The Battle of Kitcheners' Wood: A Deadly Gas Attack

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  • The Battle of Kitcheners' Wood was a deadly encounter during World War I.
  • The 10th Battalion of the 2nd Canadian Brigade and the 16th Battalion of the 3rd Brigade launched a counter-attack.
  • The gas attack and subsequent bayonet charge resulted in heavy casualties.
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At the Battle of Kitcheners' Wood, the 10th Battalion of the 2nd Canadian Brigade was ordered to counter-attack in the gap created by the gas attack. They formed up after 11:00 a.m. on 22 April, with the 16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish) of the 3rd Brigade arriving to support the advance. Both battalions attacked with over 800 men, in waves of two companies each, at 11:46 a.m. Without reconnaissance, the battalions ran into obstacles halfway to their objective. Engaged by small-arms fire from the wood, they began an impromptu bayonet charge. The attack cleared the former oak plantation of Germans at a 75-percent casualty rate. The British press were confused by the attack: The Germans set fire to a chemical product of sulphur chloride which they had placed in front of their own trenches, causing a thick yellow cloud to be blown towards the trenches of the French and Belgians. The cloud of smoke advanced like a yellow low wall, overcoming all those who breathed in poisonous fumes. The French were unable to see what they were doing or what was happening. The Germans then charged, driving the bewildered French back past their own trenches. Those who were enveloped by the fumes were not able to see each other half a yard apart. I have seen some of the wounded who were overcome by the sulphur fumes, and they were progressing favourably. The effect of the sulphur appears to be only temporary. The after-effects seem to be a bad swelling of the eyes, but the sight is not damaged. — The Daily Mail (26 April 1915) Dusk was falling when from the German trenches in front of the French line rose that strange green cloud of death. The light north-easterly breeze wafted it toward them, and in a moment death had them by the throat. One cannot blame them that they broke and fled. In the gathering dark of that awful night they fought with the terror, running blindly in the gas-cloud, and dropping with breasts heaving in agony and the slow poison of suffocation mantling their dark faces. Hundreds of them fell and died; others lay helpless, froth upon their agonized lips and their racked bodies powerfully sick, with tearing nausea at short intervals. They too would die later – a slow and lingering death of agony unspeakable. The whole air was tainted with the acrid smell of chlorine that caught at the back of men's throats and filled their mouths with its metallic taste. — Captain Alfred Oliver Pollard, The Memoirs of a VC (1932)

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＞At the Battle of Kitcheners' Wood, the 10th Battalion of the 2nd Canadian Brigade was ordered to counter-attack in the gap created by the gas attack. They formed up after 11:00 a.m. on 22 April, with the 16th Battalion (Canadian Scottish) of the 3rd Brigade arriving to support the advance. Both battalions attacked with over 800 men, in waves of two companies each, at 11:46 a.m. Without reconnaissance, the battalions ran into obstacles halfway to their objective. Engaged by small-arms fire from the wood, they began an impromptu bayonet charge. The attack cleared the former oak plantation of Germans at a 75-percent casualty rate. ⇒「キッチェナーズ・ウッドの戦い」で、第2カナダ旅団の第10大隊は、ガス攻撃によって生じた隙間から反撃するように命じられた。彼らは、4月22日午前11時に、前進を支援するために到着した第3旅団の第16大隊（カナダ・スコットランド隊）をもって一体に編成された。両大隊は午前2時46分に800人以上の兵士をもって攻撃を行ったが、（予備）偵察をしなかったので、目標を目指す途中で障害に遭遇した。森林から小火器による攻撃を受けて、（やむなく）即席で銃剣攻撃を開始した。この攻撃により、それまでのドイツ人のオーク（材用）農園は75％の犠牲者率をもって一掃された。 ＞The British press were confused by the attack: The Germans set fire to a chemical product of sulphur chloride which they had placed in front of their own trenches, causing a thick yellow cloud to be blown towards the trenches of the French and Belgians. The cloud of smoke advanced like a yellow low wall, overcoming all those who breathed in poisonous fumes. The French were unable to see what they were doing or what was happening. ⇒英国のマスコミはこのあたりの攻撃（状況）に困惑した。すなわち、こうである。ドイツ軍は自分たちの塹壕の前に置いていた塩化硫黄の化学製品に火をつけ、厚い黄色い雲をフランス軍とベルギー軍の塹壕に吹き付けた。煙の雲は黄色の低い壁のように進み、有毒な煙を吸い込んだすべての人々を完膚なきまでに痛めつけた。フランス人は、自分が何をしているのか、何が起こっているのかを知ることもできなかった。 ＞The Germans then charged, driving the bewildered French back past their own trenches. Those who were enveloped by the fumes were not able to see each other half a yard apart. I have seen some of the wounded who were overcome by the sulphur fumes, and they were progressing favourably. The effect of the sulphur appears to be only temporary. The after-effects seem to be a bad swelling of the eyes, but the sight is not damaged. 　— The Daily Mail (26 April 1915) ⇒その後、ドイツ軍は突進し、困惑したフランス軍は自分の塹壕に追いやられた。煙に包まれた人たちは、半ヤード離れただけでお互いの顔を見ることもできなかった。私は、硫黄煙にまといつかれた数人の負傷者を見ましたが、彼らは順調に進んでいました。硫黄の影響は一時的なものに過ぎないようです。後遺症は目の腫れのようですが、視力は損なわれません。 　—「デイリーメール（日誌報告文）」（1915年4月26日） ＞Dusk was falling when from the German trenches in front of the French line rose that strange green cloud of death. The light north-easterly breeze wafted it toward them, and in a moment death had them by the throat. One cannot blame them that they broke and fled. In the gathering dark of that awful night they fought with the terror, running blindly in the gas-cloud, and dropping with breasts heaving in agony and the slow poison of suffocation mantling their dark faces. ⇒フランス軍戦線前のドイツ軍塹壕から、奇妙な緑色の死の雲が上がったのは夕暮れ時でした。それは、北東の微風に乗って彼らに向かって漂ってきて、一瞬にして喉から入る死をもたらしたのです。（抵抗の術もなく）崩壊し、逃走したからといって彼らを非難することはできません。ひどい夜の暗闇の深まる中で、彼らは恐怖と戦い、ガス雲の中を闇雲に走り、胸の苦痛でうめき声を発しつつ、徐々に全身を包むような毒による窒息に喘ぎながら崩れ込んでいったのです。 ※この段落、かなり大胆な意訳をしました。誤訳の節はどうぞ悪しからず。 ＞Hundreds of them fell and died; others lay helpless, froth upon their agonized lips and their racked bodies powerfully sick, with tearing nausea at short intervals. They too would die later – a slow and lingering death of agony unspeakable. The whole air was tainted with the acrid smell of chlorine that caught at the back of men's throats and filled their mouths with its metallic taste. 　— Captain Alfred Oliver Pollard, The Memoirs of a VC (1932) ⇒数百人が倒れて死にました。その他の人たちも、力なく横たわり、苦しむ唇に泡を立て、体中に異変を来たしてのたうち回り、短い間隔の吐き気に襲われました。彼らもいずれ死ぬことになってしまうのでしょう ― 言葉では言い表せないような、ゆっくりと長引く苦痛の果ての死です。空気全体が、兵士らの喉の奥にからまった塩素の刺激的な臭いと、口に満たされた金属的な味で、汚染されました。 　—アルフレッド・オリバー・ポラード大尉、「VC（ビクトリア十字章）の回顧録」（1932年）

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