Sun's Light Spectrum and its Effects on Earth's Atmosphere and Life
- Stars, including our own sun, emit energies covering a range of wavelengths of the EM spectrum.
- Our sun emits more photons in the visible light and surrounding regions than in any other part of the EM spectrum.
- The sun’s spectrum contains very little light with wavelengths shorter than about 300 nm (i.e., photon energy greater than about 4 eV). The Earth’s atmosphere protects us from the higher-energy forms of light, such as ultraviolet rays.
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以下の文なのですが、訳せる方いらっしゃいましたらお願いします。 Stars, including our own sun, emit energies covering a range of wavelengths of the EM spectrum. However, different types of stars produce differing amounts of energy in each region of the spectrum. Our sun emits more photons in the visible light and surrounding regions than in any other part of the EM spectrum. This phenomenon may be why our eyes have evolved to see that part of the EM spectrum and not microwaves, gamma rays, or any of the other wavelengths that are emitted at lower intensities by our sun. Figure 9 includes a spectrum of the sun’s light that reaches Earth’s upper atmosphere. Notice the peak region is from 400 to 700 nanometers (nm), which is the visible range of the spectrum. Also note that there is a large number of photons through most of the infrared region of the spectrum (700 to 10,000 nm). At the higher-energy, shorter-wavelength end of the spectrum, the number of photons drops off dramatically. The sun’s spectrum contains very little light with wavelengths shorter than about 300 nm (i.e., photon energy greater than about 4 eV). The Earth’s atmosphere protects us from the higher-energy forms of light, such as ultraviolet rays. In fact, the existence of life on Earth would be far less likely if these more damaging forms of energy were more abundant. The terrestrial spectrum in Fig. 9 describes the light that actually reaches the Earth’s surface after passing through the atmosphere. Notice that there are various wavelengths in which the number of photons is greatly reduced as compared to the space solar spectrum. This difference is due to photons being absorbed by atmospheric gases, the best known being ozone (O3), which absorbs higher-energy (lower-wavelength) ultraviolet light below 400 nm. Photons with wavelengths near 900, 1100, and 1400 nm are absorbed by water vapor in the atmosphere. 以上です。自分でできれば良いのですが・・・
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太陽を含んだすべての星は電磁スペクトル（※1）の波長域すべてに行き届くエネルギーを放出します。 しかしながら星の違いにより、それぞれの領域におけるエネルギー量もまた様々です。 太陽は電磁スペクトルのどの部分よりも可視光およびその周りの領域（※2）により多くの光の粒子（※3）を放出します。 私たちがなぜ、その部分（可視光）は見られてもマイクロ波、ガンマ線など太陽から放出されるより弱い強さの他の波長を見られないのかはおそらくこの現象の為です。 図9では、地球の上層大気圏に到達する太陽光のスペクトルをも示しています。 （図の）一番盛り上がった部分（※4）、400～700ナノメートルの間が可視領域であることに注目してください。 また、赤外線領域（700～10,000ナノメートル）のほとんどにもっとも多数のフォトンが存在していることにも注目してください。スペクトルの端ではより高エネルギーで波長は短くなり、フォトンの数は劇的に減ります。 太陽のスペクトルは300ナノメートルよりも短い波長の非常にわずかな光も含んでいます（例えば、4電子ボルト（※5）よりも大きいフォトンエネルギーなど）。 地球の大気圏は紫外線のような高いエネルギーを持つ光から私たちを守ってくれます。事実、こういったより（人間にとって）危険なエネルギーの形が溢れていたら、地球上に生命は存在しえないでしょう。 図9の地球規模スペクトル（※6）は大気圏突入後実際に地上に到達する光を表しています。 宇宙における太陽スペクトルと比較して、フォトンの数が大幅に減少している色々な波長があることに注目してください。 この差はフォトンが、大気中の様々なガスに吸収される為です。もっとも有名なオゾン（O3)は400ナノメートル以下の高エネルギー（ゆえに波長が短い）紫外線を吸収します。 900、1,100、1,400ナノメートル近辺の波長を持つフォトンは大気中の水蒸気によって吸収されます。 _________＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ ※1：Electromagnetic spectrumの略でEMスペクトルといいます。下記を参照 http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB ※2：visible lightとは一般的に「光」と訳されますが、科学では人の目で認識できる「可視光」を指します。下記の画像で色がついている部分が可視光領域です。その左にUV（紫外線）右側にIR（赤外線）領域があります。太陽の光の粒子が届くのはこれらになります。 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/EM_spectrum.svg/787px-EM_spectrum.svg.png ※3：photonについては下記参照。「光の粒子」と訳しましたが化学を専門にする人にはフォトンの方がわかりやすいので、今後文中ではそのように訳します。 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/keyword/%A5%D5%A5%A9%A5%C8%A5%F3 ※4：下記の通り、山の頂上のように見える部分をピークと呼びます。 http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/@api/deki/files/9222/=image042.png ※5：eV：Electron voltの略。詳細は下記を参照 http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88 ※6：こんな感じの図だと思います。 http://forecast.uchicago.edu/Projects/modtran_iris.jpg
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- 英文の和訳を教えてください
以下の文なのですが、訳せる方いらっしゃいましたらお願いします。 Photon Absorption Photovoltaic cells are designed to capture the photons of the solar spectrum. Energies in the visible range are especially important to consider, but energy is available in the near-infrared, as well. Solar cell designs that more efficiently absorb these photons must consider the specific energies of these wavelengths. Photons with energies equal to or greater than the bandgap are absorbed as their energy promotes electrons into the conduction band. If photons have energy exceeding the semiconductor’s bandgap, the excess is usually dissipated as heat and is thus wasted. Alternatively, photons whose energies are less than the bandgap are not absorbed at all, but are transmitted through the material and their energy is not used. If the photon’s energy is equal to the bandgap, the energy transfer, in terms of its photovoltaic usefulness, is as close to 100% efficient as is thermodynamically possible. 専門的な文章でなかなか難しいので、出来る方いましたらお願いします。
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If the frequency of photons is such that hν is exactly equal to the energy that binds the electrons in the metal, then the light will have just enough energy to knock the electrons loose. この英文を和訳してほしいです。
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The Sun generates an average 3.74 × 10^26W of power . Assume the wavelength of the Sun’s radiation is 500 nm. a. Estimate how many photons the Sun emits every second. b. Estimate the temperature of the Sun. c. If 4.45×10^-8 of the Sun’s photons reach Earth, estimate the average intensity of this radiation on the Earth’s surface in (radius of Earth : 6.37×10^6 m) 英語の意味はなんとなく分かるのですが解けませんでした． どうかよろしくお願いします．
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Monsanto’s unchecked power is corrosive to the health of our democracy, our wellbeing and our planet and it must be stopped. As free citizens, it is our right and our duty to protest their unlawful encroachment into the most basic and fundamental aspect of our lives, the food that we eat and the laws that govern our lives.
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訳していただく時に，下の語句を参考にしていただければ幸いです。 Stars emit electromagnetic radiation of different wavelengths. Radio waves have the longest wavelengths and gamma rays the shortest. Our eves are able to see visible light, somewhere in the middle. Astronomers, the scientists who study the stars, use different sorts of telescopes to study these different wavelengths. In the 1950s, early radio telescopes were built to study the radio waves emitted by stars, using radar technology developed during the Second World War. But gamma rays and X-rays are absorbed by the Earth’s atmosphere, so NASA and other space agencies have launched a number of telescopes into space to study these rays. A lot of the radiation emitted by ordinary stars is visible light, and astronomers use optical telescopes to study this. The first optical telescopes were built by Dutch spectacle makes around 1600, but the Italian scientist Galileo is famous for being the first astronomer to use a telescope. He studied the moon and discovered some of Jupiter’s moons in 1610. Modern telescopes use a concave mirror to capture light. The bigger the mirror, the more light the telescope can capture. Using a bigger telescope allows us to study fainter objects and see more detail. The history of the optical telescope is a history of a battle to build bigger telescopes with bigger mirrors. The old English nursery rhyme that begins “Twinkle, twinkle, little star” actually describes an astronomer’s nightmare. Stars appear to twinkle, or shine brightly then weakly, because the light coming from them is disturbed as it travels through the Earth’s atmosphere. This also distorts their images in telescopes. There are two ways of overcoming this distortion. The first is to launch the telescope into space, above the Earth’s atmosphere, but that is very expensive. The Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1990 to study visible and infrared light from above the Earth’s atmosphere. It had early problems, but a rescue operation by engineers in 1993 solved most of these and it has sent back to Earth some of the most fantastic images of the universe. It will operate until about 2010 and then be replaced by the James Webb Space Telescope, which is due to be launched in 2011. The second solution is a new advanced technology called “adaptive optics” in which small moveable mirrors cancel out the distortions caused by the atmosphere. Early experiments have been successful and if this works, astronomers will be able to built Earth-based telescopes with enormous mirrors free from atmospheric distortion. Some places on Earth are better than others for optical telescopes. Since they are used in the dark, they need clear skies away from cities or other artificial sources of light. Ideal places are between 20 and 40 degrees north or south of the equator on mountains higher than 3,500 meters. Some places where the best modern telescopes are located are Hawaii in the northern hemisphere and Chile in the southern hemisphere. Other ideal locations for telescopes in the future include Antarctica and the moon. Astronomers these days never actually look through their telescopes. They use sensitive electronic detectors and computers to collect and analyze the light the telescopes pick up. 【語句】 electromagnetic 「電磁気の」 gamma ray 「ガンマ線」 radio telescope 「電波望遠鏡」 distortion 「ゆがみ」 NASA （National Aeronautics and Space Administration） 「（米国の）航空宇宙局」 optical telescope 「光学望遠鏡」 Galileo （Galileo Galilei） 「ガリレオ・ガリレイ （1564-1642）」 Jupiter 「木星」 concave mirror 「凹面鏡」 Hubble Space Telescope 「ハッブル宇宙望遠鏡」 reflector telescope 「反射望遠鏡」 adaptive optics 「波面補償光学」
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次の英文を和訳してください。お願いいたします。 訳していただく時に，下の語句を参考にしていただければ幸いです。 また翻訳サイトを使わないでいただきたいです。よろしくお願いいたします。 Stars emit electromagnetic radiation of different wavelengths. Radio waves have the longest wavelengths and gamma rays the shortest. Our eves are able to see visible light, somewhere in the middle. Astronomers, the scientists who study the stars, use different sorts of telescopes to study these different wavelengths. In the 1950s, early radio telescopes were built to study the radio waves emitted by stars, using radar technology developed during the Second World War. But gamma rays and X-rays are absorbed by the Earth’s atmosphere, so NASA and other space agencies have launched a number of telescopes into space to study these rays. A lot of the radiation emitted by ordinary stars is visible light, and astronomers use optical telescopes to study this. The first optical telescopes were built by Dutch spectacle makes around 1600, but the Italian scientist Galileo is famous for being the first astronomer to use a telescope. He studied the moon and discovered some of Jupiter’s moons in 1610. Modern telescopes use a concave mirror to capture light. The bigger the mirror, the more light the telescope can capture. Using a bigger telescope allows us to study fainter objects and see more detail. The history of the optical telescope is a history of a battle to build bigger telescopes with bigger mirrors. The old English nursery rhyme that begins “Twinkle, twinkle, little star” actually describes an astronomer’s nightmare. Stars appear to twinkle, or shine brightly then weakly, because the light coming from them is disturbed as it travels through the Earth’s atmosphere. This also distorts their images in telescopes. There are two ways of overcoming this distortion. The first is to launch the telescope into space, above the Earth’s atmosphere, but that is very expensive. The Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1990 to study visible and infrared light from above the Earth’s atmosphere. It had early problems, but a rescue operation by engineers in 1993 solved most of these and it has sent back to Earth some of the most fantastic images of the universe. It will operate until about 2010 and then be replaced by the James Webb Space Telescope, which is due to be launched in 2011. The second solution is a new advanced technology called “adaptive optics” in which small moveable mirrors cancel out the distortions caused by the atmosphere. Early experiments have been successful and if this works, astronomers will be able to built Earth-based telescopes with enormous mirrors free from atmospheric distortion. Some places on Earth are better than others for optical telescopes. Since they are used in the dark, they need clear skies away from cities or other artificial sources of light. Ideal places are between 20 and 40 degrees north or south of the equator on mountains higher than 3,500 meters. Some places where the best modern telescopes are located are Hawaii in the northern hemisphere and Chile in the southern hemisphere. Other ideal locations for telescopes in the future include Antarctica and the moon. Astronomers these days never actually look through their telescopes. They use sensitive electronic detectors and computers to collect and analyze the light the telescopes pick up. 【語句】 electromagnetic 「電磁気の」 gamma ray 「ガンマ線」 radio telescope 「電波望遠鏡」 distortion 「ゆがみ」 NASA （National Aeronautics and Space Administration） 「（米国の）航空宇宙局」 optical telescope 「光学望遠鏡」 Galileo （Galileo Galilei） 「ガリレオ・ガリレイ （1564-1642）」 Jupiter 「木星」 concave mirror 「凹面鏡」 Hubble Space Telescope 「ハッブル宇宙望遠鏡」 reflector telescope 「反射望遠鏡」 adaptive optics 「波面補償光学」
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To be sure, reaching the goal of 100 percent renewable and truly clean electricity within 10 years will require us to overcome many obstacles. At present, for example, we do not have a unified national grid that is sufficiently advanced to link the areas where the sun shines and the wind blows to the cities in the East and West that need the electricity. Our national electric grid is critical infrastructure, as vital to the health and security of our economy as our highways and telecommunication networks. Today, our grids are antiquated, fragile, and vulnerable to cascading failure. Power outages and defects in the current grid system cost US businesses more than $120 billion dollars a year. It has to be upgraded anyway. アル・ゴアの“Moving First Is in Our Own National Interest”の一部です。どなたか和訳お願いします
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単身ホームステイ中に和訳頼まれたけど きれいな日本語にできませんorz お世話になっている家の子の友人は これをタトゥーにしたいというので できるだけきれいな日本語にしてあげたいです。 I searched far and wide from the reaches of heaven to the depths of hell,And I found it amongst the commoners... Among the commoners there is hatred and hurt,by centuries of struggle our given rights have been challenged,and our vitimate denial of the higher power has caused us to constantly defend that right to life... As we search the valley's of death in the pain's of our earth we see a mindless mindset that allows the false image of the son of man tobe both もともと語学留学が目的で滞在しているわけではないので英語が得意ではありません 電子辞書片手にやってみましたがどうもうまくいきません すみませんがよろしくお願いします
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In order to foster international cooperation, it is also essential that the United States rejoin the global community and lead efforts to secure an international treaty at Copenhagen in December of next year that includes a cap on CO2 emissions and a global partnership that recognizes the necessity of addressing the threats of extreme poverty and disease as part of the world's agenda for solving the climate crisis. Of course the greatest obstacle to meeting the challenge of 100 percent renewable electricity in 10 years may be the deep dysfunction of our politics and our self-governing system as it exists today. In recent years, our politics has tended toward incremental proposals made up of small policies designed to avoid offending special interests, alternating with occasional baby steps in the right direction. Our democracy has become sclerotic at a time when these crises require boldness. アル・ゴアの演説の一部です。 どなたか和訳お願いしますm(__)m
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ありがとうございます。 本当に助かりました。