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以下の文の解説と和訳お願いします。 it would be idle to deny that the development of the law of contract in most legal systems, and certainly in English law, has been influenced by considerable number of factors but it is probably exaggeration to say that two of these factors have been of far greater importance than any others. these are the moral and the economic or business factor. Although one of the first lessons which a law student must learn is that law and morality are distinct, it is none the less true that the law reflects to a considerable extent the moral standards of the community in which it operates. ここまで読んでいただきありがとうございました。
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> it would be idle to deny that the development of the law of contract in most legal systems, and certainly in English law, has been influenced by considerable number of factors but it is probably exaggeration to say that two of these factors have been of far greater importance than any others. these are the moral and the economic or business factor. 前半と後半が but でつながれています。それぞれを独立した文として読めばいいです。 前半 → it would be idle to deny that [the development of the law of contract in most legal systems, and certainly in English law,] has been influenced by [considerable number of factors] It would be idle to deny that ... という文。「・・・ であることを否定するのは意味のないことだろう」 という文。idle の意味がいろいろあり得るが、すぐに決めてしまう必要はない。後ろを見てから考えればいい。 後ろは、A has been influenced by B. という文が骨格。「A は B によって影響を受けてきた」 で、A は最初の [ ] の中で、B は次の [ ] の中。 in most legal systems, and certainly in English law の部分に惑わされそうだが、「certainly in English law も most legal system の一部である」 という意味で併置しているだけのこと。面倒なら (and certainly in English law) として、とりあえずそこは無視して解釈してもいい。 ・前半訳 → 英国法を含む大部分の法体系における契約法の発展は、かなり多いろいろな要素の影響を受けている (ことの結果である) ということを否定するのはやり過ぎということになるが、・・・ 後半 → but it is probably exaggeration to say that two of these factors have been of far greater importance than any others. these are the moral and the economic or business factor ここもまず it is probably exaggeration to say that ... という形なので、基本的に上と同じようなものです。「・・・ であるとするのは、おそらくは言い過ぎであろう」 ・後半訳 → しかしこれら２つの要素が他の要素よりもはるかに重要性が勝るといえば言い過ぎだろう、これらの要素とは倫理的な要素と、経済的もしくは実務的な要素である。 > Although one of the first lessons which a law student must learn is that law and morality are distinct, it is none the less true that the law reflects (to a considerable extent) the moral standards of the community in which it operates. Although A, B (A ではあるけれども、B なのである) という形の文。 the law reflects the moral standards ... とつながっているということに注意。だから (to a considerable extent) の部分は単なる挿入に過ぎません。 ・訳 → 法学生が初めに学ぶ第1過程の１つは法と道徳とは別個のものであるということではあるが、法はそれが施行されている社会の道徳基準をある程度は反映しているということも、それなりに正しいといえる。
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- 難関英語です（その１）
いくつかの質問に分けて投稿させていただいています。 今回の文は、 There are encouraging indications that the global community is poised to put decades of inaction behind it and address the carbon-dioxide emissions that have been driving air and ocean temperatures relentlessly upward. この文の日本語訳をお願いします。 また、is poised to put decades of inaction behind it とはどういうことでしょうか？よろしくお願いします。
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Poverty means not having enough resources to get basic things and services such as food, water, health care and education. There are many factors that cause poverty. Economic inequality, a dry climate, and low levels of education are some of the main factors. It is a big problem around the world. Every day, about 25000 people die of hunger or diseases caused by hunger. Many developed nations give financial aid or food to developing nations to help them fight poverty. For years, this has been the standard type of help given to them. But these developing nations haven't really gotten rid of poverty. The reason is because such assistance is short-term and not very effective. Once the money or food runs out, developing nations go back to the same poor conditions they were in before they received the help. What is necessary, therefore, is to teach these people how to survice in the long term.
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There is some evidence that these improvements in the characteristics of elders have resulted in more positive views of aging. Tibbitts claimed that during the past 30 to 40 years, U.S. society has moved from holding negative stereotypes of old people to holding positive views in which elders are seen as being able to contribute to the quality of life for themselves, their communities, and society as a whole. Schonfield even argued that the assumption of negative attitudes toward old people is a "social myth" perpetuated by the gerontological literature. We will be examining these attitudes in derail in Chapter 2, but there does appear to be a substantial shift from negative to positive attitudes. The improvements in the physical, mental,social, and economic characteristics of elders have been so marked, and there have been so many programs and services developed for elders only, that many have begun to criticize these programs as discrimination in favor of the aged, or positive ageism. We will be discussing examples of positive ageism throughout this book; but the ones that have drawn most criticism so far are the Medicare program and some features of the Social Security System, such as the automatic cost of living increases in benefits and the tax-exemption of Social Security benefits for most elders. Perhaps these programs have been criticized the most because they involve the most money. Critics are beginning to argue that since elders are no longer deprived economically and since they are now much better off mentally, physically, and socially than they were in the past, it is no longer necessary or fair to continue the enormous expense of these special supports and programs available only to elders. Some argue that the way to reduce positive ageism is to make these supports and programs available to all ages on the basis of need. For example, they recommend that the national health insurance, which only elders now enjoy, be extended to all ages. It is clear that positive ageism is becoming an important issue and promises to become even more important as we are faced with more older people and more expensive programs for "seniors only."
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The unique contribution of the twelfth century to the arts was stained glass, which, like cloisonne enamel, the technique of which it resembles, was begun at Con stantinople and developd in western Europe. It is important to realize that the glass was stained, dyed, in the making, that the colour per-meates the glass, and that only painting, at least in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, was with an opaque brown enamel used for drawing faces, drapery folds, and other detail. As glass could be made only in small pieces, these were ioined by strips of lead, a soft and heavy material that had to be supported by iron bars across the opening in which the win-dow was to be inserted. Obviously these bars could not be ignored in the design, which had either to be made big enough to be independent of them, or small enough to fit into one unit of the frame. At Canterbury the first method was adopted in the majestic figures of the clerestory windows, the second in the aisles, where the detail could easily be seen : Noah in his Ark, for example, which served as a type for the Baptism of Jesus in a neighbouring medallion. Against a dark blue sky Noah is releasing the dove from a window at the top of the Ark, a multi-coloured, three-storied structure with Ro-manesque columns and arches, against the stability of which the writhing ridges of blue, green, and white-capped waves are powerless.
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次の文章の和訳をお願いできないでしょうか？経済について書かれた文章なのですが、翻訳機能を利用して和訳をしてみてもいまいち意味が理解できません。どなたか和訳をお願いします。 Another problem concerning both the competitiveness of Greek capitalism as well as other aspects of the programme is the relatively weak disinflation of the Greek economy . The strategy of export-oriented economy requires the competitive disinflation of the Greek economy . That is the general decline of prices so that the Greek products can become more competitive abroad . However , while wages have been brutally 'deflated' selling prices either are not dropping or are falling very slowly . It is characteristic that only in the third quarter of 2013 appeared a weak reduction in the general price level . This is another failure of the EAPs . The main reason for this inadequate disinflation is that Greek capital (particularly in sectors related to the mass consumption of the population ) organises monopolistic and oligopolistic situations in order to keep its profitability or even to increase it by exploiting the reduction of wages which it does not pass on to prices . Some other factors , on which the designers of the Memoranda strategy also place some hopes , can be described as ' windfall gains ' . The most important of these factors is tourism , finding and exploiting natural resources and foreign investment . Foreign investment is also associated to the export-led growth strategy . To the extent that they will arise such 'windfall gains ' , it is hoped that they will help to alleviate the pressure of debt and facilitate the structural transformation of the economy . Nevertheless these factors are extremely unstable and dubious . Tourism depends crucially on the international political and economic environment . A global recession ( or a recession in basic tourist countries ) and events like a military adventure in the Mediterranean can very easily exert a negative effect on tourism . Accordingly , even if confirmed the projected natural resources reserves will require some time before production is commenced . Finally , as regards foreign investment the experience of the privatisation programme is very enlightening .
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Our earth then is but one of the lesser pendants of a body[a body=the sun]which is itself only an inconsiderable unit in the vast creation.And now if we withdraw our thoughts for the immensities of space and look into the construction of man's obscure home,the first question is whether it has ever been in any other condition than that in which we now see it,and if so,what are the stages through which it has passed,and what was its first traceable state. Here geology steps in and successfully carriers back the history of earth's crust to a very remote period,until it arrives at a region of uncertainty,where philosophy is reduced to mere guesses and possibilities and pronounces nothing definite. To this region belong the speculation which have been ventured upon as to the original conccretion of the earth and planets our of nebular matter of which the sun may have been the nucles.
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This is because plants support various living things in the environment. At present, there are 25 regions in the world that have been classified as hot spots. Together, the combined land area of these regions dose not exceed 1.4% of the total land area of the earth, but over 60% of the earth’s land creatures are distributed in these regions. However, 70% of the original plant life in these regions has been lost. Furthermore, in the areas where species are declining, it has been reported that more than 90% of the original species have disappeared. Japan is a country with many forests and 67% of the land area of the country consists of forests.
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Now, in answer to this objection, I have only to say that no one can have a more lively appreciation than myself of the supreme importance of experimental or historical veri fication, in all cases where the possibility of such verification is attainable. But in cases where such verification is not attainable, what are we to do ? We may clearly do either of two things. We may either neglect to investigate the sub ject at all, or we may Jo our best to investigate it by employ ing the only means of .investigation which are at our disposal. Of these two courses there can be no doubt which is the one that the scientific spirit prompts. The true scientific spirit desires to examine everything, and if in any case it is refused the best class of instruments wherewith to conduct the examination, it will adopt the next best that are available. In such cases science clearly cannot be forwarded by neglect ing to use these instruments, while her cause may be greatly advanced by using them with care. This is proved by the fict that, in the science of psychology, nearly all the con siderable advances which have been made, have been made, not by experiment, but by observing mental phenomena and reasoning from these phenomena deductively. In such cases, therefore, the true scientific spirit prompts us, not to throw away deductive reasoning where it is so frequently the onlyinstrument available, but rather to cany it with us, and to use it as not abusing it.
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The task which sundry modern writers have imposed upon themselves is to prove, that the Mosaic narrative, however apparently at variance with our knowledge, is essentially, and in fact true, although never understood properly until modern science supplied the necessary commentary and explanation. Two modes of conciliation have been propounded which have enjoyed considerable popularity, and to these two we shall confine our attention. The first is that originally brought into vogue by Chalmers and adopted by the late Dr. Buckland in his Bridgewater Treatise, and which is probably still received by many as a sufficient solution of all difficulties. Dr. Buckland's treatment of the case may be taken as a fair specimen of the line of argument adopted, and it shall be given in his own words.
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Lattice type and systematic absences In indexing the powder patterns it has been assumed that all the possible reflections are observed, that is, scattering from each of the different lattice planes is sufficiently intense to contribute to the diffraction profile. This is normally so for a primitive lattice, but for body centred and face centred lattices restrictions occur on the values that h, k and I may take if the reflections are to have any intensity. This results in certain reflections not being observed in the powder diffraction pattern and these are known as systematic absences. The origin of these absences can be illustrated with regard to Fig.2.3. という文章です。できれば翻訳サイト丸々ってのは控えてほしいです。
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