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For planets to grow in size from their humble beginnings ,they must be continually bombarded by smaller bodies for tens to hundreds of millions of years. すみません、お願いします。
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＞For planets to grow in size from their humble beginnings ,they must be continually bombarded by smaller bodies for tens to hundreds of millions of years. ⇒惑星が、そのちっぽけな大きさから成長するためには、数百万年から数千億年もの間、それより小さい物体の衝突打を絶えず受け続けなければならない。
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- 付帯状況？ 分詞？
お願いします。 次の英文の[ ]の部分は 付帯状況のwithですか？ それとも withの後の名詞は 分詞で修飾されていますか？ For planets to grow in size from their humble beginnings ,they must be continually bombarded by smaller bodies for tens to hundreds of millions of years. This process still happens today: not only do these but these small bodies continue to strike the Earth,[with effects ranging from spectacular fireballs to mass extinction,]but also they continue to bump into each other as well. この過程は、今でも起こっている。これらの小さな物体は地球にあたり続け、 [目を見張るような流星群から大量の絶滅までに至る結果と共に] だけでなくまたお互いにもぶつかり続けている。 解説お願いします。
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But as giant planets such as Jupiter came into existence, the gravitational fields they generated stirred up the smaller bodies. This energy increase made them move likely, if they collided, to break apart than glow, with the result that only the largest protoplanets survived to from planets while the rest were ground down to small fragments.
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Growth of planetesimals to the present planets has been investigated by many authors (for example, Safronov, Weidenschilling, Hayashi et al., Greenberg et al., Matsui and Mizutani and Wetherill). Planetesimals, which rotate around the proto-Sun along nearly Keplerian orbits, repeat gravitational scatterings and collisional coalescences as a result of mutual encounters, and some of them grow to the sizes as large as that of the moon. They are called protoplanets, and continue to grow to the planetary sizes gathering the survived planetesimals.
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In 1684,through computations by Picard,the earth's exact circumference was determined for the first time .Using the French astronomer's data,Newton applied the principle of gravitation to prove that the power which guides the moon around the earth and the planets around the sun is the force of gravity. The force varies directly with the mass of the attracted bodies and inversely as the square of their distances. Newton went on to show that this account for the elliptical orbits of the planets. The pull of graviy kept the moon and planets in their paths,balancing the centrifugal forces of their motions. Again,Newton failed to reveal his phenomenal discovery of nature's greatest secret. As it happened,however,other scientists were engaged in a search for a solution of the same problem. Several astronomer had suggested that the planets were bound to the sun by the force of gravity. Among these was Robert Hooke,Newton's severest and most persistent critic.But none of the theorists had been able to offer mathematical proof.By now Newton had won considerable reputation as a mathematician,and he was visited at Cambridge by the astoronomer Edmund Halley who requested his help.When Halley atated the problem,he learned that it had been solved two years before by Newton .Further,Newton had worked out the principal laws of motion of bodies moving under the force of gravity.Charatecteristically,through,Newton had no intention of publishing his findings.
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In order to understand precisely the formation process of planets it is important to study extensively the two-body encounters between planetesimals taking fully into account the influence of the solar gravity. Some authors have tried to simulate numerically the growth process of N-planetesimals to the present planets, taking into account the influence of the Sun. But before executing the simulation of the N-bodies’ encountering process numerically, it is necessary to know more detailes of the fundamental features of the two-body encounters between Keplerian particles. Furthermore, according to Hayashi, the ratio of the collisional rate to the scattering rate as well as the collisional rate itself is one of the important parameters which determine essentially the time scale of the planetary growth.
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Since the early 18th century, however, the force of the rule of law has fostered standards of living that rose by 20 times in that part of the world that embraced competitive markets. Life expectancy more than doubled. And in the developing countries that have abandoned central planning for markets since the end of the Cold War, hundreds of millions of people have been elevated from subsistence poverty. Other hundreds of millions are now experiencing a level of affluence that people born in developed nations have experienced all their lives.
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How is it possible for all the millions of cells in our growing bodies to go on doing what they do without our being conscious of their working？
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The fact that major theories which involve hundreds of theorems and thousands of deductions about abstractions still cleave as closely to reality as the axioms, speaks for a power of mathematics to represent and predict real phenomena with incredible accuracy.
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"Vertical farming could allow food to be grown locally and sustainably," says Glen Kertz, CEO of Valcent, a tech company based in El Paso, Texas, that's trying out the process. His firm uses hydroponic greenhouse methods to grow upward rather than out. The result saves space--vital in urban areas--and allows farmers to irrigate and fertilize with far less waste. At Valcent's El Paso lab, potted crops grow in rows on clear vertical panels that rotate on a conveyor belt. Moving them gives the plants the precise amount of light and nutrients needed, an optimization that Kertz says lets him grow 15 times as much lettuce per acre as on a normal farm, using 5% of the water that conventional agriculture does. The company aims to finish a commercial-scale facility by early 2009. Despommier's plans are even grander. He has drawn up models for a 30-story, city-block-size vertical farm that would have transparent walls to maximize sunlight and would produce enough food for 50,000 people. "With about 160 of these buildings, you could feed all of New York," he says. His idea has intrigued architects, but Despommier concedes that it would cost hundreds of millions to build a full-scale skyscraper farm. That's the main drawback: construction and energy costs would probably make vertically raised food more costly than traditional crops. At least for now. 引用 “Vertical farming”
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