What is Adulthood?
- Developmental psychologists have debated the age range that defines young adulthood, but it is commonly understood as a stage of maturity both physically and psychologically.
- The word 'adult' comes from the Latin verb 'adolescere', meaning to grow up, emphasizing the transition from adolescence to adult.
- However, measuring and defining maturity is challenging, as physical and psychological processes vary and continue to develop throughout life.
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Adulthood Developmental psychologists have disagreed about the age range that should define the stage of young adulthood. The word adult is derived from the past participle of the Latin verb adolescere, to grow up. Thus, by derivation an adolescent is one who is growing up, an adult is a “grown-up”. The problem of definition is that the adult is supposed to be grown up not only with respect to physical characteristics, but also with respect to psychological characteristics. He or she is supposed to be mature physically and psychologically. Physical maturity is difficult to measure, and psychological maturity is difficult even to define, especially because some psychological processes continue to improve until very old age. Because of the difficulty of measuring physical and psychological maturity, many developmentalist have by-passed the problem, and adopted a definition based only on age level. お願いします。
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成人期 若い成人期の段階を定義すべき年齢の範囲について、発達心理学者の意見は一致しませんでした。 adult（成人）と言う単語は、adolescere（成長する）と言う（意味の）ラテン語の動詞の過去分詞に由来します。 このように、語源によれば、若者は育っている人で、大人は「育った人」です。 定義の問題は、大人が身体的な特徴に関してだけでなく、精神的な特徴に関しても成長したと思われるということです。 彼/彼女は、身体的に、そして、心理的に成熟していると思われます。 身体的な成熟は測るのが困難です、そして、特に、精神的なプロセスが相当高い年齢まで向上し続けるので、精神的成熟は定義することさえ困難です。 身体的、精神的成熟を測ることの難しさのために、多くの発達心理学者は、その問題を回避して、年齢レベルだけに基づく定義を採用しました。
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Young adulthood In Chapter 6 we defined early adulthood as extending from maturity to about the age of 45 years. Other developmentalists have defined it as extending from 18 to 35 years of age (Havighurst, 1973), 20 to 40 (Erikson, 1963), and 25 to 45 or 50 (Buhler, 1962). There is nevertheless good agreement about the major life crises or developmental tasks of general age period. お願いします。
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Psychological crises The psychosocial crisis of middle age, according to Erikson, is generativity vs. self-absorption. The problem is to progress from physical generativity, involving the production and rearing of one's own children, to social and psychological generativity, involving not only the present but also future generations. The individual's legacy becomes not merely the contribution to the gene pool of the species, but also a contribution to knowledge. Conversely, the self-absorbed individual retains a materialistic concern for the here and now, with an emphasis on physical and psychological well-being. お願いします。
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Developmental tasks The period of young adulthood begins with the completion of formal schooling and entry into the job and marriage market. For married parents it ends with departure of the children; for others the end is related to psychologically meaningful events which reveal they are no longer “promising” youngsters. Erikson identified the crisis of this period as intimacy vs. isolation. A major developmental task is the development of intimacy, especially with the opposite sex. During adolescence, the biology of sex is of more concern and interest than are interpersonal affection and intimacy (McCandless, 1970). During early adulthood, however, a failure to establish intimacy leads to isolation and stifles further psychological growth (Erikson, 1963). お願いします。
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Therefore, they are not prepared to enjoy leisure (Birren & Woodruff, 1973). The result is that many who retire are unhappy, and many who could retire choose to continue working. Retirement is seem as a kind of punishment, with consequent loss of self-esteem which sometimes result in suicide. During adulthood and old age, the suicide rate remains fairly level, at around 5 to 15 per 100,000 persons, except in white males, for whom the rate increases throughout adulthood and is greatest in old age (Toll,1975). お願いします。
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Loss of spouse During the early years of life, loss of souse is certainly not a normally encountered crisis. After adolescence, however, it becomes increasingly common with increasing age. During the early years of adulthood, divorce cause loss of a spouse much more often than death does. Incidentally, the crisis of losing a spouse is more likely to have a gradual onset in the early adult years than a sudden onset, because during these years divorce-the more usual cause of losing a spouse-is likely to result from a gradual buildup of tensions, while death-the less common cause of losing a spouse-is likely to have a sudden onset. The most common cause of death in early adulthood, as in adolescence, is accident. お願いします。
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Nevertheless, middle age is not free of crises. Physiological and psychological crises occur, and must be met in a satisfactory way if stagnation is to be avoided. We begin with a physiological crisis that confronts middle-aged woman, the menopause. お願いします。
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Kohlberg’s mature morality At maturity, morality is derived from principle rather than convention, hence it is identified as “postconventional”. At Stage 5, the first stage of the postconventional level, the guiding principle is to maintain community welfare. The Stage 5 individual values community welfare because of respect for the rights of others, not because the law demands it. The morality of a Stage 6 individual is based on principles of wider scope than those of the Stage 5 person; Stage 6 morality refers to principles that have universal applicability, such as “Stealing to protect a human life is justified, because a human life is more valuable than material property.” お願いします。
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According to another stereotype, a major crisis occurs in middle age, the “mid-life crisis.” However, psychologists have not been able to agree when it occurs, some arguing for the 20s, some for the 60s, and others for every age in between. Furthermore, they disagree about the nature of this crisis. One might suspect, then, that the concept lacks a firm basis of facts. Supporting this suspicion, a recent study showed that middle age is actually the best period of adulthood. Feelings of alienation, powerlessness, meaninglessness, and disengagement were most prevalent in young adulthood and least prevalent in middle age. The elderly group in the study was intermediate. お願いします。
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Other tasks of early adulthood are to establish and maintain a home and family; to enter and maintain a career; to become part of a congenial social group; and to discharge the obligations of citizenship (Troll, 1975). These general tasks are obviously not solvable by any single behavioral change, but rather require many adjustments in many behaviors. Resolution, in other words, requires adaptation to “large number s of detailed task-lets” (Havighrst. 1973, p, 10), which can be grouped in various ways. An example is the general tasks of establishing and maintaining a family. To accomplish this task, one must normally have a mate, which requires nit only selecting a duce and rear children (the average is still more than one per family), obtain and manage a home, etc. お願いします。
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Physical and mental dependency are dealt with in different ways, depending on the resources available. If income is sufficient, the old person may continue to live “independently” in his or her own home. Often, however, monetary resources are too low, and the old person moves in with relatives, usually one of his or her children. If this resource is unavailable, because no child is willing or able to take in the aged and ailing parent, then the only recourse is institutionalization. Only a very small proportion of the aged population is institutionalized, however, amounting in 1970 to about 4 percent of white men, 6 percent of white women, and 3 percent of black men and women. お願いします。
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