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The First, led by General Liggett, would continue to move to the Carignan-Sedan-Mezieres Railroad. The Second Army, led by Lieutenant General Robert L. Bullard, was directed to move eastward towards Metz. The two U.S. armies faced portions of 31 German divisions during this phase. The American troops captured German defenses at Buzancy, allowing French troops to cross the River Aisne, whence they rushed forward, capturing Le Chesne (the Battle of Chesne (French: Bataille du Chesne)). In the final days, the French forces conquered the immediate objective, Sedan and its critical railroad hub (the Advance to the Meuse (French: Poussée vers la Meuse)), on November 6 and American forces captured surrounding hills. On November 11, news of the German armistice put a sudden end to the fighting. The Battle of Canal du Nord was part of the Hundred Days Offensive of the First World War by the Allies against German positions on the Western Front. The battle took place in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France, along an incomplete portion of the Canal du Nord and on the outskirts of Cambrai between 27 September and 1 October 1918. To prevent the Germans from sending reinforcements against one attack, the assault along the Canal du Nord was part of a sequence of Allied attacks at along the Western Front. The attack began the day after the Meuse-Argonne Offensive commenced, a day before an offensive in Belgian Flanders and two days before the Battle of St. Quentin Canal. The attack took place along the boundary between the British First Army and Third Army, which were to continue the advance started with the Battle of the Drocourt-Quéant Line, Battle of Havrincourt and Battle of Epehy. The First Army was to lead the crossing of the Canal du Nord and secure the northern flank of the British Third Army as both armies advanced towards Cambrai. The Third Army was also to capture the Escaut (Scheldt) Canal, to support the Fourth Army during the Battle of St. Quentin Canal. Construction of the Canal du Nord began in 1913 to link the Oise River to the Dunkirk–Scheldt Canal. When the First World War began, work stopped with the canal in varying stages of completion. During their retreat, the Germans made the area along the canal north of Sains-lès-Marquion virtually impassable, to dam and flood the naturally swampy ground. The only passable ground was to the south, where a small 4,000 yd (2.3 mi; 3.7 km) section of the canal between Sains-lès-Marquion and Mœuvres remained largely dry, on account of its incomplete state. Canal du Nord カナル・デュ・ノール

ドイツはＷＷIIで世界の1/4を支配する大英帝国と交戦していました。英国本土の大ブリテン島の面積は日本の本州より小さいのです。その繁栄は英領インドなどからの収奪でした。「近代戦は補給線」というナポレオン戦争以来の大原則（クラウゼビッツ）からすれば、１）英領ジブラルタル　2)スエズ運河　を占領するべき、です。 なぜ、東側で侵攻し2正面戦争をする過ちをしたのか？それだけの軍事力兵力があれば、英領ジブラルタルとスエズ運河を占領できたはずです。 どうして、補給線を潰さなかったのでしょうか？

Aftermath The battle penetrated a majority of the defenses of the Hindenburg Line and allowed the next attack (the Battle of Cambrai (1918)) to complete the penetration and begin the advance beyond the Hindenburg Line. Twelve Victoria Crosses, the highest military decoration for valour awarded to British and Commonwealth forces, were awarded for actions during the battle; • Acting Lieutenant-Colonel John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort of the 1st Battalion, Grenadier Guards. • Captain John MacGregor, 2nd Battalion, Canadian Mounted Rifles. • Captain Cyril Hubert Frisby, 1st Battalion, Coldstream Guards. • Lieutenant Graham Thomson Lyall, 102nd (North British Columbia) Battalion, CEF. • Lieutenant Samuel Lewis Honey, 78th Battalion (Winnipeg Grenadiers), CEF. • Lieutenant George Fraser Kerr, 3rd Battalion (Toronto Regiment), CEF. • Lieutenant Milton Fowler Gregg, Royal Canadian Regiment. • Sergeant William Merrifield, 4th (Central Ontario) Battalion, CEF. • Sergeant Frederick Charles Riggs, 6th Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment. • Corporal Thomas Neely, 8th Battalion, The King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster). • Lance-Corporal Thomas Norman Jackson, 1st Battalion, Coldstream Guards. • Private Henry Tandey, 5th Battalion, Duke of Wellington's Regiment (West Riding). Commemoration The Canadian participation in the Battle of the Canal du Nord is commemorated at the Canadian Bourlon Wood Memorial, located southeast of the town of Bourlon. The memorial is located on high ground beside the Bourlon Woods, giving a view of the town. The Fifth Battle of Ypres, also called the Advance of Flanders and the Battle of the Peaks of Flanders (French: Bataille des Crêtes de Flandres) is an informal name used to identify a series of battles in northern France and southern Belgium from late September through October 1918. After the German Spring Offensive of 1918 was stopped, German morale waned and the increasing numbers of American soldiers arriving on the Western Front gave the Allies a growing advantage over the German forces. To take advantage of this Marshal Ferdinand Foch developed a strategy which became known as the Grand Offensive in which attacks were made on the German lines over as wide a front as possible. Belgian, British and French forces around the Ypres Salient were to form the northern pincer of an offensive towards the Belgian city of Liège.

The battle took place in and around the French city of Cambrai, between 8 and 10 October 1918. The battle incorporated many of the newer tactics of 1918, in particular tanks. The attack was an overwhelming success with light casualties in an extremely short amount of time. There were three German lines, spanning some 7,000 yd (6,400 m); held by the 20th Landwehr and the 54th Reserve divisions, supported by no more than 150 guns. The weak defense was due to the Allied general offensive across the Western Front, and specifically in this sector, the rapid approach of the Canadian Corps, who had overwhelmed much stronger defenses in the previous days. The German defenders were unprepared for the bombardment by 324 tanks, closely supported by infantry and aircraft. On 8 October, the 2nd Canadian Division entered Cambrai and encountered sporadic and light resistance. However, they rapidly pressed northward, leaving the "mopping up" of the town to the 3rd Canadian Division following close behind. When the 3rd entered the town on 10 October, they found it deserted. Fewer than 20 casualties had been taken. Aftermath Although the capture of Cambrai was achieved significantly sooner than expected, German resistance northeast of the town stiffened, slowing the advance and forcing the Canadian Corps to dig in. The Battle of Courtrai (also known as the Second Battle of Belgium (French: 2ème Bataille de Belgique) and the Battle of Roulers (French: Bataille de Roulers)) was one of a series of offensives in northern France and southern Belgium that took place in late September and October 1918. The Groupe d'Armées des Flandres (GAF) comprising twelve Belgian divisions, ten divisions of the British Second Army and six divisions of the French Sixth Army, under the command of King Albert I of Belgium, with the French General Jean Degoutte as Chief of Staff, defeated the German 4th Army in the Fifth Battle of Ypres (28 September – 2 October). The breaking of the Hindenburg Line further south, led the Allies to follow a strategy of pursuing the Germans for as long as possible, before movement was stopped by the winter rains. Mud and a collapse of the supply-system, had stopped the advance in early October but by the middle of the month, the GAF was ready to resume the offensive. The offensive began at 5:35 a.m. on 14 October, with an attack by the GAF from the Lys river at Comines northwards to Dixmude. The British creeping barrage advanced at a rate of 100 yards (91 m) per minute, much faster and much further than the practice in 1917, in expectation that there would be little resistance from German infantry.ints. コルトレイク Courtrai

By the evening the British forces had reached high ground which dominated Werviq, Menin and Wevelghem in the south; further north the British captured Moorslede and closed up to Gulleghem and Steenbeek. Belgian troops on the left reached Iseghem, French troops surrounded Roulers and more Belgian troops captured Cortemarck. Roulers fell the next day and by 16 October, the British held the north bank of the Lys up to Harelbeke and had crossed the river at several points. By 17 October, Thourout, Ostend, Lille and Douai had been recaptured; Bruges and Zeebrugge fell by 19 October and the Dutch border was reached the following day. The crossing of the Lys and the capture of Courtrai by the British Second Army on 19 October, led to a German retreat on the front of the Fifth Army further south, which encircled Lille on 18 October. Next day the British were in Roubaix and Tourcoing and by the evening of 22 October, the British had reached the Scheldt from Valenciennes to Avelghem. By the time the Armistice had been signed, the front was an average of 45 miles (72 km) east of the old front line and ran from Terneuzen to Ghent, along the River Scheldt to Ath and from there to Saint-Ghislain, where it joined with the BEF positions on the Somme. The Battle of the Selle (17–25 October 1918) was a battle between Allied forces and the German Army, fought during the Hundred Days Offensive of World War I. After the Battle of Cambrai, the allies advanced almost 2 miles (3.2 km) and liberated the French towns of Naves and Thun-Saint-Martin. Although the capture of Cambrai was achieved significantly quicker than expected and with moderately low casualties, German resistance northeast of the town stiffened. By 11 October, the Fourth Army had closed up on the retreating Germans near Le Cateau, with the Germans taking up a new position, immediately to the east of the Selle River. General Henry Rawlinson was faced with three problems: crossing the river, the railway embankment on the far side and the ridge above the embankment. The decision was made to commence the assault at night and as the river was not very wide at this point, planks would be used for the soldiers to cross in single file. Later, pontoons would be required for the artillery to cross the river. Field Marshal Douglas Haig, aware that the Germans were near exhaustion, initiated a series of operations designed to get British troops in strength across the river and clear a way for a move against the Sambre–Oise Canal, a further 5 miles (8.0 km) to the east.

The fighting and retirements in the face of unceasing pressure by the 2nd Army led the right of the Third Army to give up ground as it tried to maintain contact with the left flank of Fifth Army. First Battle of Bapaume, 24–25 March Day 4, 24 Marc In the late evening of 24 March, after enduring unceasing shelling, Bapaume was evacuated and then occupied by German forces on the following day.[62] The British official historian, Brigadier-General Sir James E. Edmonds wrote, The whole of the Third Army had swung back, pivoting on its left, so that, although the VI and XVII Corps were little behind their positions of the 21st March, the right of V Corps had retired seventeen miles [27 km]. The new line, consisting partly of old trenches and partly shallow ones dug by the men themselves, started at Curlu on the Somme and ran past places well known in the battle of the Somme, the Bazentins and High Wood, and then extended due north to Arras. It was, for the most part, continuous, but broken and irregular in the centre where some parts were in advance of others; and there were actually many gaps...Further, the men of the right and centre corps..were almost exhausted owing to hunger and prolonged lack of sleep." After three days the infantry was exhausted and the advance bogged down, as it became increasingly difficult to move artillery and supplies over the Somme battlefield of 1916 and the wasteland of the 1917 German retreat to the Hindenburg Line. German troops had also examined abandoned British supply dumps which caused some despondency, when German troops found out that the Allies had plenty of food despite the U-boat campaign, with luxuries such as chocolate and even Champagne falling into their hands. Fresh British troops had been hurried into the region and were moved towards the vital rail centre of Amiens. The German breakthrough had occurred just to the north of the boundary between the French and British armies. The new focus of the German attack came close to splitting the British and French armies. As the British were forced further west, the need for French reinforcements became increasingly urgent.

On September 24, Grand Duke Nicholas was promoted to being charge of all Russian forces in the Caucasus. In reality, he was removed from being Supreme Commander of the Russian Caucasus Army which was the highest executive position [actual conduct of the war] for the Caucasus Campaign. His replacement was General Yudenich. This front was quiet from October till the end of the year. Yudenich used this period to reorganize. Around the start of 1916, Russian forces reached a level of 200,000 men and 380 pieces of artillery. On the other side the situation was very different; the Ottoman High Command failed to make up the losses during this period. The war in Gallipoli was sucking all the resources and manpower. The IX, X and XI Corps could not be reinforced and in addition to that the 1st and 5th Expeditionary Forces were deployed to Mesopotamia. Enver Pasha, after not achieving his ambitions or recognizing the dire situation on other fronts, decided that the region was of secondary importance. As of January 1916, Ottoman forces were 126,000 men, only 50,539 being combat. There were 74,057 rifles, 77 machine guns and 180 pieces of artillery. Ottoman force in Caucasus Campaign was big on the paper, but not on the ground. The Ottomans assumed that the Russians would not bother to attack. This assumption turned out to be false.

Enver Pasha worried about the possible fall of Baghdad. He realized the mistake of underestimating the importance of the Mesopotamian campaign. He ordered the 35th Division and Mehmet Fazıl Pasha to return to their old location, which was Mosul. The 38th Division was reconstituted. The Sixth Army was created on 5 October 1915, and its commander was a 72-year-old German General Colmar von der Goltz. Von der Goltz was a famous military historian who had written several classic books on military operations. He had also spent many years working as a military adviser in the Ottoman Empire. However, he was in Thrace commanding the Ottoman First Army and would not reach the theater for some time. Colonel Nureddin the former commander of the Iraq Area Command was still in charge on the ground. On 22 November, Townshend and Nureddin fought a battle at Ctesiphon, a town 25 miles south of Baghdad. The conflict lasted five days. The battle was a stalemate as both the Ottomans and the British ended up retreating from the battlefield. Townshend concluded that a full scale retreat was necessary. However, Nureddin realized the British were retreating and cancelled his retreat, then followed the British. Townshend withdrew his division in good order back to Kut-al-Amara. He halted and fortified the position. Nureddin pursued with his forces. He tried to encircle the British with his XVIII Corps composed of the 45th Division, 51st Division and 2nd Tribal Cavalry Brigade. The exhausted and depleted British force was urged back to the defenses of Kut-al-Amara. The retreat finalized on 3 December. Nureddin encircled the British at Kut-al-Amara, and sent other forces down river to prevent the British from marching to the relief of the garrison.

The infantry captured Talat ed Dumm on the main Jerusalem to Jericho road, while the light horse and mounted rifle brigades captured Jericho and the area to the south bordered by the Jordan River and the Dead Sea.The advance from Beersheba came to a halt in December. On 14 December Allenby reported to the War Cabinet that the rainy season would prevent any further operations, after Jerusalem was secured, for at least two months. At this time, the Egyptian Expeditionary Force was paralysed by a breakdown in logistics forcing Allenby to send the Anzac and the Australian Mounted Divisions, along with the Imperial Camel Corps Brigade south of Gaza to shorten their lines of communication. He wrote: "I can't feed them, with certainty, and even now, a fortnight's heavy rain would bring me near starvation." On 1 January, the 5th Mounted Brigade began moving back through the rain and slush followed by the 4th Light Horse Brigades Field Ambulance, beginning the Australian Mounted Division's journey back to Deir el Belah south of Gaza. The Anzac Mounted Division did not move back quite so far; the 1st and possibly 2nd Light Horse Brigades moved back to Esdud while the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade bivouacked near Ayun Kara (also known as Rishon LeZion) not far from Jaffa. Allenby wrote on 25 January: "I want to extend my right, to include Jericho and the N[orth] of the Dead Sea." This advance would remove the more serious threat to his right by pushing all the enemy across the Jordan River and securing the Jordan River crossings. It would also prevent raids into the country to the west of the Dead Sea and provide a narrow starting point for operations against the Hedjaz Railway.[10] General Jan Christiaan Smuts, a member of the Imperial War Cabinet, was sent to confer with Allenby regarding the implementation of a French qualification to the War Office's Joint Note No. 12—that no troops from France could be redeployed to the Egyptian Expeditionary Force. Smuts was on his way back to London in February when the first step was taken to accomplish his suggestion of crossing the Jordan River and capturing the Hedjaz Railway, and the front line was extended eastwards with the successful capture of Jericho.

The country on the eastern side of the Judean Hills falls into the Jordan Valley in a confused mass of rocky ridges and deep narrow valleys. All the main wadis run from west to east; often with steep high banks, while the tributaries joined from all directions, breaking up the ridges making the hills, almost impossible to cross. Most tracks ran along the narrow beds of ravines where progress had to be made in single file. Further north at Jebel Kuruntul (also known as Jebel Quruntul, the Mount of Temptation and Mount Quarantania) the mountains end abruptly in a 1,000-foot (300 m) cliff. Sometimes the attacking parties had to haul themselves and each other over abrupt cliffs to be in a position to fight at close quarters at the top. Yet, in early Spring, the area was covered by wild flowers including cyclamen, anemones, poppies and tulips. Three Ottoman armies were deployed to defend their front line: the Eighth Army (headquartered at Tul Keram) defended the Mediterranean section, the Seventh Army (headquartered at Nablus) defended the Judean Hills sector, and the Fourth Army (headquartered at Amman) defended the eastern Transjordan section of the line. Between 3,000 and 5,000 Ottoman troops from the 26th and 53rd Infantry Divisions XX Corps defended the area on the western edge of the Jordan Valley. They garrisoned a series of hill-tops from Tubk el Kaneiterah, near the Dead Sea, through Talat ed Dumm to the Wadi Fara. Here the XX Corps was entrenched at Ras um Deisis and El Muntar Iraq Ibrahim astride the Jericho road. There was also at least one regiment in the Jordan Valley near the Wadi el Auja. By February, logistics had sufficiently developed to support the advance towards Jericho, and Allenby ordered Lieutenant General Philip Chetwode to capture Jericho as soon as the weather cleared. While the remainder of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force held the front line and garrisoned the captured territories in southern Palestine, Chetwode's XX Corps the 60th (2/2nd London) Division was to make the attack towards Jericho, supported by his 53rd (Welsh) Division and one infantry brigade from the 74th (Yeomanry) Division on the left.

武士の住まいの歴史を教えて下さい 鎌倉時代は誰もお城に住んでませんでしたよね？ 館？屋敷？みたいなものに住んでいたと思います 武士の住まいがどう変わっていったのか、どうして変わっていったのか知りたいです

信長は三間長柄鑓、三間半柄鑓の装備を軍令化したのか？ また出来たのか？ 戦国期の各地の侍の武器の携行規定で 武田信玄の甲斐の場合 『甲州法度之次第』第廿条に「天下戦国の上は、諸事をなげうち武具の用意肝要たるべし」 とある、何か用意すればいいのであって細かい規定はないようだし 軍令化なんて、とんでもハップン？　 信長の『信長公記』には、 「竹鑓にて叩き合いを御覧じ、兎角、鑓は短く候ては悪しく候はんと仰せられ候て、 三間柄、三間々中柄などにさせられ」とある。 決して三間々中柄一本に統一したわけではないようである。 反対に遠藤に宛てた手紙には 「なおもって人数の事、分際よりも一廉（ヒトカド）奔走簡（肝）要に候、 …人数之事、老若を選ばず出陣に於いては、忠節可為祝着候」と、 人数についてだけ要求しており、多ければ多いほどよいとしている。 とにかく大勢で来てくれといっている。 つまり、そのつど員数を指示していたような状況下(肝心なのは人数）で、 どうして織田家（家来筋の）が武器を統一できるのだろうか。 親父の信秀の時代は寄せ集め集団行動で、束ねる力があったことは事実だろうけど 織田家が武器の統一（軍令化)ができるのは、 信長自身が武器・武具を支給する足軽隊（親衛隊）だけであったろうと考えるのが普通？ （この７００～８００のいつでもすくに戦える トップダウンのコンビニ兵力で国内戦を戦ったようであるが） 現代の国民国家や帝政国家でない限り、 日本の戦国期に全てを制式で揃えた国などというのはなかったのでは？ 日本を統一した軍事政権である徳川幕府でさえ軍役規定を持っていなかったといわれている。 さて。

こんにちは。 まえまえから疑問に思っていることを聞いてください。 古代の戦争では、中国の三国志や日本では織田信長の時代などは、 ドラマにしても映画でも豪傑、英傑などと義だの節義だのと勇ましさばかり取り上げられて、 偉人みたいに言われるのに、戦車や飛行機がでてくる現代戦では、 戦争の悲惨さばかりが取り上げられます。 現代戦で英雄などあまり聞きません。 これはなぜですか。 私の考えでは、現代戦は人が瞬時にたくさん死にすぎたためかなとおもいます。 ご回答お待ちしております。よろしくお願いいたします。

ナポレオンはワーテルローの戦いで勝つ確率はありましたか？

　なぜノモンハン”事件”と呼ぶのでしょうか。 　モノによれば日ソ戦争と表現しているのもあるし、 宣戦布告絡みなら日ソ事変ではいけないのですか。 　長らく日本の惨敗のように言われてきましたが、 ロシア側の情報が公開されると、ほぼ5分5分くらいの 被害状況だと聞きましたが、最新の情報ではどうなのでしょう。 　

第一次世界大戦で連合国側（後に中立?）のロシアは、ソビエトになるまでに活躍した戦いなどはあるのですか?

終戦時、国内のある地区にあった航空機について調べています。 ほとんどの機体はGHQによって、スクラップ、焼却処分されたと思います。 さて、そこで質問なのですが、戦後、GHQに処分された機体について以下のような情報を調べる方法はないでしょうか？ ・接収時期　 ・接収場所 ・接収したGHQ部隊 ・接収された日本軍部隊名、機体名 ・接収した機体の処分方法 郷土史を作成しており、終戦時に機体が格納庫にあったが、戦後、いつの間にやら機体はなくなったという証言が多くあり、上記内容について何か調べる方法がないか悩んでいます。 なお海軍佐世保鎮守府管内の飛行場にあった機体について調べています。

第二次世界大戦で日本がアメリカに負けた理由は資源や兵器の物量の差が理由だったというのは、そう言われたら確かにそうだろうと思うのですが、ナチスドイツに国土を蹂躙され、生産設備をほとんど破壊されたはずのソ連がドイツに侵攻し、最終的にベルリンを占領できるほどの力を蓄えることができた理由がよくわかりません。焦土と化した国内でどうやって兵士を訓練し、兵器を増産できたのでしょうか。 普通に考えたら、独ソ戦は日中戦争のヨーロッパ版みたいなもので、ソ連は最終的にドイツを追い出すことには成功するでしょうが、相手方の国土に攻め込むほどの余力はとても持てないのではないかと思うのですが。

http://yukan-news.ameba.jp/20141016-27314/ http://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/9309244/ が異常だという朝日擁護派の主張に具体的な内容が見られない理由を教えてください。

みなさん助けて下さい。 タイトルにあるとおり、会社の研修で、論文作成を命ぜられてしまいました。 何か再検討すべきものがあればどういうものがあるか教えていただけないでしょうか？ 自分でも考えてますが、あまり時間がないんでみなさんの力を貸して下さい。 よろしくお願いします。 一応思いついたのが、 地位協定の問題（ただし、何の問題があるか理解していない）、在日米軍の必要性です。 しかし、基本的知識が少ないので、どのように論文にまとめるかも思いつかないのです。