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認知言語学

Leonard Talmyの文献にLevel of exemplarityという節があるのですが、その中の例文の違いがわからないので、どなたかわかりやすく説明していただけないでしょうか? a. Oysters have siphons/a siphon. An oyster has siphons/a siphon. b. All oysters have siphons/a siphon. Every oyster has siphons/a siphon. c. All the members raised their hand(s).   Earc member raised his hand(s). d. Many members raised their hand(s). Many a member raised his hand(s). e. Some members here and there raised their hand(s).   A member here and there raised his hand(s). f. Members one after another raised their hand(s). One member after another raised his hand(s). g. Hardly any members raised their hand(s). Hardly a member raised his hand(s). h. No members raised their hand(s). No member(Not a member) raised his hand(s). i. She held a gun in both hands. She held a gun in either hand. 複合体全体を指しているのか、1つ1つを指しているのかという風に解釈してみたんですけど、自分でもあまり理解できていません… よろしくお願いします。

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  • bakansky
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回答No.1

Oysters have siphons/a siphon.  ・・・ (1) An oyster has siphons/a siphon.  ・・・ (2) siphons/a siphon は、siphon が1本しかない oyster の場合と、複数持つ oyster の場合の違い。 (1) は、oyster という生物種全般への名指し (2) は、いろいろな生物がたとえば水槽に入れられているのを見ながら、その水槽の中の oyster 以外の生物との違いを意識しながら名指している。 All oysters have siphons/a siphon.  ・・・ (3) Every oyster has siphons/a siphon.  ・・・ (4) (3) は、すべての oyster の場合に言及している。 (4) は、どの oyster をとってもある事実が成り立つ、という言及。 All the members raised their hand(s).  ・・・ (5) Earc member raised his hand(s).  ・・・ (6) (5) は、「すべての member」 (6) は、Earc の member かとも思いましたが、Each のミスタイプでしょうか。Each なら、「それぞれの member」 Many members raised their hand(s).  ・・・ (7) Many a member raised his hand(s).  ・・・ (8) ふと我に返って思うのですが、これらは、少なくとも高校までに習っている範囲ですね。 ということで、以下の一々の説明は省略します。 高校生の使うような参考書を参照されるとよいと思います。 なお、私は文法はまるでダメでしたし、参考書も持ち合わせていないので、たしかそういうことではなかったろうかという記憶に基づくもので、確実な回答ではないということをお断りしておきます。

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