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英語を日本語に翻訳する際に注意すべき３つのハイフン
- 英文中に含まれるハイフンについて悩んでいます。ハイフンは文中でどのように解釈すれば良いのでしょうか？
- ハイフンの後ろにある内容は前にある内容について補足していると捉えることができます。これにより、物質の特徴が他の物質と異なることが分かります。
- 英文翻訳で注意すべき３つのハイフン。ハイフンは素元素や生細胞の物質を含んでいることを示しています。
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- 和訳していただけませんか？
下の文を和訳していただけませんか？ In addition to improving existing products, nanotechnology is expected to enable people create raw materials and food from atoms and molecules. Today, manufacturers make goods from raw materials like wood, metal, and cotton and we eat fruits, vegetables, and grains that are grown on farms. One goal of nanotechnology is to create wood from atoms instead of cutting trees and to make vegetables by combining atoms that will grow and reproduce themselves in portable nanofactories called molecular synthesizers. Food synthesizers would enable us to create delicious foods in machines at home instead of growing them on farms. Therefore, far fewer raw materials would be necessary for our existence.
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- 英語の翻訳を教えて下さい。
Q:Coconut Fatty Acid Cream Base -- Absorption base containing essential fatty acids, coconut fatty alcohols from palm kernels, aloe vera and vitamins A, C and E. Rich in linoleic and linolenic acids (vitamin F), excellent nutrients and skin conditioners. In hair care products, it is often combined with the important amino acids cysteine and methionine, which are high in sulfur and excellent for the hair and scalp. Q: What is your coconut fatty acid cream base? A: This natural absorption base is a proprietary blend invented by Aubrey Hampton in 1968 to deliver conditioning nutrients to the skin, hair and scalp. It is made with coconut fatty alcohol, essential fatty acids and organic aloe vera, and is sometimes referred to as essential fatty acid cream base. Q: What are essential fatty acids? A: Fatty acids and glycerin are the building blocks of fats and oils from both plants and animals. Essential fatty acids (EFAs) such as linoleic and linolenic acids cannot be manufactured by the body and must be consumed in the diet. EFAs are utilized by the body in practically every biochemical function, including the production of sebum, the skin’s natural oil. Applied topically, EFAs are readily absorbed by the skin. They are excellent emollients that not only improve the absorption of our moisturizers and conditioners, but also have antibacterial properties that help protect the skin, hair and scalp. They are found in many unprocessed oils, especially safflower and flax seed oils. Q: What is a fatty alcohol? A: Some of the most common fatty alcohols are cetyl, lauryl, oleyl and stearyl fatty alcohols. Solid alcohols are made from fatty acids. They are superb natural emollients, not to be confused with liquid solvent-type alcohols. Cetyl and stearyl alcohols help keep the hair and scalp’s natural moisture from evaporating. Cetyl alcohol was first derived from the oil of sperm whales; it is also widely produced from petroleum oil. Aubrey Organics only uses cetyl alcohol from natural vegetable sources—coconut and palm oils. Q: What are fatty acids esters? A: Esterification of a fatty acid is a condensation reaction in which a molecule of acid unites with a molecule of alcohol with the elimination of water. Fatty acid esters can be very beneficial in cosmetic formulas. Two examples in nature of substances rich in fatty acid esters are jojoba oil and human sebum. Q: Are Aubrey Organic’s products vegan? A: Most Aubrey products are vegan: that is, they contain no ingredients derived from animals. We mark these products with a vegan label so concerned customers will know. A few of our hair care products contain lactalbumin (a milk protein), glycoprotein (derived from oyster shells), lanolin or egg protein. These ingredients work well in hair care, but we also offer vegan alternatives using plant-derived proteins in most of our hair care products. In our skin care line, Vegecol is a vegetable collagen moisturizer formulated as a vegan alternative to Collagen TCM, a dermal protein moisturizer. 長文の為、大変申し訳ございませんが、どうか宜しくお願いします！！
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- 長文ですが至急英語の訳をお願いします。
Friction can be useful. For example, belt drives depend on friction to prevent slipping. On the other hand, friction in machines causes loss of power. Engineers try to reduce friction as much as possible by good design, using materials with a low coefficient of friction for devices such as bearings. We know that there are altogether only about one hundred different types of atoms. Atoms cannot be destroyed or changed in any way by chemical reactions: all that can happen is that the arrangement of the atoms is changed so as to produce another chemical substance with different properties. The role of the unsaturated zone in the hydrologic cycle is to transmit water falling or ponded on the land surface to underlying groundwater or temporarily store water near the land surface for plant use. In the process of moving through the unsaturated zone water may dissolve natural rock materials or carry manmade chemicals applied to or near the land surface.
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- 英語の問題
比較の単元の問題なんですけど、わかったら教えてください、お願いします。 できれば訳と間違っている理由も・・・ 次の英文で間違っている個所がそれぞれ一つある、その部分を指摘し正しい 形に直せ。 １．Because there are less members present tonight than there were last night,we must wait until the next meeting to vote. ２．Although both of them are trying to get the scholarship ,she has the highest grades. ３．Absolute zero is the theoretical temperature at which the atoms and molecules of a substance have the less possible energy. ４．In spite of his age,his behavior at the party was as childish as a young kid. ５．Even when I was a small child,I couldn't help thinking that classical music is superior than other types of music.
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- 英文を日本語に訳してください
以下のサイトの英文を日本語に訳してください。ご回答よろしくお願いします。 https://publications.nigms.nih.gov/medbydesign/chapter1.html Scientists have names for the four basic stages of a medicine's life in the body: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. The entire process is sometimes abbreviated ADME. The first stage is absorption. Medicines can enter the body in many different ways, and they are absorbed when they travel from the site of administration into the body's circulation. A few of the most common ways to administer drugs are oral (swallowing an aspirin tablet), intramuscular (getting a flu shot in an arm muscle), subcutaneous (injecting insulin just under the skin), intravenous (receiving chemotherapy through a vein), or transdermal (wearing a skin patch). A drug faces its biggest hurdles during absorption. Medicines taken by mouth are shuttled via a special blood vessel leading from the digestive tract to the liver, where a large amount may be destroyed by metabolic enzymes in the so-called "first-pass effect." Other routes of drug administration bypass the liver, entering the bloodstream directly or via the skin or lungs. Once a drug gets absorbed, the next stage is distribution. Most often, the bloodstream carries medicines throughout the body. During this step, side effects can occur when a drug has an effect in an organ other than the target organ. For a pain reliever, the target organ might be a sore muscle in the leg; irritation of the stomach could be a side effect. Many factors influence distribution, such as the presence of protein and fat molecules in the blood that can put drug molecules out of commission by grabbing onto them. Drugs destined for the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) face an enormous hurdle: a nearly impenetrable barricade called the blood-brain barrier. This blockade is built from a tightly woven mesh of capillaries cemented together to protect the brain from potentially dangerous substances such as poisons or viruses. Yet pharmacologists have devised various ways to sneak some drugs past this barrier. After a medicine has been distributed throughout the body and has done its job, the drug is broken down, or metabolized. The breaking down of a drug molecule usually involves two steps that take place mostly in the body's chemical processing plant, the liver. The liver is a site of continuous and frenzied, yet carefully controlled, activity. Everything that enters the bloodstream—whether swallowed, injected, inhaled, absorbed through the skin, or produced by the body itself—is carried to this largest internal organ. There, substances are chemically pummeled, twisted, cut apart, stuck together, and transformed. The biotransformations that take place in the liver are performed by the body's busiest proteins, its enzymes. Every one of your cells has a variety of enzymes, drawn from a repertoire of hundreds of thousands. Each enzyme specializes in a particular job. Some break molecules apart, while others link small molecules into long chains. With drugs, the first step is usually to make the substance easier to get rid of in urine. Many of the products of enzymatic breakdown, which are called metabolites, are less chemically active than the original molecule. For this reason, scientists refer to the liver as a "detoxifying" organ. Occasionally, however, drug metabolites can have chemical activities of their own—sometimes as powerful as those of the original drug. When prescribing certain drugs, doctors must take into account these added effects. Once liver enzymes are finished working on a medicine, the now-inactive drug undergoes the final stage of its time in the body, excretion, as it exits via the urine or feces. A drug's life in the body. Medicines taken by mouth (oral) pass through the liver before they are absorbed into the bloodstream. Other forms of drug administration bypass the liver, entering the blood directly. Drugs enter different layers of skin via intramuscular, subcutan
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- 困っています！英語の和訳です！
数式などが入り混ざっているので、どうしてもできませんでした； できる方お願いします！ It should be noted that the "best line" is not exactly determined. A visual estimate can often be made of a range of possible lines. From this, uncertainties in M and B can be estimated. Method of Averages. The constants in a linear equation may be calculated from only two pairs of values for the variables. In general, more than two pairs of values are available, and different values for the constants will be obtained when different experimental points are used in the calculation. One method for determining the constants by using all the experimental data is the method of averages. This method is based on the assumption that the correct values of the constants M and B are those which make the sum of the residuals equal zero. The residuals (Vi) are the differences between the values of Y calculated from the empirical equation and the experimentally determined values (Yi). In the case we are discussing, the residuals are (Vi)= MXi + B - Yi This assumption gives only one condition on the constants, and sos it is further assumed that if there are r constants, the residuals may be divided int r groups and ΣVi = 0 for each group.The groups are chosen to contain nearly the same number of experimental values, but it should be noted that different methods of choosing the groups will lead to different values for the constants. If the number of residuals in a group is K, the summation of Equation.
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- ＋和訳至急お願いします！(´・A・`；)！＋
＋和訳至急お願いします！(´・A・`；)！＋ 自分でも訳してみたのですが意味が通りません・・・ 翻訳サイトは使ってみました。困っています、お願いしますm(_ _)m This is because uranium , which is the heaviest naturally-occuring element , undergoes radioactive decay , giving off radiation that can ionize the atoms of substances through which it passes. 「これは、それが通り抜ける物質の原子をイオン化することができる放射線を発して、ウラニウム(それは最も重い自然に存在する要素である)が放射性崩壊を経験するからです」 This can cause metabolic disorders in living cells, causing radiation sickness and , in many instances , cancerous growth. 「これはセルを実践する際に代謝異常を引き起こし、放射線病および多くの実例の中で癌腫瘍を引き起こす場合があります」 naturally-occuringは「自然に存在する」だそうです。
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- 英文を日本語に訳してください。お願いします。
(1)に入る言葉は、(1)By the way(2)By contrast(3)By all means(4)By coincidenceのどれですか？ People who are concerned about climate change tend to worry about what would happen if the Antarctic ice sheet or the glaciers of Greenland were to melt. And, as most experts agree, these ice sheets are so huge that if they melt, it would mean major environmental damage caused by sea level rise and other effects. (1), the rest of the world`s glaciers contain less water and their disappearance would be a regional rather than a global disaster. If the Earth is losing its glaciers, the place where it matters most is in the Himalayas. The Himalayas are a grand mountain chain 2500km long. They contain the world`s highest mountains including all fourteen that are more than 8000m high. Because giant glaciers surround all the major Himalayan mountains, their melting would greatly influence the Earth`s climate. It is not likely that all this ice is going to disappear in the next few decades. But there is every chance that these glaciers will go on becoming smaller at a far faster rate than they have in recent centuries. Scientists supported by the British government have looked at what this might mean for the Himalayas area. It turns out that the Indus, the major river of Pakistan and of which the Himalayas are the source, could carry anything from 14 to 90 percent more water in the next few decades. This would mean terrible increases in flooding and erosion. But once a great enough percentage of the glaciers has melted, the amount of water in the river would fall by 30 to 90 percent over the end of the century. As this water is the basis of all life and agriculture in Pakistan, the effects hardly need explanation. If the planet continues to warm, there could be big shifts in the environment. Small glaciers would simply disappear and larger ones would retreat. There are signs that this is already happening.
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お礼
ありがとうございます。ハイフンとコンマは同じでいいんですね。勉強になりました。ハイフンとコンマは使い分けていたりするんですかね？なんだか慣れていない人にはわかりづらいです。