The Nivelle Offensive: A Critical Turning Point in World War I

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  • The Nivelle Offensive, initiated on 16 May, shocked politicians and the public alike.
  • General Pétain replaced Nivelle and adopted a strategy of 'healing and defence'.
  • Pétain's reforms and the capture of strategic positions helped restore French morale.
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The politicians and public were stunned by the chain of events and on 16 May Nivelle was sacked and moved to North Africa. He was replaced by the considerably more cautious Pétain with Foch as chief of the General Staff, who adopted a strategy of "healing and defence" to avoid casualties and to restore morale. Pétain had 40–62 mutineers shot as examples and introduced reforms to improve the welfare of French troops, which had a significant effect in restoring morale. The operations in Champagne on 20 May ended the Nivelle Offensive; on the Aisne and in Champagne, most of the Chemin-des-Dames plateau, particularly the east end which dominated the plain north of the Aisne had been captured. Bois-des-Buttes, Ville-aux-Bois, Bois-des-Boches and the German first and second positions from there to the Aisne had also been captured. South of the river, the Fifth and Tenth armies on the plain near Loivre, had managed to advance west of the Brimont Heights. East of Reims the Fourth Army had captured most of the Moronvilliers massif and Auberive, then advanced along the Suippe, which provided good jumping-off positions for a new offensive.

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＞The politicians and public were stunned by the chain of events and on 16 May Nivelle was sacked and moved to North Africa. He was replaced by the considerably more cautious Pétain with Foch as chief of the General Staff, who adopted a strategy of "healing and defence" to avoid casualties and to restore morale. Pétain had 40–62 mutineers shot as examples and introduced reforms to improve the welfare of French troops, which had a significant effect in restoring morale. ⇒政治家や市民らは、出来事の連鎖によって肝をつぶした。そして、5月16日に、ニヴェーユは解雇されて、北アフリカ方面へ移動となった。参謀幕僚長として、フォッシュとともに、より用心深いペタン将軍に交替させられたのである。そして彼（ペタン）は、犠牲者を避けて士気を元に戻すために、「治癒と防御」の戦略を採用した。ペタン将軍は、40–62人の反逆者を見せしめとして銃殺に処し、フランス軍隊の福祉を改善するための改革を導入した。そしてこれは、士気を元へ戻すのにかなりの効果があった。 ＞The operations in Champagne on 20 May ended the Nivelle Offensive; on the Aisne and in Champagne, most of the Chemin-des-Dames plateau, particularly the east end which dominated the plain north of the Aisne had been captured. Bois-des-Buttes, Ville-aux-Bois, Bois-des-Boches and the German first and second positions from there to the Aisne had also been captured. South of the river, the Fifth and Tenth armies on the plain near Loivre, had managed to advance west of the Brimont Heights. East of Reims the Fourth Army had captured most of the Moronvilliers massif and Auberive, then advanced along the Suippe, which provided good jumping-off positions for a new offensive. ⇒5月20日の、シャンパーニュ地方での作戦行動を機に「ニヴェーユ攻撃」が終った。シャンパーニュ地方のエーンでは、大部分のシュマン・デ・ダム台地、特に、エーン北の平原を見下ろす東端が攻略された。ボワ-デ-ビュート、ヴィユ-オ-ボワ、ボワ-デ-ボッシュ(以上３か所のBois「ボワ」とは、「森林」の意）、およびそこからエーンへかけての、ドイツ軍の第1、第2陣地もまた攻略された。川南の、ロワヴル平原の第5、第10方面軍は、何とかブリモン高所の西へ進むことができた。ランス東の第4方面軍は、大部分のモロンヴィエール高地とオベリヴを攻略し、シュイップに沿って進軍したが、そこは新しい攻撃のために良い発進陣地を提供していた。

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