- ベストアンサー
The Decline of Small Family Farms in the U.S.
- The decline of small family farms in the U.S.
- Economies of scale have led to more bountiful and cheaper produce despite longer shipping distances.
- The concentration of the food-supply chain in fewer hands has benefited consumers.
- prayerspillow
- お礼率68% (17/25)
- 英語
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１）この文章までは、『法外な価格で・・・』とでも捉えてみる。 文脈上からすると（例えば西部の農園からNew Yorkに農産物を運んでも値段は変らない・・経済原則を越えている・・ひいては、農産物の生産と流通が少ない人達の手に委ねても消費者からすると悪いことではない・・・のくだり）、小農家にとれば、経済原則に会わぬ安い値段。また、下記のようにoutproducedとout-pricedを分詞として、その主語を,小農家とすると、当然“安い価格で”と言える。 ２）下記のように書き換えられるとおもうのですが・・small family farms （which are） massively outproduced by a handful of giant agricultural conglomerates, ３） economies of scale mean （that） such produce has never been more bountiful or cheaper. such produce － “そのような農産物”;名詞でthat節の主語 ４） It is imperative that the government implement contingency plans to ensure a stable food supply should economic, environmental or political crises occur. ↓ It is imperative that the government implement contingency plans to ensure a stable food supply if economic, environmental or political crises occur. 主文はthe government主語 で implementが動詞 Please let me know if you have any query. → Please let me know should you have any query. If you have any query, please let me know. → Should you have any query, please let me know. ５） As one looks around a room, for example, new objects constantly enter one's visual field, and the image on the retina changes as different parts of it are stimulated. 前文に代名詞に換り得る名詞が2つ以上ある場合は通常は、itが主語をthis/thatが文中に出てくる最後の名詞を示すとしていますが・・・ 下記のstimulateの意味からすると、 cause body part to respond: to cause physical activity in something such as a nerve or an organ この文章はretinaを示しているようです。
補足
ご回答ありがとうございます。概ね、当方の理解と一致しておりました。もしよろしければ、もう少しだけお付き合い頂けますでしょうか？ (2)その書き換えだと少し意味変わってしまいませんか？produce which is...であれば通ると思うのですが。ちなみに、このような挿入、少なくとも僕には突飛に思えるのですが、この程度はよくあるのでしょうか？ ちなみにこの文章は前回の英検1級の問題でした。最後のセンテンスbefore以降が空欄になっていて、 means family farms could profit / has certainly benefited consumers / is causing difficulties for stores / is as relief for local producers から選ぶ問題となっておりました。 もしお時間ございましたら、よろしくお願いいたします。
- tkltk73
- ベストアンサー率54% (171/315)
「少数の大規模農業資本によって生産や価格について包括的な管理を受けてはいないアメリカの小規模の家族経営の農家は、急激に減少しつつある。その結果、生産と分配に変化が生じ、それによって食品が小売店に届くまでの経路は長くなるが、家族経営の生産でも規模の小ささから食品が安く大量に供給されてきたわけではない。この点から見ると、ずっと以前よりも食品の供給が少数の手に握られていることが、消費者の利益になっていることは確かだ」 １） 'outproduced' は「生産されていない」、'out-priced' は 「価格を定められていない」という意味でしょう。 ２） 'outprduced' と 'out-prised' は過去分詞で 'farms' を修飾し、 挿入部分は 'small family farms in the USA' を説明しています。 ３） 'such produce' は小規模な家族経営の農家による生産のことです。 「経済や環境や政治に危機が生じた場合でも安定した食品の供給を確保するため、政府は緊急時の対応策を立てることが必要だ」 ４） 'should' に導かれる副詞節は、'ensure' を修飾しています。 「たとえば、室内を見渡すと絶え間なく新しいものが視界に入り、網膜の別の部分が刺激を受けると網膜上の映像が変化する」 ５） 文中に単数の名詞句はほかにもありますが、'stimulate' の 目的語になりえるものとしては、'retina' に限られますので、 'it' は 'the retina' を指すものと思います。
補足
訳までつけて頂き、ありがとうございます。もう少し詳しくお伺いしてもよろしいでしょうか。 (1)(2)当方、挿入部をUSにかけていたのですが、おっしゃられるような訳でfirmにかけると確かに文章全体の意味がすっきりと通ってきます。ただ、失礼ながら、outproducedとout-pricedの訳が多少突飛な気もするのですが、いかがでしょうか。 (4)副詞節についてもう少しご説明頂けませんでしょうか。仮定法の倒置ではないのでしょうか？ (3)(5)ばっちしわかりました。ありがとうございます。特に(3)はhas beenとなっていることを見逃していました。 お時間ございましたら、ご回答頂けるとありがたいです。よろしくお願いいたします。
- SPS700
- ベストアンサー率46% (15295/33014)
1）下記でご覧のように「安い値段」のことです。 http://eow.alc.co.jp/outprice/UTF-8/ ２）小規模農家がなぜ急激に減少しているのか、という原因がーーー大規模の農業会誌によってーーーという挿入で説明されているからです。 ３）such は、shift ではなく food にかかっています。 ４）おっしゃる通り、もし危機が起きた場合には必要だ，ということだと思います。 ５）網膜というのはその日本名の通り膜「スクリーン」で、外の影像が目のレンズを通して，このスクリーン（目玉の内側に広がっています）に映し出される仕掛けです。 outproduce は、下記では「他より多く生産する」と定義されています。 http://www.ask.com/bar?q=out-produce&page=1&qsrc=2445&dm=all&ab=0&u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Foutproduce&sg=uYFwiAQmsNwaG%2FK02xEsVg8p5Ls5n0mKXuYH1NeX3Ic%3D&tsp=1276910375342 最初の文は 「米国に置ける小規模家族単位の農家数は、大量生産と（それによる）低価格が可能な少数の巨大な農業複合企業に押されて、激減している」 でしょうか。
お礼
ご回答ありがとうございます。おおむね、当方の理解と一致しておりました。ただ(3)に関しましては、such produceとあり、このproduceがshift以前を指すものなのか、以後なのかおたずねしておりました。わかりにくくて申し訳ありませんでした。
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Nonetheless, most economists continue to preach on the efficacies of free trade, citing the priniciples of the early nineteenth-century economist David Ricardo. Whereas Adam Smith had argued that nations gain by exporting whatever it is they produce more cheaply and ignoring those markets in which they are less competitive-the theory of absolute advantage-Ricardo took a different tack by asserting that trade between counties to make sense even if one of the counties has an absolute advantage in every industry. Whereas Adam Smith had argued that nations gain by exporting whatever it is they produce more cheaply and ignoring those markets in which they are less competitive-the theory of absolute advantage-Ricardo took a different tack by asserting that trade between counties to make sense even if one of the counties has an absolute advantage in every industry. このようなとても長い英文はどのように読めばいいでしょうか?
- 締切済み
- 英語
- この英文を訳してください！
Concern about health is one of the driving forces behind the rapid expansion of organics,the fastest growing segment of an otherwise Sluggish food industry.In some ways organic has become "a victim of its own success." Agribusiness is swallowing up the very farms that started as a reaction to the industrialization of America's food supply. Small organic farms rebelled against conventional farming methods that relied on Synthetic pesticides and other toxic chemicals that exhaust the soil and pollute water, but there were other aspects to the organic movement that got lost when the U.S. Department of Agriculture established organic standards in 2002. Organic farmers wanted to move away from the large corporate farms that grew only one crop such as corn or WHeat, and return to the old way offarming with various crops and farm animals all coexisting. They envisioned small regional farms supplying Americans with local, seasonal, and natural foods. However, as organic farms grew they started to look a lot like their conventional counterparts, minus the harmful chemicals. Even as critics claim that organic has been "industrialized" and taken over by big business,there is no question that a lot of good has come out of the organic movement. The conversion ofland into organic has been greatforthe environment.It has enabled consumers to have more access to fruits and vegetables grown without pesticides and to meat from animals raised on heal thier feed. However,food still often has to travel thousands of miles from farm to table,the average distance for produce being about 1,500 "food" miles. One researcher, Louise Pape, director of Climate Today,found that wheat traveled 5,110 miles from a farm in Nebraska to a Wal-Martin New Mexico, stopping in four other places on its journey from the field to a box of cake mix. Organic foods are expensive, often requiring a 20 to 50 percent price increase, depending on the product and whether it's in season, and they aren't always available. It can be especially difficult to find certified organic meat. This is all likely to change as Wal-Mart adds a substantial amount of well-priced organic foods to its shelves, much of it packaged organic versions of conventional foods like boxed macaroni and cheese and breakfast cereals. Wal-Mart's appetite for organic will surely resultin the conversion of hundreds of thousands more acres of farmland to organic. The land won't 30 necessarily be in the United States, but it's good news that consumers will have more access to organic. There are also worries about the constant pressure to weaken the organic standards, which will only increase as big business gets more involved. As the meaning of "organic" is Weakened, some farmers go "beyond organic" by using words like "local" and 'sustainable" in reaction to the industrialization of organic. There's no official definition of "sustainable," but it's essentially a way of raising food that's healthy for those who eat it as well as the farms that produce it -the animals, the farmers, and the land itself. Chemical pesticides are minimally used, animals have access to pasture, and the farm itselfis viewed as an extension of the local community. What's taken out of the environment is put back in so that it can be maintained permanently and available to future generations. Local food is fresher, doesn't have to travel thousands of miles to reach you, and is less expensive When you buy it directly from the farmer.It's also better for your local economy. When you choose local you are supporting conservation of fuel resources, economic viability of local communities, freshness, and better taste. Eating locally and in-season foods is also a more traditional way of eating. The disadvantage to local is that unless it's guaranteed to be organic you have to do allthe work yourself to know how it was produced.
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- Parmenidesについての英文
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- 英文要約について
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- 英語
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クラブの認定証を和訳したいのですが、すんなり和訳できません。 Be it known that HANAKO YAMADA is a duly elected member of the Club in accordance with the Constitution and By-Laws of this Association. In witness whereof this Certificate of Membership has been issued this 6 days of July. 特に、「Be it known』と、「In witness whereof ~ 」に手こずり 意味はなんとなくわかるのですが、日本語の文章になりません。 是非、ご教授くださいませ。
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Lattice type and systematic absences In indexing the powder patterns it has been assumed that all the possible reflections are observed, that is, scattering from each of the different lattice planes is sufficiently intense to contribute to the diffraction profile. This is normally so for a primitive lattice, but for body centred and face centred lattices restrictions occur on the values that h, k and I may take if the reflections are to have any intensity. This results in certain reflections not being observed in the powder diffraction pattern and these are known as systematic absences. The origin of these absences can be illustrated with regard to Fig.2.3. という文章です。できれば翻訳サイト丸々ってのは控えてほしいです。
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- 英語
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すみません。前の続きで、作ったものです。 また、英文のチェックをお願いします ・10代の妊娠でも親の助けや政府の援助（赤ちゃんポスト、特別養子制度、里親制度、）を受けてできるだけ産むべき Even if they are teenagers, they should bear baby as much as possible by taking the help of their parents and support of the government such as the baby post, a special adoption system, and a foster-parent system. ・あなたは胎児は母体の一部だといいましたが、ではなぜ胎児は母親と全く異なった遺伝情報をもち、しばしば血液型が違うのでしょうか？それは胎児が別個の人間であるということを表しています。 You said that the fetus is a mother member, but if so, why the fetus has a totally different genetic information from their mother's and have a different blood type? It express that a fetus is a totally different human being. ・あなたは中絶は虐待を受けて命を落とす子供を減らすことができるといいましたが、中絶されたこの数は虐待されている子の10倍です。 You said that the abortion could reduce the child who are abused and lost his life, but, the number of abortion is ten times larger than that of sbuse. ・母親の幸せは失われるかもしれないし、失われないかもしれません。ただ一ついえるのは、母親が中絶すればその胎児の幸せは失われます。 Happiness of mother may be or may not be lost. But it is clear that the happiness of the fetus is lost if his mother has an abortion
- ベストアンサー
- 英語
- 至急！ 英文翻訳
In fact,when it comes to agricultural imports,Japan buys the most. The products that we import most are wheat, soybeans, and corn.We import them from the United States,Australia, Canada, and China.Why do we import such a lot of agricultural products? It is partly because Japanese have begun to eat more meat. To produce one ton of beef,we need seven tons of grain. To produce seven tons of grain, we need 7,000 tons of water. We are importing millions of tons of grain in order to eat meat. That means we are using billions of tons of water from overseas.
- 締切済み
- 英語
- 英文和訳をお願いします。
To clarify the dynamics depending on k, we have reported a bifurcation diagram in Fig. 4. It shows different values of quantity for different values of k, particularly between 0.15 and 0.29. It is easily illustrated that we move from stability through a sequence of a period doubling bifurcations to chaos.
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- 英語
お礼
ご回答ありがとうございます！ ばっちり理解できました！初めに、outnumberから意味を推測したのですが、先入観から生産力でしのぐ、とは至りませんでした。また、ensureを修飾する、というのも本当に目からうろこでした。この語法はおそらく今までも出くわしていながら、全く見逃していたものだと思います。本当にありがとうございました！！