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Parmenidesについての英文

Parmenides of Elea c. 510–? 440BC ‘One cannot know that which is not –that is impossible’ Little is known of Parmenides’ life and background, and fragments of a poem entitled On Nature are all that survive of his work. Nevertheless, it contains one of the first examples of reasoned argument in which, perhaps as a reaction to Heraclitus, Parmenides attempts to prove that change is impossible and that reality is singular, undivided and homogenous. In the first part of his poem, ‘The Way of Truth’, which was revealed to him, he claims, in meeting with a goddess, Parmenides distinguishes between an inquiry into what is and an inquiry into what is not. The latter, he says, is impossible. ‘One cannot know that which is not –that is impossible –nor utter it; for it is the same thing that can be thought, that is’. The essence of this somewhat cryptic argument is that in order to think of something which is not –let us say, ‘a unicorn’ for example –one must be thinking of something: there must be some idea present to the mind, presumably the idea of a unicorn. But to think of a unicorn means that the unicorn (or the idea of a unicorn) exists in the mind, and therefore it cannot be truly said that unicorns completely fail to exist. The argument turns principally on two complex issues. 冒頭の ‘One cannot know that which is not –that is impossible’ について 「人はそれが存在していないことを知ることができない。それは不可能である。」という意味ですか?thatは代名詞、whichは関係代名詞ですか? ‘One cannot know that which is not –that is impossible –nor utter it; for it is the same thing that can be thought, that is’. について for it is the same thing that can be thought, that is’.のthat isはthat is impossibleですか? 最後のit cannot be truly said that unicorns completely fail to exist. について fail toは、~し損なう、という意味だと思うのですが、 fail to existで、「存在し損なう」と訳すと意味が取りにくいです。ここのfail to~はどういう意味合いになるのでしょうか? 以下次の英文が続きます。 First, exactly what is meant by ‘exists’ here? What is the difference between existing in the world and existing in the mind? This begins a controversy that will reappear throughout much of the history of philosophy in many different contexts, but most notoriously in Anselm’s ontological argument, some 1500 years later. Second, what are the connections between thoughts, words, and things? If that debate started with Parmenides, it has taxed almost every major thinker ever since, up to and including the seminal works of the twentieth century by philosophers such as Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein and W.V. Quine. よろしくお願いたします。

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回答No.2

that は指示代名詞 which は関係代名詞であっています。 those who で~する人々 この物かつ単数バージョンと思えばいいです。 古い英語で、今風には thing which とか something that とか 結局一語で書けば関係代名詞の what のことです。

r_llwqcxary
質問者

お礼

文法的なところの解説ありがとうございました。 those who~はよく目にします。 この物かつ単数バージョンなんですね。

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回答No.1

. 冒頭の ‘One cannot know that which is not –that is impossible’ について 「人はそれが存在していないことを知ることができない。それは不可能である。」という意味ですか?thatは代名詞、whichは関係代名詞ですか? that は接続詞でthat which is not で名詞句を作っていますね。which は関係代名詞でしょう。 意味は、書かれているとおりです。 ただ、「存在していないこと」と約せるのは、この後の文脈によるもので、この文とその前の > Parmenides distinguishes between an inquiry into what is and an inquiry into what is not. The latter, he says, is impossible. だけからすると、 「人は"~では無い"と言うことを知ることはできない。」と言うことになると思います。前の、 "an inquiry into what is and an inquiry into what is not" も、 「"~である”と言う問いと”~で無い”と言う問い」と言う意味と思います。次のパラグラフで, ユニコーンが存在するしないと言う話が出てくるので、ここの"is" が存在すると訳せることがわかります。 > fail to existで、「存在し損なう」と訳すと意味が取りにくいです。 訳はその通り、「存在し損なう」です。その意味は、 ユニコーンの事を考えた時に(ユニコーンが実在するかしないかに関わらず)少なくとも頭のなかには存在しているので、その意味で完全に存在しないとは言えない。 と言う、チョット禅問答のような話のようです。だから、fail to exist のような、周りっくどい表現をしています。意訳すると、 it cannot be truly said that unicorns completely fail to exist. 「ユニコーンが完全に存在を否定される物とは、真に言う事はできない」 英文が難しいのではなく、書いてある内容が哲学的で難しいのです。

r_llwqcxary
質問者

お礼

内容的に難しいところを解説していただきありがとうございました。 英文を読んでもさっぱりなんだかピンとくる感じではなかったですが、なんとなくそういうことを言ってるんだ、というのが感じ取れた気がします。

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