全面開示は公衆衛生を守る必要がある
- これらの対立声明は、秘密裡や偏見の申請を事前に手に入れるが、このような行為は核たる問題をあいまいにする可能性がある。
- 医学専門家や製薬産業は信頼を得るために開かれたものにするため主たる政策が行われてきた。一部の研究者は利害関係の全面開示がそれを行うために現在しているもの以上に力を注がなければならず、そしてその関連した契約上の整理を詳細に把握する必要性があると考えている。これらの考えには投資家が出所の公表を禁止したかどうかなどが含まれる。 科学がさらに普遍的になる中、資金源の透明化をしようという願いは世界中で一致した考えとなっている。
- 厳格な基準が存在する場所では、公衆衛生を守ることが必要とされるが、強力で富みのある利益はこれらの基準を衰退させる力を持つ金銭的な誘惑も存在する。このために透明化は望まれるもの以上のものが必要とされ、これは必須であることか過去の歴史が論証しているのだ。
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全面開示(2)
(1)these conflict statements pre-empt allegations of secrecy and bias that could distract from the central issues. これらの対立声明は、秘密裡や偏見の申請を事前に手に入れるが、このような行為は核たる問題をあいまいにする可能性がある。 でいいんでしょうか。 (2)The medical profession and the pharmaceutical industry, to their credit, have taken major steps towards openness. Some researchers think that conflict-of-interest disclosures should go even further than they currently do, and should detail the contractual arrangements involved, such as whether the funder had a veto on publication. In science more generally, there is a broad consensus in favour of transparency about funding sources. 医学専門家や製薬産業は信頼を得るために開かれたものにするため主たる政策が行われてきた。一部の研究者は利害関係の全面開示がそれを行うために現在しているもの以上に力を注がなければならず、そしてその関連した契約上の整理を詳細に把握する必要性があると考えている。これらの考えには投資家が出所の公表を禁止したかどうかなどが含まれる。 科学がさらに普遍的になる中、資金源の透明化をしようという願いは世界中で一致した考えとなっている。 でいいでしょうか。 (3)In areas where tough standards are needed to protect public health, and powerful and wealthy interests have a financial incentive to water down these standards, such transparency is more than desirable — it is essential, and history demonstrates that. 厳格な基準が存在する場所では、公衆衛生を守ることが必要とされるが、強力で富みのある利益はこれらの基準を衰退させる力を持つ金銭的な誘惑も存在する。このために透明化は望まれるもの以上のものが必要とされ、これは必須であることか過去の歴史が論証しているのだ。 と訳しましたがいかがでしょうか。
- ligase
- お礼率92% (997/1082)
- 英語
- 回答数2
- ありがとう数2
- みんなの回答 （2）
- 専門家の回答
質問者が選んだベストアンサー
> 1) these conflict statements pre-empt allegations of secrecy and bias that could distract from the central issues. > これらの対立声明は、秘密裡や偏見の申請を事前に手に入れるが、このような行為は核たる問題をあいまいにする可能性がある。 * pre-empt は 「先手を打つ」 ことであり、「あいまいにする」 のではありません。 [試訳] → こういうふうに利害を明確にしておくことで、秘密主義や偏見のために本来の対象から逸脱してしまうことを防ぐのである。 > (2) The medical profession and the pharmaceutical industry, to their credit, have taken major steps towards openness. Some researchers think that conflict-of-interest disclosures should go even further than they currently do, and should detail the contractual arrangements involved, such as whether the funder had a veto on publication. In science more generally, there is a broad consensus in favour of transparency about funding sources. > 医学専門家や製薬産業は信頼を得るために開かれたものにするため主たる政策が行われてきた。一部の研究者は利害関係の全面開示がそれを行うために現在しているもの以上に力を注がなければならず、そしてその関連した契約上の整理を詳細に把握する必要性があると考えている。これらの考えには投科学がさらに普遍的になる中資家が出所の公表を禁止したかどうかなどが含まれる。科学がさらに普遍的になる中、資金源の透明化をしようという願いは世界中で一致した考えとなっている。 ・ The medical profession and the pharmaceutical industry, to their credit, have taken major steps towards openness. [試訳] → 医学や薬学の世界では、その信頼性を向上させるため、情報開示へ向けた大きな改革が行われた。 ・ Some researchers think that conflict-of-interest disclosures should go even further than they currently do, and should detail the contractual arrangements involved, such as whether the funder had a veto on publication. * 「契約上の整理」 という訳は、ちょっとどうかなぁという気がします。 [試訳] → 調査官の中には、利害関係の開示は現在のそれよりももっと徹底させるべきで、たとえば出資者が開示に対して拒否権を有するかどうかのような、契約の内容に踏み込んだところまで開示すべきだと考えている者もいる。 ・ In science more generally, there is a broad consensus in favour of transparency about funding sources. * 「科学がさらに普遍的になる中」 という訳を拝見すると、少し解釈を誤っておられるのではないかなという気がします。「科学の分野では、より一般的なことだが」 のように generally は副詞として解釈する方が自然だと思います。 [試訳] → 科学研究の分野では、研究への出資源を開示することは当然のこととして、広く受け入れられている。 > (3) In areas where tough standards are needed to protect public health, and powerful and wealthy interests have a financial incentive to water down these standards, such transparency is more than desirable — it is essential, and history demonstrates that. > 厳格な基準が存在する場所では、公衆衛生を守ることが必要とされるが、強力で富みのある利益はこれらの基準を衰退させる力を持つ金銭的な誘惑も存在する。このために透明化は望まれるもの以上のものが必要とされ、これは必須であることか過去の歴史が論証しているのだ。 * 「公衆衛生を守ることが必要とされる」 のではなくて、「公衆衛生を守るために ・・・ が必要とされる」 とする方が原文に忠実だと思います。主語は tough standards なので。 * 途中にカンマがあるものの、In areas where ... がカバーしている範囲は、tough standatds ... these standards までだと思います。かなり広いです。 * water down は 「水を加える」 わけですから 「水で薄める」 こと、比喩的に 「効力を弱める」 のような意味合いを出します。 [試訳] → 公衆衛生を保護するために厳格な基準が必要とされ、それらの規制を緩和させようとする権力や資本側からの干渉がある分野においては、そういう情報開示という形での透明性がより望まれる -- それは必須のものであり、歴史がそれを実証している。 * ぶっつけの訳なので読みにくいかもしれませんが、参考にしていただければ幸いです。
その他の回答 (1)
>(1)these conflict statements pre-empt allegations of secrecy and bias that could distract from the central issues. >これらの対立声明は、秘密裡や偏見の申請を事前に手に入れるが、このような行為は核たる問題をあいまいにする可能性がある。 「このような（利害）相反表明は、大事な論点を逸らすような、隠ぺいされ偏向した（根拠薄弱な）申し立てを阻むのである。」 このpre-emptは文脈から考えて「阻止する」でしょう。 >(2)The medical profession and the pharmaceutical industry, to their credit, have taken major steps towards openness. Some researchers think that conflict-of-interest disclosures should go even further than they currently do, and should detail the contractual arrangements involved, such as whether the funder had a veto on publication. In science more generally, there is a broad consensus in favour of transparency about funding sources. >医学専門家や製薬産業は信頼を得るために開かれたものにするため主たる政策が行われてきた。一部の研究者は利害関係の全面開示がそれを行うために現在しているもの以上に力を注がなければならず、そしてその関連した契約上の整理を詳細に把握する必要性があると考えている。これらの考えには投資家が出所の公表を禁止したかどうかなどが含まれる。 >科学がさらに普遍的になる中、資金源の透明化をしようという願いは世界中で一致した考えとなっている。 意味が正確に訳されていて、いいと思います。別訳例も提示してみます。 「医療専門家や製薬業界は、その名誉にかけて、開放性（重視）へと大きく歩み出している。研究者の中には、利害相反事項の開示が現行よりも推し進められるべきであり、資金提供者が（利害相反明示のある研究）公表に拒否権を持つか否かなどを含めて、契約条件の整備を詳述すべきだとも考える者もいる。科学界においてはさらに普遍的に、資金源について透明性を求めるコンセンサスが広く存在する。」 >(3)In areas where tough standards are needed to protect public health, and powerful and wealthy interests have a financial incentive to water down these standards, such transparency is more than desirable — it is essential, and history demonstrates that. >厳格な基準が存在する場所では、公衆衛生を守ることが必要とされるが、強力で富みのある利益はこれらの基準を衰退させる力を持つ金銭的な誘惑も存在する。このために透明化は望まれるもの以上のものが必要とされ、これは必須であることか過去の歴史が論証しているのだ。 「公衆衛生を守る必要があり、かつ、強力で大きな利益となる報奨金の存在が対立要素となるような場合、業界や学界には、強固な基準が必要とされる。こうした透明性は望ましいどころの話ではない。本質的に必要とされるものであり、それは歴史が証明しているのだ。」 厳格な基準が先にあるではなく、利害関係が深刻なので、厳格な基準が必要とされるということのようです。 follow the moneyというドキュメンタリー由来の表現が最初と最後に使われていますが、「お金に付き従う」（汚職等）と「お金の使い道を追う」（汚職の摘発等）のダブルミーニングであるようです。こうした多義性がいくつも使われており、大変に訳しにくい記事になっているようです。 私ごときではどうやっても、原文の一部の意味しか訳出できませんでした。大変申し訳ありません。
お礼
pre-emptの訳のご指導ならび語彙の説明大変うれしく存じます。 手前で雇うという意味合いから 歯止めをかけるような意味で阻止するという動詞で利用するんですね。 また、今回もご指導を頂きました要点をノートしました。 いつもありがとうございます。
関連するQ&A
- 全面開示(1)
6.Mar.2014のthis weekです。 (1)Regulatory agencies must demand conflict-of-interest statements for the research they use. 規制団体は彼らの研究に用いられる資金の利害関係の記述を要求すべきだ と訳しましたがconflict of interest statements の訳をどういうふうにすればよろしいでしょうか。 資金繰りがあいまいだったり不正な行為によって研究そのものが破綻してしまう可能性があることを危惧する文章でした。 言いたいことはわかるのですが。。。このパートの訳が漠然過ぎるものになってしまいました。 (2)The problem is not limited to climate change, which is only the most high-profile example at present. この手前で、政府の立案による科学研究の選択的な投資は暗く陰気なビジネスになりがちであり、特に環境問題の場合などではビックビジネスを行うことへの手助けかあるいは汚染した環境で困っている子供たちへの手助けになるものかが環境問題の立案では非常に難しいところがあるということを言ったのち、この文章が続きます。 この問題は天候の変化に制限されず、今日のもっとも特異的な例として存在する。 と訳しましたが、意味がわからない訳になってしまいました。 ちなみに手前の文章が The selective promotion of scientific research to steer policy-making is a murkier business altogether — particularly in environmental policy-making, in which the battle for the ear of the piper between big business and the ‘little guy’, who is often affected by pollution or hazardous substances, is so asymmetric.です。 (3)As part of a consultation on tougher regulation of silica exposure, OSHA asked that people submitting scientific comments to the agency should declare financial conflicts of interest. According to Michaels, this might be the first time that any federal agency has made such a request.But even though this is a request and not a requirement, it has not gone down well in all quarters. シリカの暴露における厳格な規制の専門家への相談の一環として、職業安全健康局(OSHA)は当局へ科学的な意見を提出している人々へ金融的な利害関係を公表すべきかどうかをマイケルへ尋ねた。マイケルによるとこの問題はこのような問題を抱えている連邦機関の中でも初めてのケースであると述べている。しかしこの問題は請求であり要求ではないが、全面的に認められるものではない。 と訳しましたが何が言いたいのかわかりませんでした。 マイケルという人物は企業などの資金提供や研究が一部の利害に偏ってインサイダーなどの問題などになり得ないかどうかを精査する人間で、資金源の調達などの管理機構などをチェックしている人物らしいです。そしてこのOSHAはそもそも彼によって昔、非難された企業の一つであり、今回マイケルに助けを求めてきた企業であるそうなのですが、この文章の訳が理解できなかったので企業が何に対して困っているのかわからずじまいでした。
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- 英語
- 難関大学の英語の和訳
以下の文の解説と和訳お願いします。 it would be idle to deny that the development of the law of contract in most legal systems, and certainly in English law, has been influenced by considerable number of factors but it is probably exaggeration to say that two of these factors have been of far greater importance than any others. these are the moral and the economic or business factor. Although one of the first lessons which a law student must learn is that law and morality are distinct, it is none the less true that the law reflects to a considerable extent the moral standards of the community in which it operates. ここまで読んでいただきありがとうございました。
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- 英語
- 以下の英文の和訳をお願いします。
Indeed, such is the demand to learn language that are now more students of English in China than there are people in the United States.
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- 英語
- 和訳をして、空欄を埋めてください。
I A story is not merely an image of life, but of life in motion -- specifically, the presentation of individual characters moving through their particular experiences to some end that we may accept as meaningful. And the experience that is characteristically presented in a story is that of facing a problem, a conflict. To put it bluntly: no conflict, no story. II It is no wonder that conflict should be at the center of fiction, for conflict is at the center of life.But why should we, when we have the contrast and often painful experience of conflict in life, and yearn for inner peace, turn to fiction, which centers on conflict?The fact is that our attitude toward conflict is difficult to understand.If we do find a totally satisfactory adjustment in life we tend to sink into boredom.Only when our surroundings - or we ourselves - become problematic again do we wake up and feel that rush of energy which is life.And life more abundantly lives is what we seek. III So, even at the same time as we yearn for peace, we also yearn for the problematic.Explorers, sportspersons, gamblers, children playing hide-and-seek, teenage boys choosing up sides for a game of baseball, spectators cheering in a stadium - we all, in fact, seek out or create problematic situations of greater or lesser intensity.Such situations give us sense of heightened energy, a stronger sense of life.And fiction, too, gives us that heightened awareness of life, with all the fresh opportunity to release the rich emotional charge - tears, laughter, tenderness, sympathy, hate, love, and irony - that is stored up in us and can make us feel (5) with the accustomed.Furthermore, this heightened awareness ban be more fully enjoyed in fiction, because what in actually would be the threat of the problematic is here restricted to mere imagination, and because some kind of resolution of the problem is promised. (5) 1.bored 2.satisfied 3.disappointed 4.frustrated IV The story promises us a resolution, and we wait in suspense to learn how things will come out.We are in suspense, not only about what will happen, but even more about what the event will mean.We are in suspense about the story we are reading because weare in suspense about another story far closer and more important to us - the story of our own lives as we live them.We do not yet know how that story is going to come out. We do not yet know what it will mean. So, in that deep uncertainty about our own lives, which will be echoed in the suspense we feel about the story in fiction, we turn to fiction for some hint about the stories in the lives we live.The relation of our own lives to fictional lives is what, in a fundamental sense, attracts us to fiction.
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- 英語
- 和訳をお願いします
和訳をお願いします 長くなってすみません(>_<) Weapons of war are cruel. Yet, some weapons cause more destruction than others. These weapons are seen by the international community as being so "inhumane" that they should be banned. The cluster bomb is one of these weapons. A cluster bomb is a bomb that contains many smaller bombs known as "bomblets. " Some cluster bombs carry more than two hundred of them. When these bombs are dropped from planes on cities with large populations, damage during attacks and afterwards can be frightening. Some of the bomblets are set not to explode as soon as they hit the ground. The bomblets set the cities afire and those left unexploded can cause damage long after a conflict has ended. What makes cluster bombs especially cruel is that a lot of civilians, including children, are the victims of unexploded bomblets. A child runs into one of them by accident, mistakes it for a toy or food and touches it. Then, "Boom!" it goes off. In rural areas, the bomblets sleeping in farmland make it impossible for farmers to grow their crops, and this can lead to hunger and even starvation. Something has to be done as soon as possible, or people will continues to suffer. From the 1970s to the 1990s, cluster bombs were produced by 34 countries and used in 23 places of conflict. There is, however, a brighter side to the story. In 2009, a total of 98 nations signed an international treaty to ban cluster bombs. This may be a stepping-stone to a total ban not only on cluster bombs but also on all kinds of weapons of war. Let' s get rid of these weapons, and the world will be a more peaceful place to live. [語注] inhumane 非人道的な cluster bomb クラスター爆弾 set～afire ～に火をつける conflict 紛争 civilian 民間人 rural 農村の treaty 条約 stepping-stone 足がかり
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- 英語
- 次の英文を大至急訳してください
Sandra is a slender lady who can eat as much as she likes without having to exercise like a fiend. She is in a shrinking minority of people who follow a Western lifestyle. The norm is to be fat. In most of Western Europe and the United States more than half the adults are overnight. What, then, explains the ability of Sandra and others like her to stay thin in such an environment? The answer is complex and not the same for everyone. Apart from upbringing and environment, scientists are discovering that genes and biology are more important than previously believed.
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- 英語
- 英文についての質問です。
Most of us hide behind egocentric biases that generate the illusion that we are special. These self-serving protective shields allows us to believe that each of us is above average on any test of self-integrity. Too often we look to the stars through the thick lens of personal invulnerability when we should also look down to the slippery slope beneath our feet. Such egocentric biases are more commonly found in societies that foster independent orientations, such as Euro-American cultures, and less so in collectivist-oriented societies, such as in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. (The Lucifer Effect by P.Zimbardo) 意味がよくわからないところを教えてください。 1） Too often we look to the stars through the thick lens of personal invulnerability when we should also look down to the slippery slope beneath our feet. あまりにもしばしば、私たちがまた足もとでよく滑る斜面を見下ろすべきとき、私たちは個人の打ち破れない厚いレンズを通して星を見ます？ 比喩的に表現していると思うのですが、内容が掴みにくいです。 どういうことを言っているのでしょうか？ また、shouldはどのような用法で使われているのでしょうか？「～すべき」の意味ですか？ beneath our feet・・・足もとで？ 2）Such egocentric biases are more commonly found in societies that foster independent orientations, such as Euro-American cultures, and less so in collectivist-oriented societies, such as in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. この英文の中のless so in collectivist-oriented～の"so"はegocentric biasesを指しているのでしょうか？ よろしくお願いいたします。
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- 英語
- 英語が得意な方おられますか？日本語訳お願いします！
英語が得意な方おられますか？至急日本語訳にして頂きたい英文があります。長文ですみません。宜しくお願いします。 In New Zealand there has been considerable discussion about whether a Maori dialect of English exists.Many people assert firmly that there is such a variety,but there is little evidence so far of linguistic features which occur only in the speech of Maori people.The alternation between [d] and [ð] at the beginning of words like the and then,which is indicated in example 7,for instance,is by no means confined to the speech of Maori people.Greeting like kia ora,and vocabulary items like tangi('funeral') ,illustrated in example 2,are used by Pakeha(New Zealanders of European origin)as well as Maori in New Zealand.However,in general,Maori people use Maori words more frequently in their speech than Pakeha people do.The word kuia in example 7 illustrates this.Kuia is a Maori word meaning 'old woman',which is widely known in New Zealand.Nevertheless,its occurrence in the child's story suggests the speaker is more likely to be Maori than Pakeha. There are also grammatical features which occur more frequently in Maori people's speech.In a study of 8-year- old children's speech,vernacular verb forms(such as walk for walked)occurred more often in the speech of the Maori children than the Pakeha.There were also some distinctive uses of verbs,such as went and,which seemed to be used as a narrative past tense marker by the Maori children,as illustrated in example 7.A comparison of the speech of a small group of New Zealand women also found that the Maori women were more likely to use vernacular past tense forms of some verbs,as illustrated in sentences (a) and (b) in example 8.Moreover,Maori women were more likely than Pakeha to use present tense forms with s as in (c) and (d),and much more likely to omit have,as in (e) and (f).
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- 英語
- この英文を和訳してほしいです。
There is some evidence that these improvements in the characteristics of elders have resulted in more positive views of aging. Tibbitts claimed that during the past 30 to 40 years, U.S. society has moved from holding negative stereotypes of old people to holding positive views in which elders are seen as being able to contribute to the quality of life for themselves, their communities, and society as a whole. Schonfield even argued that the assumption of negative attitudes toward old people is a "social myth" perpetuated by the gerontological literature. We will be examining these attitudes in derail in Chapter 2, but there does appear to be a substantial shift from negative to positive attitudes. The improvements in the physical, mental,social, and economic characteristics of elders have been so marked, and there have been so many programs and services developed for elders only, that many have begun to criticize these programs as discrimination in favor of the aged, or positive ageism. We will be discussing examples of positive ageism throughout this book; but the ones that have drawn most criticism so far are the Medicare program and some features of the Social Security System, such as the automatic cost of living increases in benefits and the tax-exemption of Social Security benefits for most elders. Perhaps these programs have been criticized the most because they involve the most money. Critics are beginning to argue that since elders are no longer deprived economically and since they are now much better off mentally, physically, and socially than they were in the past, it is no longer necessary or fair to continue the enormous expense of these special supports and programs available only to elders. Some argue that the way to reduce positive ageism is to make these supports and programs available to all ages on the basis of need. For example, they recommend that the national health insurance, which only elders now enjoy, be extended to all ages. It is clear that positive ageism is becoming an important issue and promises to become even more important as we are faced with more older people and more expensive programs for "seniors only."
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- 英語
- この英文を和訳して欲しいです。
Age stratification is the system that classifies people by their age. All societies stratify their members by age (as well as by sex and socioeconomic status, and often by race). In all these stratification systems, there is an implicit or explicit ranking from higher to lower strata. In gerontocratic societies, the old have the highest status and the youngest have the lowest. In our society, the middle-aged tend to have the most power and prestige, while children have the least. The old abd young tend to ve in between, and whether the old or the young are higher than the older depends on which dimension is involved. In terms of income elders tend to rank higher than the young. In terms of sports and entertainment the young tend to rank higher. Such ranking of individuals on the basis of their age is a form of ageism that accompanies stratification systems. Age norms are the expectations about the proper or normal behaviors, obligations, and privileges for the age strata or life stages. For example, children are expected to go to school, have theobligation to obey parents, and the privilege of being supported by their parents. In contrast, elders are expected to retire, have the obligation to take care of their health and assets, and the privilege of being supported by Social Security benefits. The extent to which such age norms are based are prejudicial or not; and whether the expectations are realistic and appropriate or not. Age conflict is an extreme form of ageism in which two or more age strata conflict with each other. Some age conflict probably occurs in all societies and may be an inevitable result of their age stratification. Like other forms of social conflict, age conflicts involve struggles over scarce resources or over values. Age inequalities are a major source of age conflicts. Struggles occur when the disadvantaged age group make claims for more power or other goods while the more advantaged seek to protect their privileges. However, Such conflicts tend to be confined to particular institutions like the family or the workplace, rather than becoming societywide. There are many factors that tend to check sharp age conflicts, such as the legitimation of age inequalities by various stereotypes, the fear of painful consequences from those in power, ties of affection or obligation, and social separation of age groups. The amount of age conflict in our society has sometimes been exaggerated. There is little disagreement between the generations about the Social Security system or other programs for elders. Similarly, there is general agreement between generations about our basic value system, There is little difference between generations in voting behavior.
- ベストアンサー
- 英語
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