as the next-of-kin and beneficiary of my deceased client, since you have the same last name with him. This means that the proceeds of his bank account would be paid to you as his next of kin or the legitimate beneficiary. When the proceeds in his bank account are paid to you, we will share the proceeds on a mutually agreed-upon percentage of 60% to me and 40% to your kind self. All the legal documents to back up your claim as my client's next-of-kin would be provided by me. The most important thing I would need is your honest cooperation in this proposition. This will be done under a legitimate arrangement that would protect you from any breach of the law. If this business proposition offends your moral and ethic values, do accept my sincere apology. Please contact me at once if you?re interested by replying the mail and ignore it if you are not.

Read the following and answer the questions in English using full sentences. とのことですが、英語の質問に英語で答えなければならないのかが分からなかったので、とりあえず分かる所を日本語で書いて見ました。2問程空欄で申し訳ないですが… 自分の解答に自信が無いので、回答者さんの解答もお聞きしたいと思います。もし良ければ英語での解答もお教え願います。 (1)Recently, there has been increasing public awareness in Japan of the developing world's problems with HIV/AIDS and the spread of diseases such as tuberculosis and malaria. In a forum held in Winterthur, Switzerland, Yoshiyuki Sato, managing director of Kenya Nut Co., a macadamia-nut processing company in Kenya, eastern Africa, presented a sustainable-action project to help people in developing countries who are suffering from such infectious diseases. Sato recently was interviewed about the need to encourage participation in the project around the world. The following is his answer to the question on how he became involved in the fight against infectious diseases in developing countries. (2)I am all too familiar with the problems caused by the spread of infectious diseases. In Kenya, some estimates show that as much as 30% of the adult population is infected with HIV. There are also many other kinds of infectious and parasitic diseases that people contract through contact with tainted blood or water. For every 10 workers I need, I have to hire 16 because some employees are always taking sick leave. In fact, the problem has had a very serious impact on my business. For the welfare of my employees, I have built a company clinic to give them access to inexpensive medical treatment. We also hold seminars on reproductive health and child care for families of employees. (3)However, there are limits to what a private company can do. Two years ago, I had the chance to meet members of a Swiss nongovernmental organization called the Double Incentive Project (DIP) Foundation, which has been working to introduce organic farming to one of the nut-growing communities in Kenya. Our company, the Swiss NGO and this community decided to team up for a project to supply roasted macadamia nuts to Swiss bakers. The bakers use the roasted nuts to produce a new brand of bread called “Bread of Solidarity.” We launched the bread in February, and it is now sold am over 2,000 bakeries in Switzerland. Some of the proceeds from the sales are put into a fund for building a tuberculosis treatment clinic in the community. (4)In October, I was invited to speak about the project at an international conference on infectious diseases held in Winterthur, Switzerland. At the end of the conference, five participants, including myself, decided to form a task force to promote the fight against diseases of poverty. Our objective is to present a model of cooperation between private organizations and NGOs in actionーnamely the Bread of Solidarity projectーand emphasize the importance of private-sector participation in the fight against infectious diseases. ・What was Sato's role at the forum held in Winterthur, Switzerland? →HIVやAIDS、結核やマラリアといった感染症に苦しむ発展途上国の人々を助ける(支援する)ための持続可能な活動プロジェクトを世界中に示すこと。 ・How do infectious and parasitic diseases spread among the people in Kenya? →人々が汚染された血液や水と接触することを通じて感染する。 ・What is the role of the DIP Foundation? →3段落に書いてあるのは分かりましたが、nut-growing communitiesの訳仕方に困りました。 ・What are some of the profits from the sales of “Bread of Solidarity” being used for? →コミュニティの中の結核治療クリニック設立のための資金に入れられる(寄付される)。 ・What was the aim in forming a task force to promote the fight against diseases of poverty? →一番最後に書いてあるのは分かったのですが、上手くまとめられませんでした。

In light of the previously secret Sykes–Picot Agreement, and following the adoption of the mandate system on the Arab province of the former Ottoman lands, the conference heard statements from competing Zionist and Arab claimants. President Woodrow Wilson then recommended an international commission of inquiry to ascertain the wishes of the local inhabitants. The Commission idea, first accepted by Great Britain and France, was later rejected. Eventually it became the purely American King–Crane Commission, which toured all Syria and Palestine during the summer of 1919, taking statements and sampling opinion. Its report, presented to President Wilson, was kept secret from the public until The New York Times broke the story in December 1922. A pro-Zionist joint resolution on Palestine was passed by Congress in September 1922.France and Britain tried to appease the American President by consenting to the establishment of his League of Nations. However, because isolationist sentiment was strong and some of the articles in the League's charter conflicted with the United States Constitution, the United States never ratified the Treaty of Versailles nor joined the League of Nations, which President Wilson had helped create, to further peace through diplomacy rather than war and conditions which can breed it. Under President Warren Harding the United States signed separate treaties with Germany, Austria, and Hungary in 1921. Japan sent a large delegation headed by the former Prime Minister, Marquis Saionji Kinmochi. It was originally one of the "big five" but relinquished that role because of its slight interest in European affairs. Instead it focused on two demands: the inclusion of their Racial Equality Proposal in the League's Covenant and Japanese territorial claims with respect to former German colonies, namely Shantung (including Kiaochow) and the Pacific islands north of the Equator (the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, the Mariana Islands, and the Carolines). The former Foreign Minister Baron Makino Nobuaki was de facto chief while Saionji's role was symbolic and limited by his ill health. The Japanese delegation became unhappy after receiving only one-half of the rights of Germany, and walked out of the conference. Japan proposed the inclusion of a "racial equality clause" in the Covenant of the League of Nations on 13 February as an amendment to Article 21. It read: The equality of nations being a basic principle of the League of Nations, the High Contracting Parties agree to accord as soon as possible to all alien nationals of states, members of the League, equal and just treatment in every respect making no distinction, either in law or in fact, on account of their race or nationality. Because he knew that Great Britain was critical to the decision, President Wilson, as Conference chairman, ruled that a unanimous vote was required. On 11 April 1919, the commission held a final session and the proposal received a majority of votes, but Great Britain and Australia opposed it. The Australians had lobbied the British to defend Australia's White Australia policy. The defeat of the proposal influenced Japan's turn from cooperation with the West toward more nationalistic policies.

利用しているマネーブッカーズというサイトから下記のような英文が届いていました。 ヤフーの翻訳で翻訳してみたのですがいまいちよくわかりません。 英語が達者な方がおられましたらお助けください。 We thank you for choosing Moneybookers as your online payment processor. Please read this email carefully as it contains instructions on how to become a fully verified customer. Your account with Moneybookers has been temporarily restricted until we have confirmed your identity and personal details. Moneybookers, as an FSA (Financial Services Authority of the United Kingdom) regulated non-banking financial institution, is obligated to collect personally identifiable information. Any information you provide us with will only be disclosed in accordance with the Data Protection Act of 1998. Moneybookers protects your account information from unauthorised access, use or disclosure. We will only use your personal information to service your account and to improve our services to you. In order to become a fully verified customer and have your Moneybookers account unrestricted, we hereby kindly ask you to send us a copy of the following documentation and information: 1) A full colour copy of a valid, official identification document; such as your international passport (double page), national identity card or drivers licence (front and back), a copy is required to verify your identity. 2) A copy of a paper utility bill (Gas Bill/Electricity Bill) or bank statement issued in the last three months clearly displaying your name and address that has been received at the registered postal address detailed on your Moneybookers account, this is required to verify your address. Please make sure all four corners of the above requested documents are clearly visible and that the documents have not been altered in any form or way. Electronically issued documents and Mobile phone bills will not be accepted. In order to submit the above requested documents, please login to your Moneybookers account and follow the below steps: Contact > Support Centre > Account/Security > ‘You have requested information and/or documents from me’ Please remember to provide the "Ticket ID" stated in the subject of this email, in your response. Alternatively, you can send the requested documents and explanation via scanned e-mail to verification@moneybookers.com or via postal mail to: Moneybookers Ltd. Welken House 10-11 Charterhouse Square London EC1M 6EH United Kingdom Please accept our apologies for any inconvenience. Once the documents mentioned above have been received, the verification of your account may take up to two business days, you will receive confirmation that your account is fully verified. Please be advised that we are legally obliged to freeze your account if it is left unverified. We thank you for your cooperation in this matter. Kind regards, Moneybookers Security ******************************* Moneybookers Security Reminders Protect Your Password Moneybookers and its representatives will NEVER ask you to reveal your password. There are NO EXCEPTIONS to this policy. If anyone asks for your password by phone or by email, or on any website other than moneybookers.com, refuse and immediately report this to security@moneybookers.com. Access your account ONLY using the login link on the Moneybookers homepage Please be advised that Moneybookers and its representatives will NEVER send you an email asking you to provide your login details within a form provided or to click on a hyperlink to access your account! Immediately report any incident to security@moneybookers.com. 以上、ザックリとでいいのでお願いいたします。

すいません。通販でのトラブルなのですが、少し長文になります。 ある原料を海外から購入しているのですがフェデックスなどですと 送料が高額になるため以前にUSPSで送ってもらえるように交渉しました。 （以前は標準でUSPSを使えたのですが事故が多く使用不可になりました） ショッピングカート経由で商品を入れ、クレジットカードで決済すると いつもその後USPSの金額に直した見積もりが届き、クレジットカードに 送料の差額が返金されるという形です。 （最初の決済ではフェデックスでの送料で決済されます） このような取引がここ4年くらい続いていました。 その会社にはカスタマーサービスの担当の女性が何人かいるようなのですが、今年の夏ごろからミリーさんと言う方がその会社に入ったようです。（大体そのミリーさんからメールがきます） 特に気にしてなかったのですが、今年の10月ごろいつも来るUSPSの送料での見積もりメールが 来ていないのに気が付きました。クレジットカードの明細にも返金の形跡がなく、問い合わせると 「メールは確かに送った」「返金もした」とミリーさんからメールが来ました。 （購入からすでに一ヶ月経っていました） その二日後にメールが来て、返金もその日にされました。 私は忘れていたのを慌てて返金決済しただろう・・と思ったのですが、付き合いも長いので信用 していましたし、文句も言わなかったのですが、少し不安になって2014年1月からの返金決済と 見積もりメールの内容を突き合わせてみました。 するとここ三ヶ月で二件分の返金がされていない事に気が付きました。（返金しましたというメールは 来ていました） すぐにミリーさんに「この二件の返金がされていないようですがどういうことでしょうか」とメールを 送ると、返って来たメールが以下です。 We regret to inform you that we will not be processing any more international USPS shipments. We will ship via FedEx based on future quotes provided to you by our cart. Thanks for your cooperation and understanding.（この下に一件は今返金した、もう一件は時間が経っていたので返金できない、現在頂いている注文の合計金額から差し引いておきました・・と記載がありました。） 一切の謝罪もなく、「私達は貴方の要望でUSPSを使ってあげているのにクレーム入れやがって」としか受け取れません。非常に失礼なメールだと感じました。 この会社の方針で今後はUSPSを使わないのでしたら私は今後フェデックスでもいいと思うのですが どうも担当のミリーさんが個人的に逆ギレしているように感じます。 可能であれば責任者と直接話して真意を聞きたいのですが、以下を上手く英語にしてもらえませんか？ （私も書けるかもしれませんが、今後の取引もありまして、できるだけ丁寧な文章を作りたいのですが・・） -------------------------------------------------------------- 私はこのような失礼なメールを頂いて驚いています。 私は貴方のミスを責めるつもりはありませんが、この件に関して謝罪も一切ないのは いかがなものでしょうか。 これは100％ミリーさんのミスです。 申し訳ありませんが、この件につきまして貴方の会社の責任者と直接話したいので責任者の名前とメールアドレスを教えてください。 私はAさんと知り合いですのでもし責任者のアドレスを教えてもらえない場合、Aさんに相談させて いただきます。 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 私はこの会社とは別件で取引がありまして、恐らくオーナーかそれに近い方だと 思うのですが、個人的にメールでやり取りを行っています。（こちらは年間200万円程度の取引で その担当の方はとても親切な方です） 男性の方で仮にAさんとしますが 直接この方に今回の件でメールを送ろうかと思ったのですがAさんの立場が明確では無い上に現在も進行形で取引していましてとりあえずサポートセンターから責任者を紹介してもらいたいのです