Dependence in Old Age: From Independence to Institutionalization
- Dependence in old age is managed differently depending on available resources.
- If income is sufficient, the elderly can live independently at home.
- If monetary resources are lacking and there are no relatives to live with, institutionalization is the only option.
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Physical and mental dependency are dealt with in different ways, depending on the resources available. If income is sufficient, the old person may continue to live “independently” in his or her own home. Often, however, monetary resources are too low, and the old person moves in with relatives, usually one of his or her children. If this resource is unavailable, because no child is willing or able to take in the aged and ailing parent, then the only recourse is institutionalization. Only a very small proportion of the aged population is institutionalized, however, amounting in 1970 to about 4 percent of white men, 6 percent of white women, and 3 percent of black men and women. お願いします。
- yuumiyumi
- お礼率72% (90/125)
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身体的・精神的依存は、利用できる援助に応じて、異なる方法で対処されます。収入が十分であるならば、高齢者は「独立して」自分の家に住み続けるかもしれません。しかし、しばしば、お金の面での援助は低すぎます、それで、高齢者は親類、たいていは、その高齢者の子供たちの1人のもとに、身を寄せることになります。こうした援助が利用できないならば、子供が老齢で病んでいる親を受け入れるのを喜ばなかったり、出来なかったりするので、唯一の援助は施設入所です。しかし、老年人口のごく一部しか施設には入所していません、1970年には、白人男性の約4パーセント、白人女性の6パーセント、黒人男性及び女性の3パーセントに達しているだけです。
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- princelilac
- ベストアンサー率24% (1607/6586)
身体的、精神的に保護を受ける人は、可処分財産がいくらかあるかによって、さまざまな方法で対処されている。もし収入が充分なら、その老人は自分の家の中で「独立して」暮らし続けることができるかも知れない。しかし収入があまりにも乏しく、親戚へ身を寄せるのことがよくある。たいていは自分の息子か娘の所へ移ることが多い。もしこの収入を当てにすることができない場合、それは子供が年老いて病弱な親の世話をすることを望まないし、できないからでもあるが、その場合の唯一の財源は慈善福祉である。高齢者人口のうちのごくわずかな割合の人達が、慈善福祉を受けている。しかしその総計は、1970年では白人男性の4パーセント、白人女性の6パーセント、黒人男女の3パーセントにもにもなっている。
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関連するQ&A
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Dependency Poverty is not common in old age, but it is far from rare, especially among nonwhite old people. In 1973, about one out of seven (14.4 percent) old whites were below the low-income level used to define poverty, while more than one-third (35.5 percent) of old nonwhites were poor. お願いします。
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Fluid abilities should change with changes in physiological characteristics of the person. Since marked physiological changes occur in old age, marked changes in fluid abilities should also occur. In contrast, crystallized intelligence should tend to be maintained, in spite of the mutual withdrawal of the elderly person and society, because contact with the culture is only reduced, not eliminated. The best estimates presently available support these predictions, in that crystallized abilities seem to be maintained during old age or even to increase, while fluid abilities decline. Thus, the “well-established finding” is now considered to be only partly correct for the individual. It is true that some intellectual abilities decline in old age-and more markedly than had been believed-but others are maintained until “terminal drop” begins. お願いします。
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Although this is common knowledge, it is not entirely correct. For example, an old person can recall a series of numbers as well as a younger person-provided the series is not too long, provided enough time is allowed for study, and provided no interfering material is presented between the study time and the test time. In short, if you do not hurry them or interfere with them, old people can remember a telephone number as well as anybody. They are less successful, even when allowed time to study, at other kinds of tasks used to study memory in the experimental laboratory, including paired-associate learning and serial and free recall of word lists. お願いします。
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With instruction and practice, however, the elderly can recover the required skills and perform as well as the younger person, expect in those few cases in which the memory loss has a physical cause (see Walsh, 1975). In addition, however, even when the old have stored material in memory effectively, they often have trouble retrieving it from memory (Hultsch, 1975). Again, though, the problem seems to be in the use of inefficient strategies, search strategies in this case, rather than a lack of capacity or ability. お願いします。
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In the fourth stage, the person can no longer deny that he or she is dying, and anger is replaced by depression, a sense of great loss perhaps coupled with guilt and a feeling of unworthiness. Finally, in the fifth stage the person accepts the approach of death. However, “acceptance should not be mistaken for a happy stage. It is almost void of feelings. It is as if the pain had gone, the struggle is over, and there comes a time for ‘the final rest before the long journey’ as one patient phrased it“ (Kubler-Ross, 1969, p.100). A person may not get to the last stage, may be in more than on stage at once, and may slip back and forth between stages. Furthermore, persons vary in the speed of progress through the stages (Kastenbaum, 1975). お願いします。
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Death The process of dying may normally go through a sequence of stage. According to Kubler-Ross (1969), if death us not too sudden and if the dying person is aware of what is happening, dying progresses through five stages: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. In the first stage, the person denies that death is impending. In the second stage, the person is typically struggling with the question “Why me?” “Frustration builds and anger overflows as the question resists satisfactory answer” (Kastenbaum, 1975). In the third stage, the person tries to postpone death by making a bargain with God, the doctors, or others. お願いします。
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Economic dependency can be generated by other kinds of dependency that appear in old age, including physical and mental dependency. Physical dependency results from illness or injury, which can require a nurse or house-keeper and in effect reduce the pension income usable by the old person to the poverty line. Mental dependency can result from loss of memory, orientation, or judgment, which in turn may result from physical illness or injury, especially brain disease or injury. If severe enough, the person needs a nurse or housekeeper, again reducing usable pension income. お願いします。
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