The Second Battle of the Marne: A Decisive Turning Point in World War I

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  • The Second Battle of the Marne, also known as the Battle of Reims, was the final major German offensive on the Western Front during World War I.
  • The attack failed due to an Allied counterattack supported by tanks, which overwhelmed the Germans and inflicted heavy casualties.
  • The German defeat in this battle marked the beginning of the Allies' relentless advance, leading to the Armistice with Germany approximately 100 days later.
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The Second Battle of the Marne (French: Seconde Bataille de la Marne), or Battle of Reims (15 July – 6 August 1918) was the last major German offensive on the Western Front during the First World War. The attack failed when an Allied counterattack, supported by several hundred tanks, overwhelmed the Germans on their right flank, inflicting severe casualties. The German defeat marked the start of the relentless Allied advance which culminated in the Armistice with Germany about 100 days later.Following the failure of the Spring Offensive to end the conflict, Erich Ludendorff, Chief Quartermaster General, believed that an attack through Flanders would give Germany a decisive victory over the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). To shield his intentions and draw Allied troops away from Belgium, Ludendorff planned for a large diversionary attack along the Marne.The battle began on 15 July 1918 when 23 German divisions of the First and Third armies—led by Bruno von Mudra and Karl von Einem—assaulted the French Fourth Army under Henri Gouraud east of Reims (the Fourth Battle of Champagne (French: 4e Bataille de Champagne)). The U.S. 42nd Division was attached to the French Fourth Army. Meanwhile, 17 divisions of the German Seventh Army, under Max von Boehn, aided by the Ninth Army under Johannes von Eben, attacked the French Sixth Army led by Jean Degoutte to the west of Reims (the Battle of the Mountain of Reims (French: Bataille de la Montagne de Reims)). Ludendorff hoped to split the French in two. "German soldiers advancing past a captured French position, between Loivre and Brimont, Marne department, 1918" East of Reims the French Fourth Army had prepared a defense in depth to counter an intense bombardment and infiltrating infantry. Their main line of resistance was four to five km behind the front, beyond the range of the enemy field guns, it was a continuous trench line — to prevent infiltration— dug on a reverse slope so it could not be overlooked by enemy artillery observers on the ground. Between the front and the main line of resistance were two lines of strong points, again mostly on reverse slopes. The French gun line behind the front was lightly manned, but the remaining guns fired frequently, so the Germans did not detect its weakness from rate of firing, although aerial observers did spot a concentration of field guns behind the main line of resistance. The Second Battle of the Marne 第二次マルヌの戦い

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＞The Second Battle of the Marne (French: Seconde Bataille de la Marne), or Battle of Reims (15 July – 6 August 1918) was the last major German offensive on the Western Front during the First World War. The attack failed when an Allied counterattack, supported by several hundred tanks, overwhelmed the Germans on their right flank, inflicting severe casualties. The German defeat marked the start of the relentless Allied advance which culminated in the Armistice with Germany about 100 days later.Following the failure of the Spring Offensive to end the conflict, Erich Ludendorff, Chief Quartermaster General, believed that an attack through Flanders would give Germany a decisive victory over the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). To shield his intentions and draw Allied troops away from Belgium, Ludendorff planned for a large diversionary attack along the Marne. ⇒「第二次マルヌの戦い」または「ランスの戦い」（1918年7月15日～8月6日）は、第一次世界大戦中の西部戦線でドイツ軍による最後の主要攻撃であった。数百の戦車で支えられた連合国軍の反撃によってドイツ軍の右翼が蹂躙され、甚大な死傷者を負って、攻撃は失敗した。このドイツ軍の敗戦は、情け容赦ない連合国軍の進軍の始まりを画し、約100日後にドイツ軍との停戦合意で終結した。紛争を終わらせるための「春攻撃」は失敗したが、それに続き、物資補給係将校長官エーリッヒ・ルーデンドルフ将軍はフランドルへの攻撃は、英国遠征軍（BEF）に対するドイツ軍に決定的勝利をもたらすと信じた。彼の意図を隠しつつ、連合国軍をベルギーから引き離すために、ルーデンドルフはマルヌ川に沿って大規模な反逆攻撃を計画した。 ＞The battle began on 15 July 1918 when 23 German divisions of the First and Third armies—led by Bruno von Mudra and Karl von Einem—assaulted the French Fourth Army under Henri Gouraud east of Reims (the Fourth Battle of Champagne (French: 4e Bataille de Champagne)). The U.S. 42nd Division was attached to the French Fourth Army. Meanwhile, 17 divisions of the German Seventh Army, under Max von Boehn, aided by the Ninth Army under Johannes von Eben, attacked the French Sixth Army led by Jean Degoutte to the west of Reims (the Battle of the Mountain of Reims (French: Bataille de la Montagne de Reims)). Ludendorff hoped to split the French in two.　"German soldiers advancing past a captured French position, between Loivre and Brimont, Marne department, 1918" ⇒戦闘は1918年7月15日に始まり、ドイツ軍第1、第3方面軍の23個師団－それぞれブルーノ・フォン・ムドラ、カール・フォン・アイネムが指揮した－が、ランス東のアンリ・グロード麾下のフランス軍第4方面軍を急襲した（「第四次シャンパンの戦い」）。米国軍第42師団は、フランスの第4方面軍に配属された。一方、マックス・フォン・ベーン麾下のドイツ第7方面軍の17個師団が、ヨハネス・フォン・エベン麾下の第9方面軍の支援を受けて、ジャン・ドグート率いるフランス第6方面軍をランス西に向って攻撃した（「ランス山中の戦い」）。ルーデンドルフはフランス軍を2分することを望んだ。「ドイツ軍は、攻略したマルヌ県のロワヴルとブリモン間のフランス軍陣地を通り過ぎて進軍しつつ（あります）、1918年」 ＞East of Reims the French Fourth Army had prepared a defense in depth to counter an intense bombardment and infiltrating infantry. Their main line of resistance was four to five km behind the front, beyond the range of the enemy field guns, it was a continuous trench line — to prevent infiltration— dug on a reverse slope so it could not be overlooked by enemy artillery observers on the ground. Between the front and the main line of resistance were two lines of strong points, again mostly on reverse slopes. The French gun line behind the front was lightly manned, but the remaining guns fired frequently, so the Germans did not detect its weakness from rate of firing, although aerial observers did spot a concentration of field guns behind the main line of resistance. ⇒ランスの東、フランス軍第4方面軍は、激しい砲撃と侵入する歩兵に対抗するために、奥行きのある防御を準備していた。彼らの主要な抵抗戦線は、敵の野戦砲の射程を超えて、前線の背後4～5キロ地点にあって－敵の砲兵隊観測者によって見渡されることのないように－逆勾配地面に掘られた連続する塹壕からなる戦線であった。前線と主要な抵抗戦線の間には、砦をつなぐ2本の戦線があり、これまたほとんどが逆斜面にあった。前線背後のフランス軍の砲列には要員が少し配備されていたが、別の大砲が頻繁に発砲したので、ドイツ軍航空隊は主要な抵抗戦線背後の大砲群を特定したにもかかわらず、彼らは砲撃の割合・頻度からフランス軍の弱点部分を検出することはできなかった。

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