The Great Pyramid of Saqqara: A Monument of Ancient Egypt
- Explore the construction of the Great Pyramid of Saqqara
- Learn about the role of King Djoser and architect Imhotep
- Discover the significance of the Nile floods and the workers' dedication
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日本語訳を! 3-(5)
お願いします。 When King Djoser and Imhotep walked through the complex, winding their way through the columns carved with spitting cobras poised to protect the king, the clang of copper chisels would have made conversation difficult. Thousands of masons and sculptors worked the stone. It was the time of the inundation―the flooding of the Nile―and the farmers who were waiting for the waters to recede came to Saqqara to work for their king. Imhotep would have carried drawings of his grand vision rolled in a papyrus scroll tucked under his arm. When the two walked through the complex they would have stopped here and there to watch an artisan at work. Surely, King Djoser would have felt the swell of pride when he looked out over the sheer magnitude of the project. Only a great king could command such an endeavor―with so many meret―Egyptian peasants―working hard for the glory of their king. The daily nilometer report would have filtered through the construction site, spreading from worker to worker, passed along with bread and beer. Were the waters as high as this time last year? Would there be enough? Too much? Centuries later, a long inscription was carved into a granite stone on an island near the First Cataract. It claimed to record what King Djoser said after years of low floods, "I am distressed as I sit on the Great Throne... because the waters of the Nile have not risen to their proper height for seven years. Grain is not scarce, there are no garden vegetables at all.... The children are wailing." But reports coming in on nilometer readings the years that King Djoser and Imhotep worked together on the burial complex indicated that the growing conditions would be good. The workers must have bustled about the burial complex with the energy that comes from high spirits.
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ジェセル王とイムホテプが、その複合施設を歩き、王を守る様に身構えたドクハキコブラの彫刻が施されている円柱を蛇行しながら進んだとき、銅製のノミの大きな音で、会話は、困難になったことでしょう。 何千人もの石工と彫刻家が、石に取り組んでいました。 洪水 ― ナイル川の氾濫 ― の時期でした、そして、水が退くのを待っている農民たちは、彼らの王のために働くためにサッカラに来ました。 イムホテプは、パピルスの巻物に巻いた彼の全構想の図面を小脇に抱えていたことでしょう。 2人が、その複合施設を歩いたとき、彼らは仕事中の職人を見るためにあちこちで立ち止まったことでしょう。 彼が、計画の圧倒的な大きさを見渡したとき、ジェセル王は、誇りが膨らむのを感じたことでしょう。 偉大な王だけが、― それほど多くのメレト ― すなわち、エジプトの農民 ― に、彼らの王の栄光のために一生懸命に働く、そのような努力を命じることができました。 毎日のナイロメーター（ナイル川の水位計）の報告が、建設現場に広がりました。そして、労働者から労働者へと広がり、パンとビールと共に伝えられました。 水位は、昨年のこの時期と同じくらいの高さであったか？ 十分な、水位があるだろうか？ 多過ぎるだろうか？ 数世紀後に、長い銘が、第1瀑布の近くの島の花崗岩に彫刻されました。 それは、ジェセル王が、洪水が十分ではなかった数年後に言ったことを記録すると主張していました。「偉大な玉座に座り、余は、苦痛を感じておる ... なぜならば、ナイル川の水位が、7年間その適切な高さまで上昇しなかったからである。 穀物は不足してはおらぬ。菜園の野菜は、まったくない .... 子供たちは泣き叫んでおる。」 しかし、ジェセル王とイムホテプが埋葬複合施設に共に取り組んだ歳月を記すナイロメーターに関して入ってくる報告は、栽培の状況がよくなるであろうことを示しました。 労働者は、精神の高揚から来る元気さを持って、埋葬複合施設に、忙しく取り組んだにちがいありません。
関連するQ&A
- 日本語訳を! 3-(4)
お願いします。 The richer the country, the more powerful its leader―and Egypt was becoming very rich indeed. The king became as distance and as "imperishable" as the stars―a god-king on earth, and in death truly divine. He was responsible for the stability, the order, the balance―ma'at. The simple tombs lined with brick and topped with a flat rectangular stone that had buried royalty in the past were no longer grand enough. What would the people think? King Djoser wanted something that showed Egypt and the world just how powerful he was―showed this world and the next. He was fortunate enough to have a true genius for an architect―an architect capable of envisioning (and building) a tomb worthy of a god-king's passageway to the afterlife: a stairway to heaven. The architect's name was Imhotep and he built the first pyramid. King Djoser must have traveled from the capital city of Memphis to the burial grounds at Saqqara now and again to inspect Imhotep's progress. King Djoser and Imhotep would have entered through a narrow passage positioned to capture the sun's first rays at daybreak. There were many false entrances along the nearly 20-foot-high wall surrounding the burial grounds, but only one way inside. They would have passed under the stone roof at the entrance carved to look like split logs and then through two giant doors permanently flung open. What did King Djoser think the first time he inspected the work site? How did he feel when he walked between the two parallel lines of stone columns carved to look like reeds bound in bunches? At the far end, the columns were placed closer and closer together to give the illusion of an even longer passageway. It must have seemed to him to stretch forever. This was no brick-lined hole in the ground. The burial complex was as big as 24 soccer fields.
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- 日本語訳を! 3-(3)
お願いします。 There are challenges to living in a country that is mostly desert. By the time the Old Kingdom rolled around, about 2700 BCE, Egyptians were up to meeting those challenges―the most obvious would concern water. Although the derert continually tried to push in on the farmland along the edge of the Nile, the Egyptians had learned how to push back. They coaxed the waters of the Nile inland, filling the buckets of their shadufs and emptying them into channels they had dug through their gardens. Not only were they irrigating their farmlands, they were expanding them. Farmers grew more food than the people could possibly eat. The king's granaries filled. The government organized and financed massive irrigation projects. When you grow more food than you can possibly eat you are left with something to trade with other nations―grain. What Egyptians didn't have they could now get through trade. A challenge less obvious to those nnt used to surviving in a desert environment is the lack of wood. There are no tall trees in a desert. Actually, there are no trees at all, with the exception of what grew right along the edge of the Nile and in the occasional oasis. Egyptians needed wood―a lot of wood―especially for boats and coffins. They had their eye on the cedar that grew to the northeast, in the land that we now call Lebanon. It was ideal for both boats and coffins because cedar resists rot, and a rotting boat or a rotting coffin can be a problem. And so it began―we've got grain, we need wood, you've got wood, you need grain, let's trade. It was not much different, in principle, from trading baseball cards.
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- 日本語訳を! 2-(3)
お願いします。 The chip-chip-chip of the stone carver would have been interrupted when the cattle herders returned with their herds at the end of summer. Eagerly, the carver would have inspected the green-gray siltstone the herders had collected in the Black Mountains and brought back with them. Ah, this stone would make a perfect turtle-shaped palette. This one definitely looks more like an antelope. The rounded one would be ideal for a hippo. When the carver of the Narmer Palette saw that dark-green, nearly black, two-foot piece of stone, did he see a shield? Did he know in an instant that this particular fine-grained, flawless stone was fit for the first king? Did he dream about the story he would tell on the palette―the story of how the Two Lands came to be―the north and the south joining to become one? The Narmer Palette is like a two-page comic book. It's in the shape of a shield and is carved on both sides. It tells the story of the unification of Egypt under one king―a king called Narmer. On one side of the palette, Narmer wears the White Crown of Upper Egypt, and on the other he wears the Red Crown of Lower Egypt. He's the first king to rule both. On both sides of the palette, the very top has Narmer's name written inside a box called a serekh. Narmer means "angry catfish." King Angry Catfish has the head of a cow on either side of his name. Are these cow pictures meant to be the goddess Hathor? Many scholars think so. Ancient Egyptians thought the goddess Hathor was the king's mother and they usually drew her with horns curled inward. Did this belief go all the way back to the very first king?
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お願いします!続き The crew filled some of the big storage jars with fresh water for the long trip,and packed the others with dried cheese,butter,honey,and beer.They stowed large sacks of wheat and barley toward the front end of the boat,where the sacks were less likely to get wet.Next to the grain,they stacked bales of cotton cloth,bleached white or dyed red or blue.The captain would have bought the cloth from traders who had floated down the shallow rivers that led to the center of the bountry on their flat-bottomed boats. As you might have guessed from Puabi's tomb,the boat's most valuable cargo was long carnelian beads.These beads were in great demand in Mesopotamia,and the captain wrapped them in soft cotton and packed them carefully in a basket so that they would not get broken during the trip. After he tied some branches from the sacred pipal tree to the mast to ward off evil spirits,the captain would have loaded his passengers:monkeys,peacocks,and sleek reddish brown gunting dogs to sell as pets,as well as a couple of traders who wanted passage to Mesopotamia. From Dholavira the captain sailed west across the delta,or the mouth,of the Indus River.With the delta behind him,he faced one of the most dangerous parts of his trip.The coast became very rocky and the crew had to watch for submerged islands as they sailed slowly through waters filled with fish and black-and-gold sea snakes.Once he had made it through that dangerous stretch,the captain could have sailed across the Arabian Sea for a quick stop along the coast of Oman,or chosen to sail directly to Mesopotamia,north through the Persian Gulf.Oman would have been a tempting side trip.The people there were willing to trade their copper,seashells,and pearls,all of which were in high demand in Mesopotamia,for the captain's wood and cotton cloth－but the first traders to arrive in Mesopotamia could charge the highest prices for their goods.
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- 日本語訳を! 7-(1)
お願いします。 (1) What if you were an Egyptian tomb builder? Life for you 4,500 years ago may have gone this way: The barge floated upstream, bumping to a stop at the dock alongside a small farming village located a week's journey south of the capital of Mennefer. The king's men disembarked and marched double file over the pier heading for the village center. Word of their arrival rippled from house to mud-brick house. Men and women trickled out of their homes and formed a loose ring around the king's messengers. Curious and shy, the youngest children peeked out from behind their mother's legs. One of the king's men―a scribe―unrolled a scroll and held it at arm's length. He shouted out names. You caught your breath. Would you be on the list? (2) Your grandfather set the first stones in King Khufu's mer. Now 20 years later, the eternal home is nearly finished, but there is still much work to be done. A king's eternal home is more than just a mer . There are temples and causeways and walls and the queen's tombs to be built. A papyrus inscription, called the Turin Papyrus, written long after you had traveled to the afterlife, and long after kings had stopped being buried at Giza, claims the Great Pyramid was built in less than 23 years. But for all the years you can remember, you have watched your friends board the king's barge when he harvest was done. When the floods receded, and they came back, the women fussed over them, and the men treated them with respect. You caught them sometimes walking with a swagger. They had seen the world. (3) Not everyone came home. Those that came back brought news of the ones that stayed. They had married and had children and learned trades other than farming. They chose to stay on at the Giza Plateau and work for the king. (4) For two weeks now you have felt the restlessness of the flood time. If the king's men call your name, will you be one who never returns? Will this be the last time you see your village and your family?
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お願いします (17) Thousands of workers descended on Amarna, intent on raising a city. Brick makers poured mud from the riverbank into wooden molds then turned the bricks out to dry in the desert heat. Stone workers cut blocks from the quarries with bronze chisels and wooden mallets. In just four years the city was in full operation with commuters riding their donkeys from the suburbs in the north and south to the center of the city. (18) The largest structure in Amarna was the royal residence, of course. Built half on one side of the road, and half on the other, the east and west wings of the palace were connected by an overpass. The overpass was called the "Window of Appearances." From there Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and their children would greet the crowds gathered on the road below. (19) The new temple at Amarna was nothing like the old gloomy houses for the gods. The open courtyard allowed the Aten's rays to shine in. The rambling open-air place of worship stretched the length of two football fields, empty except for small stands to place food offerings, one for each day of the year.
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お願いします (14) Rome borrowed the Olympian gods from Greece, Where they were thought to live on Mount Olympus. Eventually, the Romans had gods for almost everything. They prayed to Juno for help with the birth of a baby, to Mars for help in battle, to Jupiter before planting their crops, and to Ceres for a good yield of grain. (15) Roman religion, government, and family were all closely connected. Each reflected the other. Jupiter ruled over the gods as father and king─just as kinds and consuls ruled the Roman state and fathers ruled their families.
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お願いします (12) Nakht would have been short of breath. He suffered from black lung disease and desert lung disease. Red granite dust irritated his lungs and in the end probably contributed to his death from pneumonia. A dark mass near his spleen indicates he had malaria. This and other parasites would have made him most uncomfortable. The worms traveled through his arteries and his intestines, and damaged his muscles, liver, and bladder, causing nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue, fever, headaches, chills, joint pain, and itchy skin. It's no wonder parents hung amulets around their children's necks for protection and chanted spells such as, "The child should be safe from diseases, foreigners, badwishing Egyptians and dangerous waters." (13) Not all children suffered as much as Nakht. Paintings and inscriptions on tomb and temple walls show children having fun. They played hockey with sticks made from palm branches and pucks made from leather pouches stuffed with papyrus. Their dolls had real hair, miniature furniture, and clothes. Carefree childhood days were filled with tug-of-war, juggling, catch, board games, wrestling, fishing, and races. Even the poorest children had toys―tops, balls, boats, and animals with movable parts like a crocodile that opened and shut its toothed jaw or a leopard that wagged its tail. The climate being what it was, children often went naked (except for their amulets and jewelry) and shaved their heads (except for a lock on the right side). (14) Most children had pets to play with. All kinds of pets, from the familiar cats and dogs to the more unusual―monkeys, ducks, geese, falcons, and ferrets. Almost all modern cats are descendents from ancient Egyptian cats. Their word for "cat" was myw―meow! And, oh, how they loved their cats! Some parents named their children after their cats (especially the girls). Egyptians loved the mysterious and independent nature of cats.
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お願いします (4) The king of the Hyksos was like a pebble in the Egyptian king's sandal. He irritated him just by being there, but war didn't break out until the insult. The Hyksos king sent a message to the ruler of Egypt, King Seqenenre. The Hyksos king complained that King Seqenenre's hippos in the royal pools "were keeping him awake at night with their grunts." Do something, he demanded. Given that Avaris was hundreds of miles from Thebes, where the king and his hippos lived, this was nothing short of a slap in the face. King Seqenenre was furious. Although it is unknown what happened next, the damage to King Seqenenre's skull indicates it didn't turn out well for the Egyptian side. During that time kings commanded the armies and led the soldiers into battle. Archaeologists have identified King Seqenenre's head, and it's not pretty. He took a battle axe to the forehead and was stabbed in the neck after he fell to the ground. This attack was the beginning of a war that would last nearly 25 years, from about 1574 to 1550 BCE, and span the reign of three Egyptian kings. (5) The Egyptians were farmers, not warriors. They were peaceful people. They were not conquerors by nature. And nowhere was that more obvious than in their army. It was unorganized. The soldiers served part-time and their weapons were not much more than farm tools adapted for battle. The few full-time soldiers were trained as palace guards, border police, or trade-ship escorts―not warriors. For the occasional battle outside of Egypt, the king hired foreign mercenaries because Egyptians didn't want to die away from home. An improper burial meant wandering the desert for eternity―not a pleasant haunting.
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- 日本語訳を! 3-(6)
お願いします。 Would Imhotep have saved the best for last? Would it have been at the end of the tour when he led King Djoser across the courtyard to the tomb? Finally they would have reached the base of the world's first pyramid and the world's first building constructed out of stone. Did Imhotep unroll a papyrus scroll and point to where he had planned the stacking of solid rectangles, each just a bit smaller than the one under it until a staircase rose 200 feet toward the sky? Would the construction noise have faded for King Djoser as he stood at the base of his eternal home? Even a god-king must feel awe at the sight of a structure larger than anything built before it―a structure built not from mud brick that crumbles and decays with time, but built from stone, a monument built to be everlasting. The laborers ten stories above King Djoser and Imhotep would have looked like ants pushing stones and fitting them into that highest step. Perhaps it didn't happen on a day that King Djoser was there, but it did happen all too often―a loose stone would fall. Dropping from that height even a pebble could be deadly. Scuffed loose, it would seriously wound someone below if it struck him. Imhotep had set up a small hospital for his workers. Anyone injured on the job would be cared for. Imhotep was not only an architect; he was a doctor as well. He wrote detailed directions on how to recognize an injury and how to treat it. The oldest known medical document is believed by some to have been written about 3000 BCE by Imhotep. It is called the Edwin Smith Papyrus, named after the Egyptologist Edwin Smith who bought the papyrus in 1862. One of the many instructions in the papyrus is what to do if a stone falls on a worker's head: Title:Instructions concerning a wound in his head penetrating to the bone of his skull. Treatment:... bind it with fresh meat the first day and treat afterward with grease, honey and lint every day until he recovers.
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