Is Death a Life Crisis? Here's What the Experts Say
- According to one authority, death is not always a crisis for individuals, as some people die suddenly without experiencing a crisis.
- There are people who are indifferent to death and others who accept it as a part of life, without feeling anxious or scared.
- Some individuals see death as a solution to their troubled lives, rather than a problem that needs to be avoided.
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Regarding the question of whether death is a life crisis, one noted authority concluded that it is not invariably a crisis for an individual person. “There are people among us who seldom give thought to death. Some of these people come to death before death has come to mind-accidents, foul play, sudden traumas of various kinds. A crisis was neither anticipated nor experienced in such instances. Others among us do think of death, but minus the doomsday visions. There are people who seem to view personal annihilation with equanimity, and others who are serene because, for them, death does not represent annihilation. Still others feel sorely troubled with the life they are experiencing, and death is seen as the solution rather than the problem” (Kastenbaum, 1975, p. 48). お願いします。
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死が人生の危機であるかどうかと言う問題に関して、ある著名な権威者は、必ずしも個々の人にとって危機ではないと結論しました。「我々の中には、死についてめったに考えない人がいます。これらの人々の中には、死が思い浮かぶ前に ― 事故、犯罪行為、いろいろな種類の突然の精神的外傷 ― で、死を迎える人もあります。その様な例においては、危機は、予想もされませんし、経験もされることもなかったのです。また、我々の中には、実際死については考えるが、終末の展望を持ち合わせていない人もいます。個人がこの世から消滅することを落ち着いて見ているように思われる人もいますし、その人にとって、死がこの世からの消滅を意味しないので、穏やかな人もいます。さらに、体験している人生が、もっぱら悩みの多いものだと感じる人もいます、それ故、死は、問題であるよりもむしろ解決であるとみなされます。」（カステンバウム、1975、48ページ）。
関連するQ&A
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In old age, in contrast, the usual cause of losing a spouse is death, and the death is likely to be gradual in onset. Consequently, in principle an old person should have time to prepare for the crisis of losing a spouse, who has become ill. In practice, it turns out that the warning signs are seldom heeded; after all, as pointed out earlier, we are not given the kinds of training-socialization-that would prepare us to meet normal life crises. Consequently, loss of a spouse in old age may be as psychologically sudden in onset as in early adulthood, in effect. お願いします。
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There is good evidence that “individuals who show a notable change in any one of a variety of measures of cognitive performance are more likely to be dead within a few years [less than five] than are those who show no particular change” (Kalish, 1975, p, 41). This phenomenon is called terminal drop (Riegel & Riegel, 1972), and is said to be a more accurate predictor of approaching death than medical assessment are. However, the phenomenon is not well understood; its causes have not yet been identified. お願いします。
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The cycle ends Other things equal, the death of an old person disturbs us less than the death of a young person, apparently because early death is considered somehow unfair (Kastenbaum, 1975; Roth, 1977). The word death refers to both an event-dying-and the result of this event. It is difficult to distinguish between clinical death and biological death. Clinical death is defined by the absence of vital sings, but after the disappearance of vital sings some biological structures continue to function for an appreciable length of time, and different structures continue to “live” for different lengths of time. Biological death varies, in other words, for different structures in the body. Brain cells are among the first to die when oxygen in the blood is depleted, either because the blood is not oxygenated (as in drowning) or because the blood is not circulated (as in heart failure). Presumably, the mind ceases to function when the brain cells die, although this presumption is challenged in some religions. お願いします。
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Loss of spouse During the early years of life, loss of souse is certainly not a normally encountered crisis. After adolescence, however, it becomes increasingly common with increasing age. During the early years of adulthood, divorce cause loss of a spouse much more often than death does. Incidentally, the crisis of losing a spouse is more likely to have a gradual onset in the early adult years than a sudden onset, because during these years divorce-the more usual cause of losing a spouse-is likely to result from a gradual buildup of tensions, while death-the less common cause of losing a spouse-is likely to have a sudden onset. The most common cause of death in early adulthood, as in adolescence, is accident. お願いします。
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Close-up Life Expectancy: How Long Is Long? “There are groups of mountain people in the Soviet Union, India and Ecuador who claim to love very long lives. Some people say they’re 125 years old and going strong. “Robert R. Kohn, professor of pathology at Case Western University, says the claims aren’t true. “’They have every reason to claim old age-economic reasons, status reasons-and there are no records to back up the claims, ‘says Kohn. “While in the Soviet Union for a scientific meeting. Kohn found another reason: The old people in Georgia have become such a tourist attraction that he was offered the opportunity to see them for the sum of 50 American dollars. There’s no doubt these people are old and healthy and they would be worth studying, but when you read about Ivan who’s 146 tears old and his mother’s mad at him, don’t believe it. お願いします。
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Death The process of dying may normally go through a sequence of stage. According to Kubler-Ross (1969), if death us not too sudden and if the dying person is aware of what is happening, dying progresses through five stages: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. In the first stage, the person denies that death is impending. In the second stage, the person is typically struggling with the question “Why me?” “Frustration builds and anger overflows as the question resists satisfactory answer” (Kastenbaum, 1975). In the third stage, the person tries to postpone death by making a bargain with God, the doctors, or others. お願いします。
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According to another stereotype, a major crisis occurs in middle age, the “mid-life crisis.” However, psychologists have not been able to agree when it occurs, some arguing for the 20s, some for the 60s, and others for every age in between. Furthermore, they disagree about the nature of this crisis. One might suspect, then, that the concept lacks a firm basis of facts. Supporting this suspicion, a recent study showed that middle age is actually the best period of adulthood. Feelings of alienation, powerlessness, meaninglessness, and disengagement were most prevalent in young adulthood and least prevalent in middle age. The elderly group in the study was intermediate. お願いします。
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Integrity vs. despair In Erikson’s eighth and final stage of psychosocial development, the crisis revolves around the meaning of life, life in general, and one’s own life in particular. Unsuccessful resolution is associated with a feeling of despair. The life was wasted, and too little time is left to pick up the pieces; all that remains is frustration and hopelessness. In contrast, a sense of integrity comes with successful resolution, integrity in its meaning of honesty and soundness of moral principle and also in its meaning of wholeness or oneness, integration of self and cosmos. Persons who attain this sense of integrity should also attain Kohlberg’s Stage 6 of morality, and some perhaps even Stage 7, in which morality is postconventional, based on principles that are universal (Stage 6) or cosmic (Stage 7) in scope. お願いします。
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The crisis appears at about the same time as the crisis of the empty nest- the departure of the last child from the home-which affects particularly the wife. She may be unable to turn to her husband for help in dealing with the empty-nest crisis, because he is preoccupied with his own crisis of adjusting to the limits on his career and the implied limits on his abilities. Especially if the wife has learned only the traditional view of woman’s role in society-wife and mother-the departure of the last child will be a crisis. For such a woman one of the main purposes in life has ended, bringing about a sudden “retirement” that was unwanted and largely unanticipated. お願いします。
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Disengagement As people get older, they tend to withdraw gradually from society, and at the same time society tends to withdraw from them. This progressive, mutual withdrawal is called disengagement. Because of disengagement, old people are less interested in having social contacts, and have fewer social contacts, with less emotional involvement in them. Viewed positively, disengagement permits the old person to enjoy a more leisurely way of life, but working against this positive aspect of disengagement is the work ethic that requires activity, including social activity to maintain a sense of self-worth (Kalish, 1975). お願いします。
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