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Cytokines: Secreted Polypeptides That Regulate Inflammation
- Discover the role of cytokines in regulating inflammation
- Learn about the different types of cytokines and their functions
- Understand the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines
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- 理系の論文英語がうまく訳せません
訳して頂けたら助かります。 Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides forming molecular inclusion complexes with a wide range of hydrophobic molecules. The ability to allocate active molecules into the oligosaccharide hydrophobic core offers several opportunities in drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability optimization (1-3). However, aside from ç-cyclodextrins, which have been used in parenteral drug administration, systemic application of natural cyclodextrins, namely R- and â-cyclodextrins, entails the risk of toxic effects such as hemolysis and nephrotoxicity (4-5). Aimed at reducing the toxicity and enhancing the biopharmaceutical properties of cyclodextrins, semisynthetic derivatives were prepared by introduction of hydroxyalkyl or sulfoalkyl functions or by conjugation to water-soluble polymers (3, 6). Although cyclodextrins possess interesting properties for delivery of therapeutics with high pharmacological activity, low therapeutic index, and poor physicochemical properties, they cannot be used for active drug targeting because they are devoid of any specificity for biological structures. To exploit cyclodextrins as targetable drug delivery systems, the oligosaccharide structure should be properly functionalized with targeting moieties such as peptides, hormones, vitamins, antibody fragments, etc. Folic acid is a vitamin that binds selectively the folate receptor (FR), a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell surface receptor that is overexpressed in many human tumors, including ovarian, endometrial, colorectal, breast, lung, renal, neuroendocrine carcinomas, and brain metastases (7). Upon receptor interaction, the folic acid-FR complex is taken up by cells and moves through many organelles involved in endocytic trafficking, providing for cytosolic disposition (8). The folate receptor mediated endocytosis was largely investigated to expand the therapeutic value of drugs by increasing delivery to the target tissue as well as the target/nontarget tissue ratio. Examples of targetable drug delivery carriers functionalized by folic acid conjugation include radionuclide deferoxamine-folate complexes for radiopharmaceutical imaging, liposome-folate encapsulated drugs, liposome-folate encapsulated polylysine- DNA, cytotoxin-folate conjugates and folic acid decorated nanoparticles (9-13). Recently, we synthesized a new targetable drug delivery system by folic acid conjugation to â-cyclodextrins through a 700 Da poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) spacer arm. Preliminary studies demonstrated that the derivative possesses suitable properties for drug delivery: high solubility, ability to form inclusion complexes with few drug models, and negligible hemolytic activity (14). In the present study the biological and biopharmaceutical properties of the new β-cyclodextrin-PEG-folic acid bioconjugate were investigated. The affinity of the bioconjugate for the immobilized folate binding protein (FBP) and for the cell membrane folate receptor was determined by Biacore and cultured tumor folate receptor overexpressing KB cells, respectively. The ability of the conjugate to be taken up by folate receptor overexpressing and nonexpressing cells was also investigated, and its intracellular localization was determined.
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- 次の英文を日本語にしてください。
Well, I thought language exchange would be fun! I don't know, I guess I thought there were more interesting people on that website. I was wondering why me of all people. Lol Just curious, sorry. この文章と A lunch box with the group "Shonentai" That is how I was first introduced to them. この文章をお願いします。 That is how I was first introduced to them
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- 次の英文を日本語にしてください。
Oh, I am a balance of nice and mean. I am not more nice than mean, I am both これの意味がさっぱり分かりません。よろしくお願いします。
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I might want to try Feung Sui,maybe it can help with my nightmares.You know ○○（人の名前） maybe there is a chance that you could play baseball, life has a crazy way of surprising us! Who knows? May I ask you another question? よろしくお願いします。それからこの英文って文法的に少しおかしいですか？教えてください。
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I think my exams went pretty well. I feel more confident about the one I took on Monday, but either way I'll get my scores back by tomorrow よろしくお願いします。
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- 次の日本語を英文にして下さい。お願いします。
翻訳サイトなどを使うと 変な英文になってしまうので英語に詳しい方、次の日本語を英文にして下さい♪よろしくお願いします。 ハワイは日差しが強いから日焼け止めを塗っていても肌が焼けちゃうかも知れないけれど、俺は適度に焼けている肌の方が好きだよ♪ PS.たしかにハワイに来たばかりの時はまだ肌が白かったね。 これからもハワイでの生活を楽しんでいこう♪ 英語に詳しい方、よろしくお願いします。
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- 次の日本語を英文にして下さい。お願いします。
子どもの事ですが、英悟に詳しい方、次の例１、例２、を英文にして下さい。お手数をかけますがよろしくお願いします。 例１．これから先も笑顔をふりまき、のびのびと元気に明るい子に育ってくれればいいかなと思っているよ。 例２．育児は大変な面もあるけれど、子どもの可愛い笑顔をみると凄く癒されるよ
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