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クリープ変形の英語資料
クリープ変形の英語資料を読んでいるのですが、 "an isolated pair of kinds"の意味がよくわかりません。 「孤立したペアの種類」になるのでしょうか？ なお、以下の文中の一部です。 where ∆Fp is the Helmholtz free energy of an isolated pair of kinds and is, to a sufficient approximation, the flow stress at 0 K*. An analysis of data (of which Fig. 2.3 is an example) allows p and q to be determined. URLは以下にあります。 http://engineering.dartmouth.edu/defmech/chapter_2.htm#Plasticity limited by a lattice resistance
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POINT LATTICES AND THE UNIT CELL Let’s consider the three-dimensional arrangement of points in Fig.15.This arrangement is called a point lattice. If we take any point in the point lattice it has exactly the same number and arrangement of neighbors(i.e.,identical surroundings) as any other point in the lattice. This condition should be fairly obvious considering our description of long-range order in Sec. 2.1 We can also see from Fig. 15 that it is possible to divide the point lattice into much smaller untils such that when these units are stacked in three dimensions they reproduce the point lattice. This small repeating unit is known as the unit cell of the lattice and is shown in Fig.16 A unit cell may be described by the interrelationship between the lengths(a,b,c) of its sides and the interaxial angles (α,β,γ)between them. (α is the angle between the b and c, axes,β is the angle between the a and c axes, and γ is the angle between the a and b axes.)The actual values of a,b,and c, and α,β and γ are not important, but their interrelation is. The lengths are measured from one corner of the cell, which is taken as the origin. These lengths and angles are called the lattice parameters of the unit cell, or sometimes the lattice constants of the cell. But the latter term is not really appropriate because they are not necessarily constants; for example, they can vary with changes in temperature and pressure and with alloying. [Note: We use a,b and c to indicate the axes of the unit cell; a,b and c for the lattice parameters, and a,b and c for the vectors lying along the unit-cell axes.]
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Fig. 3a and b. An example of recurrent non-collision orbits. The orbit with b=2.4784, e=0, and i=0 is illustrated. To see the orbital behavior near the protoplanet, the central region is enlarged in b; the circle shows the sphere of the two-body approximation and the small one the protoplanet. Fig. 4a and b. Same as Fig. 3 but b=2.341, e=0, and i=0. This is an example of recurrent collision orbits. Fig.5. Minimum separation distance r_min between the protoplanet and a planetesimal in the case of (e, i)=(0, 0). By solid curves, r_min in the first encounter is illustrated as a function of b. The level of protoplanetary radius is shown by a thin dashed line. The collision band in the second encounter orbits around b=2.34 is also shown by dashed curves. Fig. 6. Minimum distance r_min in the chaotic zone near b=1.93 for the case of (e, i)=(0, 0); it changes violently with b. Fig. 7a-c. Contours of minimum separation distance r_min in the first encounter for the case of (e, i)=(1.0, 0.5); b=2.3(a), 2.8(b), and 3.1 (c). Contours are drawn in terms of log_10 (r_min) and the contour interval is 0.5. Regions where r_min>1 are marked by coarse dots. Particles in these regions cannot enter the Hill sphere of the protoplanet. Fine dots denotes regions where r_min is smaller than the radius r_cr of the sphere of the two-body approximation (r_cr=0.03; log_10(r_cr)=-1.52). Fig. 3a and b. および Fig. 4a and b. ↓ http://www.fastpic.jp/images.php?file=3994206860.jpg Fig.5. および Fig. 7a-c. ↓ http://www.fastpic.jp/images.php?file=2041732569.jpg Fig. 6. ↓ http://www.fastpic.jp/images.php?file=2217998690.jpg お手数ですが、よろしくお願いします。
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Lattice type and systematic absences In indexing the powder patterns it has been assumed that all the possible reflections are observed, that is, scattering from each of the different lattice planes is sufficiently intense to contribute to the diffraction profile. This is normally so for a primitive lattice, but for body centred and face centred lattices restrictions occur on the values that h, k and I may take if the reflections are to have any intensity. This results in certain reflections not being observed in the powder diffraction pattern and these are known as systematic absences. The origin of these absences can be illustrated with regard to Fig.2.3. という文章です。できれば翻訳サイト丸々ってのは控えてほしいです。
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英語を訳してください。 the population is already struggling to survive an economic crisis and an inflation of 1,000 per cent, brought about by the policies of their tyrannical leader この文での1,000 per centとはどういう意味で使われてるのかがわかりません。 １００％ではだめなんでしょうか？ AIDSの話で、この段落はジンバブエについてです。 ２行目のtheirはジンバブエの人々のことです。 ※tyrannical 専制的な 訳すときにコンマ以下の文章を the population is already struggling to survive an economic crisis and an inflation of 1,000 per cent のどこに入れたらいいのでしょうか？
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(1)Animals in the wild lead lives of compulsion and necessity within an unforgiving social hierarchy in an environment where the supply of fear is high and the supply of food low and where territory must constantly be defended and parasites forever endured. (2)But such an event is less likely to happen than for a member of our own species,say a shopkeeper with all the usual ties-to family,to friends,to society-to drop everything and walk away from his life with only the space change in his pockets and the clothes on his frame. (3)If human beings,boldest and most intelligent of creatures,will not wander from place to place,why would an animal,which is by temperament far more conservative? (1)～(3)の英文の和訳どなたかよろしくお願いします。
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経済学の教本を読まないといけないのですが、あまり知識がないうえに、選んだ本が苦手な英語で書かれているため、困っています。 以前にもここで質問させていただいたのですが、また分からないところが出てきました。訳でなくても結構です。書かれている内容の意味を知りたいです。 the increased export volumes and decreased volume of imports exactly match the decreased earnings per unt of exports and increased expenditure per unit of imports so that the current balance is unchanged. Approximate elasticities sum to 0.9 which is close to unity. the increased volume of export sales and decreased volume of imports are sufficient to outweigh the price effects so that the current balance improves following a devaluation. Approximate elasticities sum to 1.65 which fulfils the critical Marshall-Lerner condition for a successful devaluation. A more complicated formula can be derived which allows for supply elasticities of exports and imports of less than infinity. Given the assumption of less than infinite supply elasticity conditions and assuming initially balances trade; namely, the balance of payments will improve following a devaluation if この２つの部分がわかりません。Approximate elasticities というのはおおよその弾力性？ということでいいのでしょうか？ 長文をお願いして申し訳ありません。
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POINT LATTICES AND THE UNIT CELL Let’s consider the three-dimensional arrangement of points in Fig.15.This arrangement is called a point lattice. If we take any point in the point lattice it has exactly the same number and arrangement of neighbors(i.e.,identical surroundings) as any other point in the lattice. This condition should be fairly obvious considering our description of long-range order in Sec. 2.1 We can also see from Fig. 15 that it is possible to divide the point lattice into much smaller untils such that when these units are stacked in three dimensions they reproduce the point lattice. This small repeating unit is known as the unit cell of the lattice and is shown in Fig.16 A unit cell may be described by the interrelationship between the lengths(a,b,c) of its sides and the interaxial angles (α,β,γ)between them. (α is the angle between the b and c, axes,β is the angle between the a and c axes, and γ is the angle between the a and b axes.)The actual values of a,b,and c, and α,β and γ are not important, but their interrelation is. The lengths are measured from one corner of the cell, which is taken as the origin. These lengths and angles are called the lattice parameters of the unit cell, or sometimes the lattice constants of the cell. But the latter term is not really appropriate because they are not necessarily constants; for example, they can vary with changes in temperature and pressure and with alloying. [Note: We use a,b and c to indicate the axes of the unit cell; a,b and c for the lattice parameters, and a,b and c for the vectors lying along the unit-cell axes.]
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