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(1)Today computer games are a huge industry, having global sales of $28 billion in 2004. havingはどうしてing形なんでしょうか。そして、haveは持つでいいのでしょうか？ (2)The first computer games had two goals: to help develop artificial intelligence(AI), and to reveal how humans think. (3)The modern form of international chess has a rigid set og rules, which means that there are a limited number of possibilities at any given time. (4)By contrast, GO（碁）has fewer rules and consequently is much more flexible-far too flexible for any of today's computers to find a winning strategy. (5)These differences indicate that different kinds of games require us to think, plan and act in different ways-something easy for us, but difficult for computers. それぞれの訳をお願いします。一つだけでもいいです。（全部、きちんとした日本語には出来ませんが）特にわからないのは(4)と(5)です。

Although the French and British had intended to launch a spring offensive in 1917, the strategy was threatened in February, when the Russians admitted that they could not meet the commitment to a joint offensive, which reduced the two-front offensive to a French assault along the Aisne River. In March, the German army in the west (Westheer), withdrew to the Hindenburg line in Operation Alberich, which negated the tactical assumptions underlying the plans for the French offensive. Until French troops advanced to compensate during the Battles of Arras, they encountered no German troops in the assault sector and it became uncertain whether the offensive would go forward. The French government desperately needed a victory to avoid civil unrest but the British were wary of proceeding, in view of the rapidly changing tactical situation. In a meeting with Lloyd George, French commander-in-chief General Nivelle persuaded the British Prime Minister, that if the British launched a diversionary assault to draw German troops away from the Aisne sector, the French offensive could succeed.

The French commanders were ordered by Joffre to continue the offensive on 23 August as early as possible, since his strategy depended on the success of the Third and Fourth armies. Ruffey replied in the morning that the attack could not begin until his divisions had reorganised and in the early afternoon found that the Germans had forestalled another advance, by pushing the V Corps in the centre back for 8 kilometres (5.0 mi), which led to the rest of the army falling back level. In the Fourth Army area, the 33rd Division of XVII Corps was routed and the rest of the corps had retired during the night of 22/23 August. The 5th Colonial Brigade withdrew from Neufchâteau before dawn on 23 August, exposing the right flank of XII Corps, which also fell back. By the end of 23 August, the survivors of the Third and Fourth armies were back to their jumping-off positions except for the XI and IX corps on the northern flank

Joffre was replaced by Nivelle on 13 December, who proposed a much more ambitious strategy, in which the plan for a resumption of Anglo-French attacks either side of the Somme battlefield of 1916 was retained but the offensive on the Aisne was converted to a breakthrough offensive, to be followed by the commitment of a strategic reserve of 27 divisions, to fight a "decisive" battle leading to the exploitation of the victory by all of the British and French armies. French troops south of the British Fourth Army were freed to join the strategic reserve by an extension of the British front, to just north Roye on the Avre facing St. Quentin, which was complete by 26 February. During periods of fine weather in October 1916, British reconnaissance flights had reported new defences being built far behind the Somme front; on 9 November, reconnaissance aircraft found a new line of defences from Bourlon Wood to Quéant, Bullecourt, the Sensée river and Héninel, to the German third line near Arras.

These measures gave each platoon a clearer picture of how it fitted into the greater battle plan, and in so doing, reduced the command and control problems that plagued First World War combat. Operations along the Vimy Ridge were accompanied by extensive underground excavations. The Arras–Vimy sector was conducive to tunnelling owing to the soft, porous yet extremely stable nature of the chalk underground. Underground warfare had been conducted on the Vimy sector since 1915. Bavarian engineers had blown twenty mines in the sector by March 1915. By early 1916, German miners had gained an advantage over their French counterparts. British tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers took over progressively from the French between February and May 1916. The units active around Vimy were the 172nd, 175th, 176th, 182nd, 184th and 185th Tunnelling Companies. On their arrival, the British began offensive mining against German miners, first stopping the German underground advance and then developing a defensive strategy that prevented the Germans from gaining a tactical advantage by mining.

Three factors guided the French strategy and necessitated a Mediterranean focus: the French navy needed to carry a great many goods, the Mediterranean was the axis of chief interest, and a supply of oil was essential. The primary goal was to defend French North Africa, and Briand made practical choices, for naval policy was a reflection of overall foreign policy. The Conference agreed on the American proposal that capital ships be limited to a ratio of 5 to 5 to 3 for the United States, Britain, and Japan, with Italy and France allocated 1.7 each. France's participation reflected its need to deal with its diminishing power and reduced human, material, and financial resources. Briand's efforts to come to an agreement over reparations with the Germans failed in the wake of German intransigence, and he was succeeded by the more bellicose Raymond Poincaré. In the wake of the Ruhr Crisis, however, Briand's more conciliatory style became more acceptable, and he returned to the Quai d'Orsay in 1925. He would remain foreign minister until his death in 1932.

宜しくお願い致します。 FXのバックテストでMT4のストラテジーテスターを使って、バックテストをする方法はわかるのですが、自分の取引を実際に過去に行った口座履歴のデータをバックテストに反映させて、どこで売り買いをしたかがわかりたいのですが、上記のやり方では、そういう履歴も反映してはくれません。取引会社はXMを使っています。そういうことが出来るソフトはあるものでしょうか。検索してみた限り出て来ません。あるいはFXの会社によっては、プラットフォームでそういう取引履歴を反映できるバックテストがあるものでしょうか？いまのところは口座履歴をプリントアウトして、それを横にしながらバックテストと照合しているという状態です。ご存知の方、宜しくお願い致します。

ある文を簡単にしたいのですが、意味が通るか、文法的におかしくないか確認して欲しいです。（⇨が、簡単にした文です。⇨以降の文の添削をお願いします） He greatly expanded the powers of the federal government through a series of programs and reforms known as the New Deal. （Heとはルーズベルトのことです。） ⇨He greatly expanded the powers of the federal government through the New Deal. そして次の２つの文なのですが、簡単にすることは可能でしょうか？ （例えば、２文目のAs an active military leaderはなくても大丈夫とかです） ・And he served as the principal architect of the successful effort to rid the world of German National Socialism and Japanese militarism. ・As an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers, and he initiated the development of the world's first atomic bomb. よろしくお願いします。

今年から受験生（現在は高２）となりました。 第一志望は東大文一、第二志望は一橋法で私立併願では早慶と中央を受験しようと思っています。 現在自分の主に使用している参考書は以下のものです 単語→→単語王２２０２（３～４周ぐらい） 文法→→フラッシュグラマーTIPS １と２ 　　　　　　英文法・語法問題１０００ その他（一応やったことがあるか持っているものです） ・パラリーのストラテジー１（１周） ・英文読解の透視図（１週） 現在の成績は英語に関しては偏差値６０台後半～７０前半（河合）で マークでは１７０点ぐらいです。 しかし今までは語彙力や感覚に頼っていたところがかなり多く、 全然理解できない英文に出会うことも多々あり、入試を突破するためにもしっかりとした構文把握や解釈が必要だと感じています。 現在は ・パラリーのストラテジー　２＆３ ・ポレポレ英文読解プロセス ・富田のビジュアル（構文把握編） ・英文解釈教室 のうち何冊かを平行してこなしていこうとは思っているのですが、どれをどう組み合わせてやれば一番効率的なのかがよく分かりません。 そこでどの参考書をどう使用するのがよいでしょうか。 　　・上記の参考書以外にも英作文やリスニング、解釈でおすすめな本 　　・これはいらないんじゃないかという本 　　・今やっているのもので続けていったほうがよい本 も教えていただきたいです できるかぎり詳しく回答していただけるとうれしいです。 　

和訳をお願いします。 自分なりに訳していますが、こちらの文章が上手く訳せず困っています。よろしくお願いします。 Given the uniqueness of environmental management issues and its position outside the mainstream of the company's day-to-day operating activities, it can be difficult for corporate management to assess the state of its program. One way to garner such independent assessment is to engage an environmental management assessment. The central question that must ask is, "what will be the roll of the environmental health and safety(EHS) function?" Taking the latter point a step further, it can be argued that EHS has become a critical element of a successful 21st-century business strategy. Furthermore, as depicted in Exhibit 3 there are potential business consequences for the "efficient compliance" approach.

The Government's appeal to everyone to "think twice" before using a car on days of bad air pollution is all very well,but it is not exactly a long-term solution to an increasingly desperate problem.Later in the year we are promised a new national strategy for clean air,but that only emphasizes the fact that if we had had national strategies in other linked areas-like transport-then the problem wouldn't be so big in the first place.It is gratifying that up to ten per cent of people left their cars at home when the Goverment last made such an appeal:but if over 50 per cent of car commuters had decided to travel by public transport instead then the system,deprived for so long of the large investment it needs,would break under the strain.

German strategy had given priority to offensive operations against France and a defensive posture against Russia since 1891. German planning was determined by numerical inferiority, the speed of mobilisation and concentration and the effect of the vast increase of the power of modern weapons. Frontal attacks were expected to be costly and protracted, leading to limited success, particularly after the French and Russians modernised their fortifications on the frontiers with Germany. Alfred von Schlieffen, Chief of the Imperial German General Staff (Oberste Heeresleitung "OHL") from 1891–1906, devised a plan to evade the French frontier fortifications with an offensive on the northern flank, which would have a local numerical superiority and obtain rapidly a decisive victory. By 1898–1899, such a manoeuvre was intended to pass swiftly through Belgium, between Antwerp and Namur and threaten Paris from the north.

長文の解き方がわかるようになる問題集（1冊で基礎～センターレベルぐらいまで）を探しています 自分的には英語長文読解の王道 パラグラフリーディングのストラテジー 1. 読み方・解き方編かやっておきたい長文３００かどちらか迷ってます。ちなみに予備校にいってるので近いうちに長文もやるのですがある程度は解けるようにしたいです。 なるべく効率的な問題集をさがしてます。なるべく上のどちらかがいいのですが、オススメのでもいいので教えてください。 ※目標点数(センター）は６，７割です。 ※今までの解き方は知ってる単語をつなぎあわせるかんじでよんでいました。

いつもここでお世話になっております。 sub-par returnという言葉の意味がわかりません。 sub-participation returnでしょうか？？仮にそうであったとしても どういう意味なのか理解できません。 ちなみに下記のような文章において登場しています。 In the last year, however, some of its shareholders have complained loudly that investing in new stores generates a sup-par return, which suggests that rolling out stores is no longer an ideal strategy. 【訳】しかしながら昨年において何人かの株主が新店舗に投資することはsub-par returnを生むことになると声を大にして文句をいった。 以上、よろしくお願い申し上げます。

はじめまして、社会保険制度の改定について、皆様のお知恵をお借りできたらと思います。 日経Biz Financial Career Strategyというサイト（http://bizcareer.nikkei.co.jp/contents/sppage/fcs/int_j_02.asp）のインタビューで、CFOの方が「昨年は、社会保険制度の改定に素早く対応して、賞与支給月を4月から3月に変更しました。それで手取り額が、約１割もアップしました。」という発言をされていましたが、実際どのような改訂があったのでしょうか？参照したいのでもしよろしければ、ソース元の情報を教えていただけますでしょうか？何卒宜しくお願いいたします。

いま強化学習によってオセロの手を決定するという論文を読んでいるのですが、 (Strategy Acquisition for the Game "Othello" Based on Reinforcement Learning) この論文では盤面の良し悪しを評価する関数をニューラルネットワークの一種である 正規化ガウシアンネットワーク(normalized Gaussian network ,NGnet)を用いて 近似しているらしいというところまでは分かりました。 そこでニューラルネットワークについての参考書、文献を読んでいるのですが なかなかガウシアンネットワークの説明が見つけられません。 ガウシアンネットワークについての説明、解説があるものをご存じでしたら 教えていただけないでしょうか。(できれば日本語であるとなお助かります) どうかよろしくお願いします。

リアルタイム・ストラテジー『Ｒ．Ｕ．Ｓ．Ｅ．』をPCでプレイ時の必要スペックが知りたいです。 CPUや、HDD、メモリ、その他推奨条件などです。 また、このゲームをPC版はダウンロード版しかないのかということと、また英語版しかないのでしょうか。また、入手先と価格はいくらでしょうか。 日本語化することもできるという情報がネットでありますが、難しいですか。 せっかく、PC版でプレイしようとしても、日本語化作業がうまくいかないと残念ですので。 ＰＳ３版よりも、PC版の方が、やりごたえがあるというのを読みましたので、後者でプレイする気持ちになってきました。

日本の新成長戦略と２１の国家戦略プロジェクトについての記事なんですが、分からない所があります。　 In Japan,　the“FutureCity”Initiative being planned nationwide as a part of the 21 National Strategic Project, selected in the “New Growth Strategy”was formulated by the Japanese government in June 2010. 私が引っ掛かったのはbeingです。 例えば、 Ａ called Ｂ(Ｂと呼ばれるＡ)は目にしても、Ａ being called Ｂは目にしません。文法上、前者は過去分詞、後者は現在分詞の受動態と呼ばれるのでしょうが、この２つどう違うのでしょうか？ また引用文において、beingは無くて良いですよね？ 皆さんのお考えをお聞かせください。

今、京大の英作対策のため、どの本を買って使っていこうか迷っています。 基本は過去問で添削してもらうのですが、その前提としてどの参考書を使おうか迷っています。 ・ＤＵＯ３．０とＣＤ ・英語の構文１５０ ・新・基本英文700選 今は大矢を終わらして、英作ストラテジーをやってます。 それで、ＤＵＯ３．０の例文を全部覚えてかつ英単語・熟語を覚えるのか、 英語の構文１５０をやるのか、７００選をやるのか・・。 もちろん、全部やる気はありません。 ＤＵＯの場合は速読（今はこれ）を、長文問題集とするか、もうしません。 どうしたら一番効果的でしょうか？？

The armies were short of ammunition, suffering from low morale and some infantry units refused orders. The autumn battles in Flanders had become static, attrition operations, unlike the battles of manoeuvre in the summer. French, British and Belgian troops in improvised field defences, repulsed German attacks for four weeks. From 21 to 23 October, German reservists had made mass attacks at Langemarck, with losses of up to 70 percent, to little effect. Warfare between mass armies, equipped with the weapons of the Industrial Revolution and its later developments, proved to be indecisive, because field fortifications neutralised many classes of offensive weapon. The defensive use of artillery and machine guns, dominated the battlefield and the ability of the armies to supply themselves and replace casualties prolonged battles for weeks. Thirty-four German divisions fought in the Flanders battles, against twelve French, nine British and six Belgian, along with marines and dismounted cavalry. Falkenhayn reconsidered German strategy over the winter, because Vernichtungsstrategie and a dictated peace against France and Russia had been shown to be beyond German resources. Falkenhayn intended to detach Russia or France from the Allied coalition by diplomatic as well as military action. A strategy of attrition (Ermattungsstrategie) would make the cost of the war too great for the Allies, until one made a separate peace. The remaining belligerents would have to negotiate or face the Germans concentrated on the remaining front, which would be sufficient to obtain a decisive victory. Strategic developments Eastern Front Main article: Eastern Front On 9 October, the First German offensive against Warsaw began with the battles of Warsaw (9–19 October) and Ivangorod (9–20 October). Four days later, Przemyśl was relieved by the advancing Austro-Hungarians and the Battle of Chyrow 13 October – 2 November) began in Galicia. Czernowitz in Bukovina was re-occupied by the Austro-Hungarian army on 22 August and then lost again to the Russian army on 28 October. On 29 October, the Ottoman Empire commenced hostilities against Russia, when Turkish warships bombarded Odessa, Sevastopol and Theodosia. Next day Stanislau in Galicia was taken by Russian forces and the Serbian army began a retreat from the line of the Drina. On 4 November, the Russian army crossed the frontier of Turkey-in-Asia and seized Azap. Britain and France declared war on Turkey on 5 November and next day, Keupri-Keni in Armenia was captured, during the Bergmann Offensive (2–16 November) by the Russian army. On 10 October, Przemysl was surrounded again by the Russian army, beginning the Second Siege; Memel in East Prussia was occupied by the Russians a day later.