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質問

The attack was costly but inflicted great losses on five German divisions and pinned down troops reserved for reliefs of tired divisions on the Flanders front.
The British strategy of forcing the German army to defend the Ypres salient, to protect the Belgian coast and submarine bases at Bruges, had succeeded. The French and Russian armies could make local attacks at Verdun and during the Kerensky Offensive but still needed time to recuperate and were vulnerable to large German attacks. The British offensive at Ypres drew German divisions away from the French and Russian armies and forced the Germans into a costly defence of Flanders. In Belgium, the Fifth Army (General Hubert Gough) had managed to advance little further towards Passchendaele since 31 July, due to the tenacity of the German defence and the unusually wet weather. Gough wanted to avoid delay in resuming the offensive, to prevent the Germans from recovering and to create the conditions for Operation Hush on the coast, which needed the high tides due at the end of August.

Tactical developments
In July 1917, Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig began the Third Battle of Ypres, in an attempt to inflict unsustainable losses on the German army and to advance out of the Ypres Salient to capture the Belgian coast. At the Battle of Messines Ridge, the ridge had been captured down to the Oosttaverne line and a substantial success had been gained in the subsequent Battle of Pilckem Ridge from 31 July – 2 August. Ground conditions during the Battles of Ypres campaign were poor, as the surface had been bombarded, fought over and partially flooded, at times severely so. Shelling had destroyed drainage canals in the area and unseasonable heavy rain in August, turned some parts into morasses of mud and waterlogged shell-craters. Supply troops walked to the front on duck boards laid across the mud, often carrying loads of up to 99 lb (45 kg). It was possible for soldiers to slip off the path into the craters and drown. Trees were reduced to blasted trunks, the branches and leaves torn away. Bodies of men buried earlier were uncovered by the rain and shelling.

回答No.1

Nakay702 · ベストアンサー

＞The attack was costly but inflicted great losses on five German divisions and pinned down troops reserved for reliefs of tired divisions on the Flanders front.
⇒攻撃は高くついたが、ドイツ軍の5個師団にも大きな損失を課して、フランドル前線では疲弊した師団の救援に赴くための予備軍隊を足止めさせた。

＞The British strategy of forcing the German army to defend the Ypres salient, to protect the Belgian coast and submarine bases at Bruges, had succeeded. The French and Russian armies could make local attacks at Verdun and during the Kerensky Offensive but still needed time to recuperate and were vulnerable to large German attacks. The British offensive at Ypres drew German divisions away from the French and Russian armies and forced the Germans into a costly defence of Flanders.
⇒ベルギー沿岸とブリュージュにある海軍基地を保護するために、イープル突出部を守るようドイツ方面軍に強制した英国軍の戦略はうまくいった。フランス軍とロシア軍は、「ケレンスキー攻勢」の間にヴェルダンで局地的攻撃をすることができたが、いまだに回復するための時間が必要だったし、ドイツ軍の大規模攻撃に対して弱みがあった。イープルでの英国軍の攻撃は、ドイツ軍の数個師団をフランスやロシアの方面軍から引き離して、ドイツ軍にフランドルでの高くつく守備戦を強いた。

＞In Belgium, the Fifth Army (General Hubert Gough) had managed to advance little further towards Passchendaele since 31 July, due to the tenacity of the German defence and the unusually wet weather. Gough wanted to avoid delay in resuming the offensive, to prevent the Germans from recovering and to create the conditions for Operation Hush on the coast, which needed the high tides due at the end of August.
⇒ベルギーでは、ドイツ軍守備隊の粘り強さと異常に湿った天気のために、第5方面軍（ヒューバート・ゴフ将軍）は、7月31日以来ほとんどパッシェンデール方向への進軍ができなかった。ゴフは、攻撃再開の遅れを避け、ドイツ軍が回復するのを防ぎ、沿岸で「ハッシュ作戦行動」の条件を整えることを望んでいた。そして、それには8月の末に最高潮になることが必要であった。

＞Tactical developments
In July 1917, Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig began the Third Battle of Ypres, in an attempt to inflict unsustainable losses on the German army and to advance out of the Ypres Salient to capture the Belgian coast. At the Battle of Messines Ridge, the ridge had been captured down to the Oosttaverne line and a substantial success had been gained in the subsequent Battle of Pilckem Ridge from 31 July – 2 August.
⇒戦術の開発
元帥ダグラス・ヘイグ卿は1917年7月に、維持不能な損失をドイツ軍に課して、イープル突出部から進軍してベルギー沿岸を占領するために、「第3次イープルの戦い」を開始した。「メッシネス（メセン）・リッジの戦い」でオースタヴェルネ戦線までの尾根を占領して、7月31日－8月2日の「ピルケム・リッジの戦い」以降では実質的な成功を得た。

＞Ground conditions during the Battles of Ypres campaign were poor, as the surface had been bombarded, fought over and partially flooded, at times severely so. Shelling had destroyed drainage canals in the area and unseasonable heavy rain in August, turned some parts into morasses of mud and waterlogged shell-craters.
⇒「イープルの戦い」の野戦の間は、地面の状況がひどかった。表面は砲撃（で凸凹に）され、戦闘（舞台と）して荒らされ、部分的に浸水し、時々悲惨な状況であった。砲撃によって地域の運河の排水（機能）が破壊されて、8月の季節外れの豪雨によって数か所が泥沼に変わり、砲弾痕が水びたしになった。

＞Supply troops walked to the front on duck boards laid across the mud, often carrying loads of up to 99 lb (45 kg). It was possible for soldiers to slip off the path into the craters and drown. Trees were reduced to blasted trunks, the branches and leaves torn away. Bodies of men buried earlier were uncovered by the rain and shelling.
⇒供給部隊は、しばしば最高99ポンド（45キログラム）もの荷を背負って、泥地を横切って設置された敷板の上を歩いて前線に運んだ。その兵士らが、経路を外れて砲弾痕に落ち、溺死することもあり得た。樹木は（爆発で）幹、枝、葉となって吹き飛ばされた。以前に葬られた兵士の躯体が、雨と砲撃によって晒されたりもした。

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