• 締切済み

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Electrophilic substitution Electrophilic substitution in the highly activated phenol ring occurs under very mild conditions, and mononitration must be carried out with dilute aqueous nitric acid. The usual nitric acid-sulfuric acid mixture gives complex mixtures of polynitro compounds and oxidation products. Separation of o- and p-nitrophenol can be accomplished by taking advantage of the strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding, or chelation, in the ortho isomer. In the para isomer, the hydrogen bonding is inter-molecular, leading to association of the molecules in the liquid and much lower vapor pressure. On steam distillation of the mixture the ortho isomer is obtained in pure form in the distillate. The para isomer can then be isolated from the nonvolatile residue. [Procedure] In a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask, place 10 ml of concentrated nitric acid and 35 ml of water. Weigh out 8.0 g of phenol ("loose crystals") in a 50-ml beaker. (CAUTION: Avoid contact with skin.) Add 2 ml of water and allow the mixture to liquefy. With a disposable pipet, add 1- to 2-ml portions of the phenol to the nitric acid and cool as necessary by swirling in a pan of cold water to keep the temperature of the reaction mixture at 45 to 50°. After all of the phenol has been added (rinse the beaker with 1 ml of water), shake the flask intermittently for 5 to 10 minutes while the contents cool to room temperature. Meanwhile, assemble the apparatus for steam distillation. Transfer the reaction mixture to a separatory funnel and drain the oily organic layer into a three-neck 500-ml flask. Add 150 ml of water and then carry out steam distillation until no further o-nitrophenol appears in the distillate. Collect the o-nitrophenol, air dry, and determine yield and melting point. For isolation of the para isomer, adjust the total volume of the distillation residue to about 200 ml by adding more water or removing water by distillation. Decant the hot mixture through a coarse fluted filter or loose cotton pad, add about 1 to 2 g of charcoal to the hot filtrate, heat again to boiling, and refilter to remove charcoal. Cool a 500-ml Erlenmeyer flask in ice and pour into it a small portion of the hot solution to promote rapid crystallization and prevent separation of the product as an oil. Then add the remainder of the solution in small portions so that each is quickly chilled. Collect crystals, dry, and report yield and melting point.

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求電子置換 高活性フェノール環の求電子置換は非常に温和な条件下で発生し、モノニトロ化は、希釈水溶液の硝酸を用いて行わなければなりません。通常の硝酸 - 硫酸混合物はポリにトロ化合物及び酸化生成物の複雑な混合物を与えます。 o-及びp-ニトロフェノールの分離は、オルト異性体では、強い分子内水素結合、またはキレートを利用することによって達成することができます。パラ異性体では、水素結合は、液体と非常に低い蒸気圧で分子の会合につながる、分子間です。混合物の水蒸気蒸留でオルト異性体は出物で純粋な形で得られる。パラ異性体は、その後不揮発性残留物から単離することができる。 [手順] 250mlの三角フラスコに、濃硝酸と水35ミリリットルの代わりに10ミリリットル。 50mlのビーカーにフェノールの8.0グラム( "緩い結晶を")を量る。 (注意:皮膚との接触を避ける)水2mlを加え、混合物が液化することができます。使い捨てのピペットで、1を追加 - 45~50℃で反応混合物の温度を保つために冷水の鍋に渦巻くによって硝酸にフェノール、必要に応じてクールの2 mlの部分に。フェノールのすべてが(1mlの水でビーカーをリンス)が追加された後、室温まで冷却しながら内容を5~10分間断続的にフラスコを振る。一方、水蒸気蒸留装置を組み立てる。 分液ロートに反応混合物を転送し、三首500mlのフラスコに油性の有機層をドレイン。 150mlの水を追加した後、o-ジニトロフェノール、それ以上は出物が表示されなくなるまで水蒸気蒸留を行っています。 O-ニトロフェノール、空気乾燥を収集し、収率および融点を決定します。 パラ異性体の単離のために、より多くの水を追加したり、蒸留により水を除去することにより、約200 mlに蒸留残留物の総量を調整します。沸騰するまで再びホットろ、熱に木炭の約1~2 gを追加し、炭を除去する濾過し直し、粗い溝フィルタまたは緩い綿のパッドを介して熱混合物をデカント。氷の中に500mlの三角フラスコを冷却し、その急速な結晶化を促進し、油として生成物の分離を防ぐために、熱い溶液の小さい部分に注ぐ。その後、それぞれが迅速に冷却されるように、少量の溶液の残りを追加します。乾燥し、結晶を収集し、収率および融点を報告します。 こんな感じです。

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