Developmental Tasks in Young Adulthood
- The period of young adulthood is marked by completing formal schooling and transitioning into the job and marriage market. For married parents, this period ends when their children leave home. For others, it ends with psychologically significant events that indicate they are no longer considered young and promising.
- During young adulthood, one of the key developmental tasks is forming intimate relationships, especially with the opposite sex. In adolescence, the focus is often on the biology of sex rather than emotional closeness and intimacy. However, failing to establish intimacy in early adulthood can lead to isolation and hinder psychological growth.
- Erikson defined the central conflict of this period as intimacy vs. isolation. The ability to form close relationships is crucial for personal development during this stage.
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Developmental tasks The period of young adulthood begins with the completion of formal schooling and entry into the job and marriage market. For married parents it ends with departure of the children; for others the end is related to psychologically meaningful events which reveal they are no longer “promising” youngsters. Erikson identified the crisis of this period as intimacy vs. isolation. A major developmental task is the development of intimacy, especially with the opposite sex. During adolescence, the biology of sex is of more concern and interest than are interpersonal affection and intimacy (McCandless, 1970). During early adulthood, however, a failure to establish intimacy leads to isolation and stifles further psychological growth (Erikson, 1963). お願いします。
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発達上の課題 若い成人期の期間は、正規の学校教育の完了と仕事と結婚市場への参加から始まります。 結婚している両親にとっては、それは子供たちの旅立ちで終わります; 他人にとっては、彼らがもはや「有望な」若者ではないことを明らかにする心理的に意味がある出来事に関連しています。 エリクソンは、この時期の危機を親交対孤立と見なしました。 主要な発達上の課題は、親交、特に異性との親交の発展です。 青春期の間では、性の生物学は、個人間の愛情と親交であるよりもむしろ関心と興味である（マッキャンドレス、1970）。 しかし、初期の成人期の間では、親交を確立することに失敗すると、孤立にいたり、さらなる精神的な成長を抑制する（エリクソン、1963）。 ☆ 最後の一文が、新しい部分です。こちらを訳すべきでした。
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発達上の課題 若い成人期の期間は、正規の学校教育の完了と仕事と結婚市場への参加から始まります。 結婚している両親にとっては、それは子供たちの旅立ちで終わります; 他人にとっては、彼らがもはや「有望な」若者ではないことを明らかにする心理的に意味がある出来事に関連しています。 エリクソンは、この時期の危機を親交対孤立と見なしました。 主要な発達上の課題は、親交、特に異性との親交の発展です。 青春期の間では、性の生物学は、個人間の愛情と親交であるよりもむしろ関心と興味である（マッキャンドレス、1970）。
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Young adulthood In Chapter 6 we defined early adulthood as extending from maturity to about the age of 45 years. Other developmentalists have defined it as extending from 18 to 35 years of age (Havighurst, 1973), 20 to 40 (Erikson, 1963), and 25 to 45 or 50 (Buhler, 1962). There is nevertheless good agreement about the major life crises or developmental tasks of general age period. お願いします。
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Kohlberg’s adolescent moral stage The operative moral principle in adolescence is often that if everyone misbehaved , society would not work; law and order are necessary or we would have chaos and so control over others. Interestingly, it is during this period of adolescence, when so many youngsters in fact have problems in accepting authority (or at least question it closely), that youngsters begin to feel very strongly about the importance of that authority for purposes of defining morality. よろしくお願いします。
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Therefore, they are not prepared to enjoy leisure (Birren & Woodruff, 1973). The result is that many who retire are unhappy, and many who could retire choose to continue working. Retirement is seem as a kind of punishment, with consequent loss of self-esteem which sometimes result in suicide. During adulthood and old age, the suicide rate remains fairly level, at around 5 to 15 per 100,000 persons, except in white males, for whom the rate increases throughout adulthood and is greatest in old age (Toll,1975). お願いします。
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大変長い文章ですがどなたかお願いします。 Erikson’s adolescent stage For Erikson, the major tension to be resolved during the period of adolescence is that having to do with one’s identity. It is a time of role confusion as the adolescent seeks to find his or her most comfortable style of behavior, hopefully compatible with peer influences and at the same time acceptable to one’s parents. The person who makes the transition successfully will emerge from the role confusion with a personal identity that at once honors the social training of one’s childhood and provides the young adult with a sense of selfhood. Successful progression in this area results in being one’s own person but at the same time benefiting from one’s origins and even endorsing them with pride. Many events become “matters of principle” for the adolescent. For Freud, adolescence marked emergence from the so-called latency period, which has lasted from about the age of six. During latency, sexual urges are presumably hidden, and the child’s energies are diverted to other matters, such as developing skills, developing relationships beyond the family, and so on. In adolescence, which Freud called the genital stage of development, the development of secondary sex characteristics becomes compelling, and sexuality surfaces once again. In the course of becoming acquainted with his or her “new” body, and with a newly emerging self-concept based in part on previous personal history and in part on one’s new forays into the world of adults, the intimacy game commences.
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Adulthood Developmental psychologists have disagreed about the age range that should define the stage of young adulthood. The word adult is derived from the past participle of the Latin verb adolescere, to grow up. Thus, by derivation an adolescent is one who is growing up, an adult is a “grown-up”. The problem of definition is that the adult is supposed to be grown up not only with respect to physical characteristics, but also with respect to psychological characteristics. He or she is supposed to be mature physically and psychologically. Physical maturity is difficult to measure, and psychological maturity is difficult even to define, especially because some psychological processes continue to improve until very old age. Because of the difficulty of measuring physical and psychological maturity, many developmentalist have by-passed the problem, and adopted a definition based only on age level. お願いします。
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Loss of spouse During the early years of life, loss of souse is certainly not a normally encountered crisis. After adolescence, however, it becomes increasingly common with increasing age. During the early years of adulthood, divorce cause loss of a spouse much more often than death does. Incidentally, the crisis of losing a spouse is more likely to have a gradual onset in the early adult years than a sudden onset, because during these years divorce-the more usual cause of losing a spouse-is likely to result from a gradual buildup of tensions, while death-the less common cause of losing a spouse-is likely to have a sudden onset. The most common cause of death in early adulthood, as in adolescence, is accident. お願いします。
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The stage theory of dying was developed by psychiatrist Elizabeth Kubler-Ross from interviews with a large number of terminally ill persons. However, her methods of collecting and interpreting the data have been questioned, and she has been criticized for failing to consider such demographic variables as nature or the disease, sex of the patient, race, developmental level, and cognitive style (Kastenbaum, 1975). Thus, the usefulness and generality of the theory are questionable. However, her research has forced others to be concerned, with the psychology of dying. お願いします。
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The menopause The word menopause is derived from the Greek menos, mouth, and paueis, to cause to cease. It refers to an abrupt period of time in which physiological changes in women result in natural termination of menstruation and the menstrual cycle. During the menopause, women sometimes experience “hot flashes”, and many women report that period is unpleasant. It signals the end of fertility, but it is not viewed by middle-aged women as a heavy crisis; only 4 percent checked “the menopause” in a question on the worst thing about middle age, and most women who are postmenopausal feel positively about it (Troll, 1975). お願いします。
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Another problem is that the finding was based on a conception of “intelligence” that most developmental psychologists now reject. Specifically, the finding was from studies in which a single global IQ score was the only measure of a person’s intelligence. It is now known that intelligence is not a single unitary trait, but rather consists of several distinct and relatively independent skills or abilities, such as verbal fluency and numerical ability. The fact that these abilities are relatively independent suggests that they should not be limped together into one global score. Another reason not to combine them is that they seem to depend to different degrees on heredity. Finally, and of most importance to developmental psychologists, different abilities exhibit different patterns of change through the life span. お願いします。
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Psychological crises The psychosocial crisis of middle age, according to Erikson, is generativity vs. self-absorption. The problem is to progress from physical generativity, involving the production and rearing of one's own children, to social and psychological generativity, involving not only the present but also future generations. The individual's legacy becomes not merely the contribution to the gene pool of the species, but also a contribution to knowledge. Conversely, the self-absorbed individual retains a materialistic concern for the here and now, with an emphasis on physical and psychological well-being. お願いします。
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