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親分子とは？
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みんなの回答
ここではRAの構造の一部を改変（修飾）したものがどうのこうのと言ったことが書かれているようですので、その基本となるもの（修飾されていないもの）であるRA（レチノイン酸？）のことでしょう。
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chemical changes を受ける前の分子
関連するQ&A
- 英文解釈お願いします。
The two scientists who announced it had been premature, and no one else was able to extract significant amounts of energy by the process. prematureはどのように訳出するのですか？ It was reported as weaker than gravitation, made itself felt for only limited distances of a few yards, and varied for different chemical substances. feltはどのように訳するのですか？
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- 記憶とその分子
17 JAN. 2013 NATUREの記事です (1)Many molecules that were once thought to have starring roles in memory have since been relegated to supporting, albeit still important, roles.Two papers in this issue challenge the star status of yet another memory molecule — protein kinase M-ζ. 記憶における主要な役割を持つとかつて考えられていた多くの分子は重要な役割を持つにもかかわらずその解明がなされてこなかった。このことについてキナーゼMタンパクという別の記憶分子の役割について2つの論文が取り組んだ。 と漠然なやくでstar status of yetがなあなあにしました (2)but not of a scrambled ZIP peptide that did not affect PKM-ζ and so was used as a control — reversed not only established LTP but also an established memory in rats. どこでどうつなげていいのかわからなくなりました。 (3)Because absence of a gene since early development may result in compensation for its function by other genes, the authors also created a line of mice in which PKM-ζ could be deleted specifically in excitatory forebrain neurons in adult animals. なぜなら初期の発生の間のこの遺伝子がない状態では別の遺伝子群によってこの機能の補正を生じる可能性があり、著者らはまた成体動物中の興奮前脳ニューロンにおいて特異的に欠損されるPKMのマウス系統を作成した。 でいいのでしょうか。 (4)It has been debated and the jury is still out on the precise molecular targets of these peptides, これは議論がなされ、そしてこれらのペプチドの正確な分子標的であると判断された でいいのでしょうか。 (5)function following learning とは学習が生じる機能という解釈でいいのでしょうか (6)One of these studies found that acute expression of a mouse PKM-ζ transgene in the fruitfly Drosophila 30 minutes after training enhanced odour memory measured one or four days after training. この実験系のひとつでは嗅覚記憶が増強される試験後30分でのショウジョウバエにおけるマウスPKM導入遺伝子の急性発現が訓練後4日間内で観測したことを確かめた。 (7)How might these findings be reconciled? Hundreds of molecules are probably involved in the formation and maintenance of memory, and within this ‘mnemome’ there may be a fair degree of redundancy and degeneracy — whereby related molecules compensate for each others’ deficiency. どのようにこれらの知見を協調させられるか？ 数百の分子が記憶の形成と維持に関与している可能性があり、特にそれぞれの退化のための関連した分子の補正など、このmnemome中におけるものは重複や退化の度合いとなるかもしれない。 とちんぷんかんぷんな訳になってしまいました。 (8)So asking whether PKM-ζ could really be ‘the’ memory molecule is probably not the right question, as it fails to capture the complexity of the interactions between the molecules within the mnemome. Given evolution’s penchant for redundancy, it seems unlikely that any single molecule will play this part solo. ここはまったくもって訳がわかりませんでした。すみません。
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- 英文の和訳です。
できるだけ、意訳を避けて訳していただけると助かります。 知らない化学物質の名前などが多く、難しく感じました。あと、人の名前もよく分かりません… スペルのチェックはしましたが、もしも間違っていましたらすみません。 お願いします。 Dr.Michael Liebowitz has found that love is not that spontaneous, mysterious feeling, but is the result of chemical reactions. Scientists still do not know very much about the chemistry of human emotions; however, they have known for some time that specific chemicals are the cause of feelings and emotions. Working at New York State Psychiatric Institute, Dr.Liebowitz has identified the chemical that transfers the feeling of love to the brain. This “love chemical” has the formal name phenylethylamine and is a member of the amphetamine family. Amphetamine are chemicals that cause adrenaline to be produced in the body. When your body produces adrenaline you will breathe faster and will feel your heart beat faster. Also, your face may get red and your hands may shake. In other words, you will be acting as if you are in the first stage of falling in love. In addition, Dr. Liebowitz has found another connection between love and the “love chemical” phenylethylamine. This connection is chocolate, which contains large amounts of the chemical. When observing parents who tended to fall in and out of love rather more often than the average person, he noticed that when a romance ended, these people tended to eat chocolates. Dr. Liebowitz concluded that brokenhearted people, without actually realizing it, eat chocolates to get a similar feeling of being “in love”. So he or she eats chocolates to increase the body´s level of the love chemical. (Could it be that when we give our loved ones chocolates, we unconsciously expect to increase their levels of the “love chemical”, and consequently their feelings of love？) It has also been found that love is based in the brain, not in the heart. Dr. J. Money, of John Hopkins University, has found that people who have had certain kinds of brain operations are incapable of experiencing romantic love, although they can experience other emotions. Dr. Money thinks that the day will come when we will be able to fully explain the chemistry of love. 以上です。
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With the view of furthering these various lines of interest, I have undertaken a somewhat laborious enquiry, part of which has already been published in the International Scientific Series, and a further instalment of which is con tained in the present volume. The two works, therefore, " Animal Intelligence [1881] and Mental Evolution in Animals, although published separately, are really one ; and they have been divided only for the following reasons. In the first place, to have produced the whole as one volume would havebeen to present a book, if not of inconvenient bulk, at least quite out of keeping with the size of all the other books in the same series. Moreover, the subject-matter of each work, although intimately related" to* that of the other, is never theless quite distinct ' The first is a compendium of facts relating to Animal Intelligence, which, while necessary as a basis for the present essay, is in itself a separate and distinct treatise, intended to meet the interest already alluded to as attaching to this subject for its own sake ; while the second treatise, although based upon the former, has to deal with a wider range of subject-matter.
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- (>_<)英文解釈について（>_<）
下記英文解釈について教えていただきたいです。よろしくお願いします。 (1-33) Over the course of six moon landings a dozen astronauts brought back rock samples and photographic records that((1) 関代の所有格でしょうか?) increased man’s understanding of the solar system. (1-34) The sun in the largest object in our solar system but is only one star among hundreds of billions in the Milky Way, which ((2)The sun の後にwhichと続けていいのでしょうか?)in turn is only one galaxy among billions that((3)関代主格で先行詞にonlyがあるからthatでしょうか?) extend for billions of light-years into space. Even farther away are tiny, brilliant points of light called quasars that ((4)thatを使う理由は何でしょうか?)scientists are only beginning to understand. (1-35) The earth is the only one planet in the solar system that ((5)thatは関係代名詞でしょうか？)only planet humans have explored extensively. Yet even after roaming((6)前置詞+名詞で副詞になるのでしょうか？)the earth for two million years, human still do not know much about the planet. Firsthand knowledge is restricted to the thin layer of rock and water extending a few kilometers below the earth’s surface and up to the highest stratum of the earth’s atmosphere. Where((7)whereが先頭にくるときはいつでしょうか？)humans have not been able to venture, probes have been sent. The knowledge thus gained can often be applied t other planets that are believed to have been created in a similar way to the earth, which was born from dust and gases left over from the creation and atmosphere provides clues to what ((8)なぜwhatがくるのでしょうか？)explores may expect when they venture deep into space. (1-36) In the earliest days after the earth was formed, the atmosphere of the planet consisted mainly of water, hydrogen, methane, and ammonia, a combination that ((9)thatは何用法でしょうか?)a combination would be deadly to most modern forms of life. In fact, these very gases reacted with each other-prompted by lightning, ultraviolet light, or some other form of energy- to create chemical compounds from which ((10) whichは目的語の関係代名詞でしょうか?)began life on earth began. Scientists have conducted experiments to recreate this process. By first producing a combination of gases similar to that of the earth’s atmosphere billions of years ago and then directing ((11)分詞でしょうか？)bolts of energy, to create a chemical reaction which produces amino acids and other chemical compounds found in all known forms of life.
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- 【高分子と低分子の関係】
以前、同タイトルで質問しましたが、せっかくのお詳しいご回答の数々に私の理解力が追いつきませんでしたので、新たに質問し直させて頂きました。 私は義務教育は終えていますが、おそろしいことに化学の知識はゼロ以下です。 小学生にも分かるご回答が出来る方がいらっしゃいましたら、お願い致します。 最近、高分子化学の本を読みました。 上で述べました通り、私の化学の知識はとても浅いので、内容のほとんどを理解していないのですが、その本の一文に『原子間の握手でできた低分子が、分子間で握手してつながると高分子になる』とありましたので、『原子と原子で出来た分子＝低分子』『分子と分子で出来た分子＝高分子』なのかな？と思いました。 しかし、同書の別ページで『多くの分子は、分子量が100か200程度の低分子か、分子量1万以上の高分子かのどちらかである』と記載されていました。 これは、例え分子と分子で出来た分子であっても、100か200程度しか分子量が無ければ『低分子』になるということなのでしょうか？ それともそもそも『原子と原子で出来た分子＝低分子』『分子と分子で出来た分子＝高分子』という理解の仕方が間違っているのでしょうか？ 無い知恵を絞り考えてみましたが、どうにも分かりません。 小学生にも分かるご回答が出来る方がいらっしゃいましたら、ごくごく簡単にご説明お願い致します。
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補足
ご回答ありがとうございます。 もう少しお聞きしたいんですが、「RAの構造の一部を改変」というのはどこからわかるのでしょうか。 この英文の言いたいことがいまいちわからなくて。 再度ご回答いただければ嬉しいです。よろしくお願いします。