徳川政府の最重要法度とは？
- 秀吉は大名を減らす必要性を理解していたが実行しなかった。
- 徳川は大名の抵抗力を認識し、独特な動きで欠点を埋めた。
- 徳川政府の最重要な法度は1615年に布告された武家諸法度である。
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英文と日本語訳があります。日本語訳は正しいですか？
Hideyoshi, it will be remembered, had appreciated the need to reduce the daimyo to a state of permanent submission to the central authority, but had not done very much in practice to bring this about. The Tokugawa, with characteristic efficiency, made good this shortcoming at the first opportunity, aware that, unlike Buddhists or court, the domain lords were in a position to resists them with force. Consequently, the law for the military house (buke sho hatto), promulgated in 1615 on the morrow of Ieyasu’s culminating victory at Osaka castle, ranks as the most important single enactment of the regime. 日本語訳 皆の知る通り、秀吉は中央権力への永続的服従となる状態まで大名を減らす必要性を十分に理解してはいたが、実際にこれをもたらすよう力を注ぎはしなかった。 徳川は仏教徒や朝廷とは違い、藩主達は武力で彼らに対抗する立場であることを認識していたので、独特の効果的な動きで、可及的速やかにこの欠点を埋め合わせた。その結果、徳川政府において、単体としては最も重要な法度と位置付けられている武士の家系の為の法律（武家諸法度）を大阪城での家康の最終的な勝利の直後、1615年に布告した
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以下のとおりお答えします。かなりよく訳されていると思います。 （「日本史特有の事柄を、英文でどう表現しているか」に興味を覚えます。） ＞Hideyoshi, it will be remembered, had appreciated the need to reduce the daimyo to a state of permanent submission to the central authority, but had not done very much in practice to bring this about. ＞皆の知る通り、秀吉は中央権力への永続的服従となる状態まで大名を減らす必要性を十分に理解してはいたが、実際にこれをもたらすよう力を注ぎはしなかった。 （doneは、「力を注ぐ」というより「実践する」とする方が近いでしょう。） ⇒周知のとおり、秀吉は中央権力に対する永続的服従の状態にまで大名を減らす必要性を よく認識していたが、実際にはこれを引き起こすほど十分な実践は行わなかった。 ＞The Tokugawa, with characteristic efficiency, made good this shortcoming at the first opportunity, aware that, unlike Buddhists or court, the domain lords were in a position to resists them with force. Consequently, the law for the military house (buke sho hatto), promulgated in 1615 on the morrow of Ieyasu’s culminating victory at Osaka castle, ranks as the most important single enactment of the regime. ＞徳川は仏教徒や朝廷とは違い、藩主達は武力で彼らに対抗する立場であることを認識していたので、独特の効果的な動きで、可及的速やかにこの欠点を埋め合わせた。その結果、徳川政府において、単体としては最も重要な法度と位置付けられている武士の家系の為の法律（武家諸法度）を大阪城での家康の最終的な勝利の直後、1615年に布告した （「武家諸法度の布告＝1615年」とその「重要性の位置づけ＝その後現在まで」の時系列上の配列順に従うこと、および原文でranksが主動詞となっていること、などに鑑み、語順を入れ替えた方がいいかも知れません。） ⇒徳川は、仏教徒や朝廷とは違い、藩主達が武力で彼ら徳川に対抗する立場であるということに気づいていたので、独特の効果的な手立てで、可及的速やかにこの欠点を埋め合わせた。その結果、大阪城での家康の最終的な勝利の直後1615年に布告した武士の家系の為の法律（武家諸法度）は、この政体の最も重要な単体条例として位置づけられている。 以上、ご回答まで。
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- 以下の英文を訳して下さい。
The obedience of the daimyo was exacted under the guise of vassal loyalty. Those among them who had not already done so had to tender written oaths of obedience to Ieyasu after 1600 acknowledging him as their feudal overlord. These pledges were renewed by each successive daimyo of han, and by all the daimyo whenever a new shogun took office. Lords who disregarded Tokugawa wishes could be punished as disobedient vassals; the shogunate would reprimand them, retire them, or-in extreme cases-confiscate their fiefs. han 藩
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As already pointed out, failure to comply with the bakufu’s injunction or requests could speedily land a daimyo in trouble as a disloyal vassal. Finally, the shogun’s prerogatives as feudal overlord allowed him to intervene at will in the domestic affairs of a han. Although cases of intervention were quite common, the bakufu cannot be said to have abused this right. It was usually driven to act either by a dispute within the han over succession to the position of daimyo or by outbreaks of serious peasant unrest which the local authorities could neither settle nor control.
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日本語訳を教えて下さい(>_<) The Christian view of the universe owed much to the ideas of the Greek philosopher Aristotle. Though some Greeks had argued that the earth orbited the Sun, Aristotle placed the earth at the center of the universe and surrounded it with a series of transparent spheres, each revolving at a different speed. The spheres held the planets, the Sun, and the stars. This model sounds quaint today, but it was given a rigorous mathematical basis by Ptolemy in the second century A.D., and in this form it proved good at predicting planetary motions.
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The traditional feudal code of conduct between members of the military elite also justified the imposition of the alternate residence system (sankin kotai). Taking up the old custom of homage, by which a vassal had been expected to go every so often in person to pay his respects to his overlord, the Tokugawa both regularized and bureaucratized it. By the time of the third shogun, Iemitsu, all daimyo virtually without exception and throughout their reigns had to spend alternate years living at Edo, supposedly in attendance on the shogun. Actually, they only met the shogun once or twice a month at highly formal audiences. The rest of thetime the daimyo spent in their Edo mansions, or yashiki, attending to their own domain affairs and private pleasures. 日本語訳 軍事力を持つ精鋭大名の間での伝統的な封建制度規則も交互居住制（参勤交代）の義務化を正当化した。家臣がしばしば自分の主君のところへご機嫌伺いに行くという古い臣下の礼を尽くすという慣習を取り上げながら、徳川はそれを事務制度化したのみならず、権威主義化した。3代将軍家光の頃には、すべての大名が将軍への建前上は事実上例外なく自分が藩主の間隔年江戸に住まねばならなかった。実際には、非常に格式ばった拝謁の際に月に1度か2度将軍に会うだけであった。残りの時間、大名は藩の行政や個人的な娯楽に携わりながら江戸の自分の住まい、すなわち、屋敷で過ごした。
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The most powerful regent was Tokugawa Ieyasu; it turned out that he had an able and implacable foe in one of the commissioners, Ishida Mitunari. This man never tired in his attempts to stir up trouble for Ieyasu by inciting the other daimyo against him. Apart from active intriguing, other, more static forces were at work. In the delicate situation following Hideyoshi’s death the preponderance of Tokugawa power was too great to be left alone. Ieyasu had either to take the final steps which would ensure the supremacy of himself and his sons, or face the prospect that jealous rivals would wait for a chance to humble them forever. Ishida’s schemings forced the issue. On 21 October 1600 an army eighty thousand strong, led by him but provided by a coalition of ‘’western’’ daimyo, attacked the same number of ‘’eastern’’ troops under the command of Ieyasu. 日本語 最も力のあった大老は徳川家康であり、その結果、奉行衆の一人、石田三成の宿敵となった。この男は、対抗する他大名を扇動することで家康に難題を焚きつける企みを決して止めようとはしなかった。三成のおもてだった陰謀はともかく、その他の彼のもう少し地道な活動は機能した。秀吉は死後、難しい状況の中で徳川の力が非常に強くなり無視できなかった。家康は自分と息子の所領安堵の最終段階に入るか、妬んだ政敵が徳川を永遠に屈服させる機会を待つだろう見通しに向かい合うかどちらかを選択しなければならなかった。石田三成の画策は宣戦布告をもたらすこととなった。1600年10月21日、三成に率いられた8万人からなる強力な軍はあろうことか、西側と同じ兵の数を誇り、且つ家康により統制のとれた東軍に攻撃を仕掛けしまった。
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Firepower could conserve infantry but a battle of material prolonged the war and consumed the troops which were preserved in each battle. In 1915 and early 1916, German industry quintupled the output of heavy artillery and doubled the production of super-heavy artillery. French production had also recovered since 1914 and by February 1916, the army had 3,500 heavy guns. In May 1916, Joffre implemented a plan to issue each division with two groups of 155 mm guns and each corps with four groups of long-range guns. Both sides at Verdun had the means to fire huge numbers of heavy shells to suppress defences, before risking infantry movements. At the end of May, the Germans had 1,730 heavy guns at Verdun against 548 French, which were sufficient to contain the Germans but not enough for a counter-offensive.
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The British, with their overwhelming sea power, had established a naval blockade of Germany immediately on the outbreak of war in August 1914, and in early November 1914 declared it to be a War Zone, with any ships entering the North Sea doing so at their own risk. The blockade was unusually restrictive in that even foodstuffs were considered “contraband of war”. The Germans regarded this as a blatant attempt to starve the German people into submission and wanted to retaliate in kind, and in fact the severity of the British blockade did not go over well in America, either.
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The two hundred and sixty domains varied greatly in size. The largest was that of the Maeda family in Kaga (Ishikawa Prefecture) and Etchu (Toyama Prefecture) provinces, with an official productive capacity of over five million bushels of rice (1,000,000 koku). At the other end of the scale lay numerous holdings rated either at or not very much above the 10,000 koku mark, which was the minimum needed for daimyo status. All domains were technically self-governing units, subject only to the broad requirements of Tokugawa hegemony and national policy. This meant that the laws in force in a domain issued from its own administrative capital or castle-town, not Edo; and that the supervisory officials were its own han samurai who were appointed by and responsible to the local daimyo, not the shogun. In the field of taxation, the han governments collected and spent revenues as they pleased, and the bakufu had no customary right to impose regular taxes outside the tenryo. koku 石 tenryo 天領
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Ieyasu was always simple and frugal in his own habits, his only entertainment being hawking. He was notoriously careful with money, and there is a story that when he accidentally discovered that his ladies-in-waiting did not eat many vegetables if they were well salted, he promptly instructed his cook to make their dishes as salty as possible. Yet, as the years drew on, the retired shogun wished to establish a reputation for benevolence, although this attitude did not extend to Hideyori. If benevolence means a good-natured regard for people in general, despite a lack of strong ties with particular individuals, a willingness to see other points of view, and a desire to work with others and not against them, then Ieyasu was benevolent. During his last few weeks on earth the old man completed long-standing arrangements to have himself deified, perhaps hoping to continue even after death the ‘watching brief’ he had come to exercise during life. If he does indeed live on as some sort of kindly, protective spirit among the cool huge cedars and clear mountain streams of his shrine at Nikkou he will have had the reward of seeing his descendants preside for centuries over a peaceful and generally prosperous society, and the further satisfaction of knowing that the end of Tokugawa greatness was not altogether unworthy of its beginnings.
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