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社会人二年目のものです。 大学では、情報科学を勉強していました。 ですが、基本情報技術者の午後問題の選択問題と言語が全く解けません。 毎回、選択問題は割りと取れると噂のストラテジー・マネジメント系の問題ですが、 読んでみても結局間違っていることが多く、自信がもてません。 だからといって他の問題もピンキリです。 言語もC言語を大学時代にやっていたくせに、読み込むのに時間がかかり過ぎて、 いつも適当にマークしてしまいます。 ※必須問題は安定して取れていますし、午前は八割とれます。 大学で真面目にやってきたはずなのに、どうしてこんな悲惨な状況になるのでしょうか？ 親に学費を払ってもらっただけに、恥ずかしすぎてしんどいです。 これで、二回目なんですが以前ほど悔しいと思う気持ちが薄れており、 最初落ちたときは、辞表をだすまでいったのに いまは諦める気持ちが大きいせいか、あっけらかんとしています。 あっけらかんとしていることに、腹がたっている自分もいます。 心の中がめちゃくちゃです

The British set-piece attack in late 1917 The German 4th Army had held on to the Gheluvelt plateau during August in a costly defensive success, which worsened the manpower shortage that the German defensive strategy for 1917 was intended to remedy. Haig transferred command of the offensive to General Plumer, the Second Army commander on 25 August and moved the northern boundary of the Second Army closer to the Ypres–Roulers railway. More heavy artillery was sent to Flanders from the armies further south and placed opposite the Gheluvelt plateau. Plumer continued the development of British attacking methods, which had also taken place in the Fifth Army, during the slow and costly progress in August, against the German defence-in-depth and the unusually wet weather. After a pause of about three weeks, Plumer intended to capture Gheluvelt plateau in four steps, with six days between each step to allow time to bring forward artillery and supplies. Each attack was to have limited geographical objectives like the attacks in August, with infantry brigades re-organised to attack the first objective with one battalion each and the final one with two battalions. Derelict tank used as the roof of a dug out, Zillebeke, 20 September 1917 (Q6416) Plumer arranged for much more medium and heavy artillery to be added to the creeping bombardment, which had been impossible with the amount of artillery available to Gough. The revised attack organisation was intended to have more infantry attacking on narrower fronts, to a shallower depth than the attack of 31 July. The quicker and shorter advances were intended to be consolidated on tactically advantageous ground (particularly on reverse slopes), with the infantry in contact with their artillery and air support, ready to repulse counter-attacks. The faster tempo of the operations was intended to add to German difficulties in replacing tired divisions through the transport bottlenecks behind the German front.

次の文章の和訳をお願いします。経済について書かれたものなのですが、翻訳機能を利用して翻訳してみてもいまいちわかりません。どなたか和訳お願いします。 Third , the Memoranda strategy must , in literally no time , turn the living standards of a euro-periphery country to that of a Balkan or even a Third World economy . Only with such a rapid devaluation of the value of labour-power and a corresponding increase in the exploitation of labour can profitability recover . It is only in this way (i.e. through a large depreciation of capital and a simultaneous increase in its profitability ) , that Greek capitalism can emerge from its crisis and resume the process of capital accumulation (i.e .economic growth ). But , as already explained , this requires a deep recession of a long duration . In addition , the restart of economic growth does not mean the end of austerity but the opposite . In order to sustain the capital profitability , austerity should be continued and deepened . Otherwise the recovery of capitalist accumulation will stop again and recession will return . Finally , even when the process of capitalist accumulation restarts , this will happen with the Greek capitalism downgraded and weakened within the international capitalist system . Summarising , the whole project is very ambitious and risky because economic activities and social balances are violently disrupted . This turns the crisis from primarily economic to social and political , which can lead , at any time ( even in phase where normal economic growth might seem restored ) , to uncontrolled socio-political explosions . Nevertheless , the Greek and EU ruling classes know there is no alternative . The Keynesian view of anti-cyclical policy and mild austerity -because even Keynesian scenarios (at least the serious ones ) provide for some kind of austerity -has already been used at the outbreak of the global crisis and shown that it cannot resolve the crisis .

The Battle of Passchendaele (Third Battle of Ypres, Flandernschlacht and Deuxième Bataille des Flandres) was a campaign of the First World War, fought by the Allies against the German Empire. The battle took place on the Western Front, from July to November 1917, for control of the ridges south and east of the Belgian city of Ypres in West Flanders, as part of a strategy decided by the Allies at conferences in November 1916 and May 1917. Passchendaele lay on the last ridge east of Ypres, 5 miles (8.0 km) from a railway junction at Roulers, which was vital to the supply system of the German 4th Army. The next stage of the Allied plan was an advance to Thourout–Couckelaere, to close the German-controlled railway running through Roulers and Thourout. Further operations and a British supporting attack along the Belgian coast from Nieuwpoort, combined with Operation Hush (an amphibious landing), were to have reached Bruges and then the Dutch frontier. The resistance of the 4th Army, unusually wet weather, the onset of winter and the diversion of British and French resources to Italy, following the Austro-German victory at the Battle of Caporetto (24 October – 19 November), enabled the Germans to avoid a general withdrawal, which had seemed inevitable in early October. The campaign ended in November, when the Canadian Corps captured Passchendaele, apart from local attacks in December and the new year. In 1918, the Battle of the Lys and the Fifth Battle of Ypres were fought before the Allies occupied the Belgian coast and reached the Dutch frontier. A campaign in Flanders was controversial in 1917 and has remained so. The British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, opposed the offensive, as did General Ferdinand Foch the French Chief of the General Staff. Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig, commanding the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), did not receive approval for the Flanders operation from the War Cabinet until 25 July. The Battle of Passchendaele Third Battle of Ypres, パッシェンデールの戦い（第三次イープルの戦い）

Matters of dispute by the participants, writers and historians since the war, have included the wisdom of pursuing an offensive strategy in the wake of the Nivelle Offensive, rather than waiting for the arrival of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) in France. The choice of Flanders over areas further south or the Italian front, the climate and weather in Flanders, the choice of General Hubert Gough and the Fifth Army to conduct the offensive, debates over the nature of the opening attack and between advocates of shallow and deeper objectives, have also been controversial. The passage of time between the Battle of Messines (7–14 June) and the Battle of Pilckem Ridge (31 July, the opening move of the Third Battle of Ypres), the extent to which the internal troubles of the French armies motivated British persistence with the offensive, the effect of the weather, the decision to continue the offensive in October and the human cost of the campaign on the soldiers of the German and British armies, have also been argued over ever since.Belgian independence had been recognised in the Treaty of London (1839) which created a sovereign and neutral state. The German invasion of Belgium on 4 August 1914, in violation of Article VII of the treaty, was the reason given by the British government for declaring war on Germany. British military operations in Belgium began with the arrival of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) at Mons on 22 August. Operations in Flanders commenced after reciprocal attempts by the French and German armies to turn their opponents' northern flank through Picardy, Artois and Flanders, known as the Race to the Sea, reached Ypres. On 10 October, Lieutenant-General Erich von Falkenhayn, the Chief of the German General Staff, ordered an attack towards Dunkirk and Calais, followed by a turn south to gain a decisive victory. On 16 October, the Belgians and some French reinforcements began the defence of western Belgium and the French Channel ports at the Battle of the Yser.

私の使っているテーマのCSSが全部で6つあります。 1つはPHPやHTMLと同じ場所にあるのですが、その中にCSSというフォルダがありそのフォルダの中に5個のCSSがあります。なので、ワードプレス上からいじれず、いちいちFTPからダウンロードしていじらなくてはならなく面倒です。 テーマ編集で表示される階層にあるCSSに @import url(css/html5reset-1.6.1.css); @import url(css/layout.css); @import url(css/common.css); @import url(css/nav.css); @import url(css/content.css); @import url(css/top.css); このような記述があり、これがCSSフォルダに送っているのだと思い、 CSSフォルダの中のCSSを正しい階層にもってきて、上記の部分を @import url(html5reset-1.6.1.css); @import url(layout.css); @import url(common.css); @import url(nav.css); @import url(content.css); @import url(top.css); このように書けば大丈夫だろうとおもったのですが、HPからCSSで指定されていたH1の淵の画像などがすべて消し飛びました。 なんとか、５つのCSSの階層を上にあげたいのですが、どのようにすればよいのでしょうか？ ちなみに、使っているテーマは、 http://pacific.prime-strategy.co.jp/ これです。

ρ｜お礼を投稿するタイミングについて　の質問ですが　言語学と論理学とそれ以外の観点で回答を下さることを期待して　フィロの皆様にＱです 　・　 ω｜さまざまな方々たるｉＤ様より　ご応答反応ご文章をたまわり　お礼分の作成という　命題に取り組む時となりました　 　・　 σ｜すぐれた回答には　すぐれたお礼分を　との思いから　ついつい自分の能力以上の　作文をしようとし　時間だけを経過させてしまいます　 　・　 δ｜アンスワに対するサンキュの気持ちを応答速度と文章内容を両立させて編み上げるための　方法論などをご教示ください　 　・　 ∫｜ハウツー　タクティクス　マヌーヴァ　セオレム　メソッド　ストラテジ　プロシージャ　エトスプラスＳやさしいビジネス英語Ｓ講師　 　・　 ￡｜この段落は転＋結　＜参照＞δ＜参照終＞が転＋結です　 　・　 ＃｜追伸　ほかの四つの質問に対するお礼文は一週間　考えてから投稿します　ｉＤ停止　こうざ凍結　書込み禁止　ない限り　ｋＩＴあるとも　明るい【ｒＩＳＥ】現出【ｅＭＥＲＧＥ】あぴあらんす　 　・　 ダブルシャープ｜追伸の追伸　わかりやすい文章を　との御意にもかかわらず　これはｎＧかな　と自覚はしているものの　引っ込み思案は　よくないとの観点から　画像添付します　　精神状態の写し　と思ってください

2009年の春に新試験制度の基本情報技術者試験(レベル２)を受けようと思います。 新試験ですがどのように勉強すればいいでしょうか？ IPAの資料によると 「午前試験では，現行の基本情報技術者試験と同じ分野をカバーする。午後試験では，テクノロジ系については現行の基本情報技術者試験と同じ分野をカバーするとともに，新たにマネジメント系，ストラテジ系を追加し，幅広い分野から万遍なく出題する。」 午前試験は現行の基本情報技術者と同じ範囲で同じような問題が出題されると考えていいでしょうか？ もし、同じような問題が出題されるのであれば現行の基本情報技術者の過去問(5年分)がほぼ完璧に解けるようになれば大丈夫ですよね？ あと、先月新試験制度のことを知らずに、現行の基本情報技術者の参考書や問題集を購入してのですが、範囲が同じなら新しい参考書を買わなくても購入した参考書で勉強しても問題ないでしょうか？ 午後試験は午前試験が完璧に解けるようになってから参考書を買って勉強したいと思います。 よろしくお願いします。

入力ファイルには英文で例えば、 Mr. Obama concluded in his first year that the Bush-era dream of remaking Afghanistan was a fantasy, and that the far greater threat to the United States was an unstable, nuclear-armed Pakistan. So he narrowed the goals in Afghanistan, and narrowed them again, until he could make the case that America had achieved limited objectives in a war that was, in any traditional sense, unwinnable. “Just think how big a reversal of approach this was in just two years,” one official involved in the administration debates on Afghanistan said. “We started with what everyone thought was a pragmatic vision but, at its core, was a plan for changing the way Afghanistan is wired. We ended up thinking about how to do as little wiring as possible.” The lessons Mr. Obama has learned in Afghanistan have been crucial to shaping his presidency. Fatigue and frustration with the war have defined the strategies his administration has adopted to guide how America intervenes in the world’s messiest conflicts. Out of the experience emerged Mr. Obama’s “light footprint” strategy, in which the United States strikes from a distance but does not engage in years-long, enervating occupations. That doctrine shaped the president’s thinking about how to deal with the challenges that followed — Libya, Syria and a nuclear Iran. というように長文があるとして、前半の10％と最後から10％の文だけをファイルに出力するプログラムを教えてください！

以下は、Linux Kernel のコーディングスタイルについての英文です。 C言語の中括弧の位置について述べています。 一番最後の段落、 Heretic から後の訳を教えてください。 (それより前の段落はわかるので、訳いらないです。) とくに _right_ がよくわからないです。 前後にアンダースコアをつけて、何を言おうとしているのか、さっぱり。 よろしくおねがいします。 The other issue that always comes up in C styling is the placement of braces. Unlike the indent size, there are few technical reasons to choose one placement strategy over the other, but the preferred way, as shown to us by the prophets Kernighan and Ritchie, is to put the opening brace last on the line, and put the closing brace first, thusly: if (x is true) { we do y } This applies to all non-function statement blocks (if, switch, for, while, do). E.g.: switch (action) { case KOBJ_ADD: return "add"; case KOBJ_REMOVE: return "remove"; case KOBJ_CHANGE: return "change"; default: return NULL; } However, there is one special case, namely functions: they have the opening brace at the beginning of the next line, thus: int function(int x) { body of function } Heretic people all over the world have claimed that this inconsistency is ... well ... inconsistent, but all right-thinking people know that (a) K&R are _right_ and (b) K&R are right. Besides, functions are special anyway (you can't nest them in C).

ベトナム戦争に関しての英文です。 英文⇨ As people across the country organized for the peaceful moratorium, members of a radical faction of the Students for a Democratic Society the “Weathermen” took more direct action. Less interested in ending the war than in sparking a violent revolution, they staged what they called four “Days of Rage” in Chicago. These were all infantile fantasies that people came to out of the frustration of not having a workable strategy for ending the war. 日本語⇨ 全国の人々が平和的なモラトリアム（一時的休止？）のために組織した結果、SDSの急進的な派閥のメンバーの「気象予報士？」が直接行動を起こしました。 暴力的な革命を引き起こすよりも戦争を終わらせることに興味が薄く、彼らはシカゴで4つの「怒りの日」と呼ばれるものをした。 彼らは、戦争を終わらせるための実行可能な戦略を持たないという不満から人々が来た幼稚な幻想でした。 訳し方がよくわからなかったのですが、 つまり－－－SDS（Student for a Democratic Society）の中でも過激派の人達が平和を求めて運動を起こした。しかし彼らは戦争を終わらせることには興味はあまりなかった。 ということでしょうか？ 簡単にで結構ですので、訳してほしいです。 よろしくお願いします。

Plan Gen. Alexei Evert, commander of the Russian Western Army Group, favored a defensive strategy and was opposed to Brusilov's offensive. Tsar Nicholas II had taken personal command of the army in September 1915. Evert was a strong supporter of Nicholas and the Romanovs, but the Tsar approved Brusilov's plan. The objectives were to be the cities of Kovel and Lviv, which had been lost to the Central Powers the previous year. Although Stavka had approved Brusilov's plan, his request for supporting offensives by neighboring fronts was denied. Offensive preparations Mounting pressure from the western Allies caused the Russians to hurry their preparations. Brusilov amassed four armies totaling 40 infantry divisions and 15 cavalry divisions. He faced 39 Austrian infantry divisions and 10 cavalry divisions, formed in a row of three defensive lines, although later German reinforcements were brought up. Brusilov, knowing he would not receive significant reinforcements, moved his reserves up to the front line. He used them to dig entrenchments about 300 by 90 metres (328 yd × 98 yd) along the front line. These provided shelter for the troops and hindered observation by the Austrians. The Russians secretly crept to within 91 metres (100 yd) of the Austrian lines and at some points as close as 69 metres (75 yd). Brusilov prepared for a surprise assault along 480 kilometres (300 mi) of front. The Stavka urged Brusilov to considerably shorten his attacking front to allow for a much heavier concentration of Russian troops. Brusilov insisted on his plan and the Stavka relented.

　 表題の通りです。 使っているパソコンを購入したのが2009年夏で、メモリ以外換装していないため、高いスペックを要求するゲームは恐らくまともに動かないと思いますので、除外で。 簡潔に使用PCのスペックを紹介します。 メモリ： 6GB (2GB * 3) グラボ： GTX 285 CPU： i7 920 @2.67GHz OS：WIn7 64ビット SkyrimはプレイできましたがOblivionはプレイができませんでした。 そしてSkyrimSEもプレイできませんでした。 好きなゲームのジャンルはシミュレーションです。ストラテジー、経営、育成などサブジャンルは問わないと思います(全部に触れたわけではないので「思う」としました)。 Steamで買ってよかったと思えるゲームは 「Terraria」「Stardew Valley」「Banished」の3つです。 「Fallout 4」「witcher 3」が気になってはいるのですが、スペック的に厳しいのでどうしようか迷っています。 購入して漫画喫茶などでやるのも一つの手かなと考えています。 あとsteamでは購入できませんが「The sims 4」も気になっています。 近い将来でパソコンを新調することは考えておりませんが、グラボは余裕ができ次第換装することを視野に入れています。

東芝のノートブックでPCゲームをしているのですが、 プレイ中にマウスカーソルがスムーズに動きません。 マウスを動かしている時だけ瞬間的に何度か重くなるため、途切れ途切れに動く感じです。 マウスを動かさなければ、ゲームの動作そのものは非常にスムーズです。 OSはVista、ゲームは「スタークラフト」というものです。 2Dのリアルタイムストラテジー、10年以上昔のタイトルで要求スペックは相当低いです。 同じくVistaのNEC製デスクトップにもインストールしていますが、こちらは何の問題もありません。 なお、外付けマウスではなく、タッチパッドでカーソルを動かしても変化はありません。 ゲームのプレイ中はフルスクリーンになります。 LANやインターネットのマッチングサービスでマルチプレイ対戦ができるゲームですが、 今回の場合はオフラインのシングルプレイで起きています。 以下のようなことを試したところ、改善しませんでした。 　・Vistaの視覚効果などを抑える、もしくは無効にする 　・常駐ソフトを可能な限り終了する 　・公式でVistaに対応しているゲームだが、互換モード実行・設定で試行錯誤してみた 　・上記で変化なしだったため、インストールの時点で互換モードにしてみた 　・海外のサイトの情報から、DEPを無効にして実行してみた アドバイスよろしくお願いいたします。

They also used a mouse to move and point to positions on the screen, making applications lids to use. However, these two computers were incompatible with IBM standard and even with the Apple II. Lisa Computer was soon dropped mostly because it was expensive, ($10,000). The Macintosh too was loosing momentum because of limited software and low performance. By 1984, the company was in crisis. A few months before Lisa and Macintosh introduction, Apple hired John Sculley as its president and CEO. He was then 44 and previously president of Pepsi’s beverage operations, where he was in charge of marketing and advertising. At Apple, Scu11ey’s job was to provide the operational expertise and Steve Jobs the technical direction and vision. But Jobs had to resign from Apple in 1985 a dispute with Sculley and App1e’s board of directors. Apple introduced a new Mac between 1986 and 1990 that matched the newest IBM personal computers in speed and sales exploded (see Exhibit 1). The important thing with this new Mac was char, it offered superior software and a variety of peripherals (e.g., laser printers) and that gave apple a great advantage in the market - the easiest computer to use in the industry with unmatched capabilities at desktop publishing. The strategy adopted by Apple as the only manufacturer of its hardware made and software made the company very Profitable in the By 1990, Apple had more than $1 billion in cash and more I than $5.5 billion in sales. Return on Equity was at 32 percent and was one of the best in the industry. Market share was at 10 percent.

German strategy had given priority to offensive operations against France and a defensive posture against Russia since 1891. German planning was determined by numerical inferiority, the speed of mobilisation and concentration and the effect of the vast increase of the power of modern weapons. Frontal attacks were expected to be costly and protracted, leading to limited success, particularly after the French and Russians modernised their fortifications on the frontiers with Germany. Alfred von Schlieffen Chief of the Imperial German General Staff (Oberste Heeresleitung "OHL") from 1891–1906 devised a plan to evade the French frontier fortifications, with an offensive on the northern flank which would have a local numerical superiority and obtain rapidly a decisive victory. By 1898–1899 such a manoeuvre was intended to rapidly pass through Belgium, between Antwerp and Namur and threaten Paris from the north. Helmuth von Moltke the Younger succeeded Schlieffen in 1906 and was less certain that the French would conform to German assumptions. Moltke adapted the deployment and concentration plan, to accommodate an attack in the centre or an enveloping attack from both flanks as variants to the plan, by adding divisions to the left flank opposite the French frontier, from the c. 1,700,000 men expected to be mobilised in the Westheer ("western army"). The main German force would still advance through Belgium and attack southwards into France, the French armies would be enveloped on the left and pressed back over the Meuse, Aisne, Somme, Oise, Marne and Seine, unable to withdraw into central France. The French would either be annihilated or the manoeuvre from the north would create conditions for victory in the centre or in Lorraine on the common border.

NHKからの抜粋です The report lists the second largest risk as Russia. 的確に対応する日本語記事はありませんが、要約は 米調査会社発表のリスク表: 一位　ヨーロッパの政治 二位　ロシア 三位　中国経済減速 ... から、ロシアは二番目です。 すると、 The report lists Russia as the second largest risk. となるべきでは無いでしょうか。逆だと思います。 全文です Analysts: European politics is largest risk Analysts from a US consulting firm say the political situation of Europe is the largest risk for 2015. Eurasia Group specializes in risk analysis and publishes the top 10 Risks for the coming year. The analysts say euro-skeptic political groups are gaining power in each country, and that friction among EU states is worsening. The analysts also say the external political environment is more challenging. They refer to the Russian crisis and terrorist threats from Islamic militants. The report lists the second largest risk as Russia. It points out that the country's economy is weakening due to western sanctions over the Ukraine crisis and dropping oil prices. The third is the slowdown in China's economy, which the analysts say affects the economy of Brazil and other resource-rich countries that rely on exports to China. The top 10 risks also include the worsening relations between China and Taiwan. The analysts say if China decides that its economic engagement strategy with Taiwan fails to advance its goal of reunification, Beijing may well take a more confrontational approach. They say such move would affect the US-China relations.

宜しくお願い致します。 2000年度本試験第4問に於いて Children at about the age of twelve discover that the logic-based strategy is needed to solve the problem. 「12才くらいの子供はこの問題を解くのに論理的な戦略が必要だと気づく」 という文でaboutの語順に就いてですがthe age of about twelveの語順でもいいのでしょうか? つい、数字語に前置したくなってしいまいます。 また、the number of についても同様の疑問があります。 the number of about one hundredよりabout the number of one hundred と言った方がいいのでしょうか? 2001年度追試験第3問Bに One of the most important things to remember when making a public speech in English is the opening. 「公での英語スピーチの際に最も重要な事の一つは始め方である」 という文でwhen以下は節の筈ですよね。どうして主語と述語が存在しないのでしょうか? 複文に於いて、従属節の主語・述語が主節の主語・述語と同じ場合には従属節の主語・述語は省略できると辞書に書いてあったのですがこの文は単文ですよね。 どうしてwhen以下は主語・述語が省略できるのでしょうか? 因みに上記文はwhen (we are) making …openingの省略形かと推測します。

The Third Battle of Ypres became controversial while it was being fought and has remained so, with disputes about the predictability of the August deluges and for its mixed results, which in much of the writing in English, is blamed on misunderstandings between Gough and Haig and on faulty planning, rather than on the resilience of the German defence.Operations in Flanders, Belgium had been desired by the British Cabinet, Admiralty and War Office since 1914. Douglas Haig succeeded John French as Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force on 19 December 1915. A week after his appointment, Haig met Vice-Admiral Reginald Bacon, who emphasised the importance of obtaining control of the Belgian coast, to end the threat from German naval forces based in Bruges. In January 1916, Haig ordered General Henry Rawlinson to plan an attack in the Ypres Salient. The need to support the French army during the Battle of Verdun 21 February – 18 December 1916 and the demands of the Somme battles 1 July – 18 November 1916, absorbed the British Expeditionary Force's offensive capacity for the rest of the year. On 22 November Haig, Chief of the Imperial General Staff William Robertson, First Sea Lord Admiral Henry Jackson and Dover Patrol commander Vice-Admiral Reginald Bacon, wrote to General Joffre urging that the Flanders operation be undertaken in 1917, which Joffre accepted.In late 1916 and early 1917, military leaders in Britain and France were optimistic that the casualties they had inflicted on the German army at the Battle of Verdun, the Battle of the Somme and on the Eastern Front had brought the German army close to exhaustion, although the effort had been immensely costly. At the conference in Chantilly in November 1916 and a series of subsequent meetings, the Entente agreed on an offensive strategy to overwhelm the Central Powers by means of simultaneous attacks on the Western, Eastern and Italian Fronts. The Prime Minister David Lloyd George, sought to limit British casualties and proposed an offensive on the Italian front. British and French artillery would be transferred to Italy to add weight to the offensive.

The attack was costly but inflicted great losses on five German divisions and pinned down troops reserved for reliefs of tired divisions on the Flanders front. The British strategy of forcing the German army to defend the Ypres salient, to protect the Belgian coast and submarine bases at Bruges, had succeeded. The French and Russian armies could make local attacks at Verdun and during the Kerensky Offensive but still needed time to recuperate and were vulnerable to large German attacks. The British offensive at Ypres drew German divisions away from the French and Russian armies and forced the Germans into a costly defence of Flanders. In Belgium, the Fifth Army (General Hubert Gough) had managed to advance little further towards Passchendaele since 31 July, due to the tenacity of the German defence and the unusually wet weather. Gough wanted to avoid delay in resuming the offensive, to prevent the Germans from recovering and to create the conditions for Operation Hush on the coast, which needed the high tides due at the end of August. Tactical developments In July 1917, Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig began the Third Battle of Ypres, in an attempt to inflict unsustainable losses on the German army and to advance out of the Ypres Salient to capture the Belgian coast. At the Battle of Messines Ridge, the ridge had been captured down to the Oosttaverne line and a substantial success had been gained in the subsequent Battle of Pilckem Ridge from 31 July – 2 August. Ground conditions during the Battles of Ypres campaign were poor, as the surface had been bombarded, fought over and partially flooded, at times severely so. Shelling had destroyed drainage canals in the area and unseasonable heavy rain in August, turned some parts into morasses of mud and waterlogged shell-craters. Supply troops walked to the front on duck boards laid across the mud, often carrying loads of up to 99 lb (45 kg). It was possible for soldiers to slip off the path into the craters and drown. Trees were reduced to blasted trunks, the branches and leaves torn away. Bodies of men buried earlier were uncovered by the rain and shelling.