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cyclinについて
生物のテストで次のような問題がでました。 When cyclin concentration is low, _____________. a. the CDK kinase lacks the cyclin subunit and is thus inactive b. the CDK kinase lacks the cyclin subunit and is thus active c. CDK activity is high and the cell enters the next appropriate phase of the cell cycle d. CDK activity is low and the cell enters the next appropriate phase of the cell cycle e. a and d 先生の答えは a 何ですが、僕は e だと思って e にしました。 dはcyclin activityがlowなだけで、cyclin activityが無い訳じゃないのでcell cycleは進むんじゃないかと思ったんですが。 僕の考えはあっているでしょうか？みなさんはどう思いますか？ 先生に文句言ってみるべきだと思いますか？
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POINT LATTICES AND THE UNIT CELL Let’s consider the three-dimensional arrangement of points in Fig.15.This arrangement is called a point lattice. If we take any point in the point lattice it has exactly the same number and arrangement of neighbors(i.e.,identical surroundings) as any other point in the lattice. This condition should be fairly obvious considering our description of long-range order in Sec. 2.1 We can also see from Fig. 15 that it is possible to divide the point lattice into much smaller untils such that when these units are stacked in three dimensions they reproduce the point lattice. This small repeating unit is known as the unit cell of the lattice and is shown in Fig.16 A unit cell may be described by the interrelationship between the lengths(a,b,c) of its sides and the interaxial angles (α,β,γ)between them. (α is the angle between the b and c, axes,β is the angle between the a and c axes, and γ is the angle between the a and b axes.)The actual values of a,b,and c, and α,β and γ are not important, but their interrelation is. The lengths are measured from one corner of the cell, which is taken as the origin. These lengths and angles are called the lattice parameters of the unit cell, or sometimes the lattice constants of the cell. But the latter term is not really appropriate because they are not necessarily constants; for example, they can vary with changes in temperature and pressure and with alloying. [Note: We use a,b and c to indicate the axes of the unit cell; a,b and c for the lattice parameters, and a,b and c for the vectors lying along the unit-cell axes.]
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POINT LATTICES AND THE UNIT CELL Let’s consider the three-dimensional arrangement of points in Fig.15.This arrangement is called a point lattice. If we take any point in the point lattice it has exactly the same number and arrangement of neighbors(i.e.,identical surroundings) as any other point in the lattice. This condition should be fairly obvious considering our description of long-range order in Sec. 2.1 We can also see from Fig. 15 that it is possible to divide the point lattice into much smaller untils such that when these units are stacked in three dimensions they reproduce the point lattice. This small repeating unit is known as the unit cell of the lattice and is shown in Fig.16 A unit cell may be described by the interrelationship between the lengths(a,b,c) of its sides and the interaxial angles (α,β,γ)between them. (α is the angle between the b and c, axes,β is the angle between the a and c axes, and γ is the angle between the a and b axes.)The actual values of a,b,and c, and α,β and γ are not important, but their interrelation is. The lengths are measured from one corner of the cell, which is taken as the origin. These lengths and angles are called the lattice parameters of the unit cell, or sometimes the lattice constants of the cell. But the latter term is not really appropriate because they are not necessarily constants; for example, they can vary with changes in temperature and pressure and with alloying. [Note: We use a,b and c to indicate the axes of the unit cell; a,b and c for the lattice parameters, and a,b and c for the vectors lying along the unit-cell axes.]
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Here we examine the relationship between the sun and climate by measuring the carbon-14 content in tree-rings with annual time resolution. The GCR flux and hence the activity level of the sun can be monitored by carbon-14. Our particular focus is around the period of the Maunder Minimum and the early Medieval Maximum Period (EMMP) in the 9–10th century. Sunspot numbers and the activity levels of the sun gradually change in time with quasi-cycles of about 11 years (Schwabe cycle).The polarity of the solar intrinsic magnetic field, which is more or less a simple dipole at every activity minima, reverses at every activity maximum. It changes the track of protons, the positively charged main constituent of GCRs, due to the spirally expanding interplanetary magnetic field formed by solar wind (Kota and Jokipii, 1983) and hence changes the attenuation level of GCRs in the heliosphere. Bulk of the GCRs comes from the polar region of the heliosphere when the polarity of the sun is positive, while GCRs come from the horizontal direction when negative.The attenuation of GCRs in the heliosphere is, therefore, more sensitive when the polarity is negative to the intensity of solar magnetic field and the tilt angle of the current sheets which expand horizontal direction. Thus the variation of the GCR flux on the earth has a “22-year” cyclic component, and will be transferred to the variations in carbon-14.
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This sample has excellent mechanical,adhesion,electrical,and chemical resistance properties after being cured with appropriate curing agents.Due to its special properties,this sample is generally used in coatings,moldings,adhesive,construction and civil works,and composite applications for the low VOC or non-solvent system.This sample provides very low viscosity,low temperature curable,non-crystalline and low volatile content. Usage of this sample:This sample is cured together with the various hardeners.Depending on diluents and other additives,different physical properties after curing can be obtained.Generally,This sample,clear liquid form of the standard Epoxy Resins is widely used in many fields such as ○○○
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- 懐中電灯の説明書の和訳お願いします
ボタン一個で多モード切り替えする懐中電灯でなんとなくはわかるんですが日本語で操作方法確認したいです よろしくお願いします Advanced Operation and Configuration Short click turns on the light to High. Short click again quickly to cycle from High to Medium, and Low. Press and hold to cycle from Low to High, release to set. When press and hold, the light always cycle from Low to High regardless which level you are currently in. Double click to toggle and select between the two sub-levels for that main level. Sub-level selections (except the strobe) for the 3 main levels are memorized after the light is turned off and through battery changes. The second sub-level of the High can be configured after 6 double clicks. Double click (startng with the 7th) to cycle and select different brightness levels or strobes. Short click to turn off the light when finishing configurations. The selections for the second sub-level of the High are memorized after the light is turned off and through battery changes
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Clinical trial Before a new drug candidate can proceed to toxicologic or clinical evaluation, considerable analytical chemical development is required to lay the ground work for quality control and stability studies. Drug standards are established and analytical methods for the bulk drug and for the proposed final product are devised. Tentative chemical, physical, and biological specifications of the candidate drug are established. If a compound has desirable activity in an experimental testing system, and appears to be safe upon toxicologic examination, it becomes a candidate for clinical trial. The first trial of a drug in man is done with great caution and on a very limited basis. This study, called Phase I, is devoted primary to ascertaining the safety in the human. When these limits have been established and are found acceptable, the drug is made available to a large number of practicing specialists for the Phase II study, which is principally concerned with the determination of efficacy in patients. If, after Phase II, the drug still looks promising, it is distributed more widely to selected practicing physicians in the Phase III study. The purpose at this stage is to secure data from large number of patients on efficacy and incidence of side effects.
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Although the magnitude of the variations of carbon-14 is strongly attenuated through the carbon cycle after being produced by the GCRs in the atmosphere (Siegenthaler and Beer, 1988), carbon-14 in tree-rings preserve the information on the variations in solar cycles and the magnetic dipole polarity of the sun. Therefore, the variability of the “11-year” solar cycle in association with the century-scale variations of solar activity can be monitored to asses its influence on climate. The lengths of sunspot periods have been modulated by a few years since the 11-year sunspot cycle was firstly found by Schwabe (1843). The maximum range observed so far is ~ 9 to ~ 14 years, but most of the cycles fit in ~ 10–12 years with the overall average being 11 years. However, we have previously found a change in average cycle length during the Maunder Minimum ((Miyahara et al., 2004); see Supplementary Fig. S1). The sunspots were scarce through 1645–1715 AD due to the anomalous weakening of the magnetic activity at this time, yet the carbon-14 abundances show the appearance of significant cyclic changes in magnetic activity. The average length of the cycles through the 70 years was about 14 years with the 28-year period of magnetic polarity reversals. The relationship between the cycle length of the “11-year” variation in sunspots and its magnitude has been investigated in several papers (Clough, 1905, Solanki et al., 2002 and Rogers et al., 2006). A consistent feature is the inverse correlation between cycle amplitudes and cycle lengths that maybe related to the change of the meridional flows inside the convection zone of the sun (Hathaway et al., 2003).
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生物系の論文を翻訳していますが、下の英文がどうしても訳せません。 どなたか英語の得意な方で訳していただきたく質問しました。 よろしくお願いします。 The RCM-1 cell line is characterized as a partially-differentiated type that is suitable to purify “differentiation inducers”, because the RCM-1 cells spontaneously differentiate as determined by the formation of ducts resembling villiform structures. Chemical-induced differentiation further enhances the number and size of ducts above the background levels of the spontaneously differentiated RCM-1 cells . Thus, the real-time morphological observation of duct formation enables a simple assay for a rapid assessment of cell differentiation properties of potential chemopreventive compounds, thus being an ideal assay system to effectively assess the most active anticarcinogenic compounds in plant extracts.
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The primary determinant of a food`s regulatory status is its intended use,which in turn is determined largely by the label and labeling information accompanying that food.Accordig to the FOOD,DRUG,and Cosmetic Act definition,foods are"article used for food or drink or components of any such article"and drugs are,in part,"articles intended for use in the diagnosis,cure,mitigation,treatment,or prevention of disease". Thus for >50 years the FDA classified all disease prevention claims as drug claims and took the appropriate enforcement action against companies that violated these regurations. This policy changed radically with the passage of the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990. これの終わり2文。要はThus for～からがわかりません。単語単語はわかっても、意味がとれない。。ですので、訳を教えていただけないでしょうか？よろしくお願いします。
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英語の文献の和訳をする宿題が出たのですが、とても難しくて手に負えません。 だれか和訳をお願いします。 Adolescence It could be seen from the kinds of developments occurring during the late childhood phase that we are working up to something. The pioneer child developmentalist G. Stanley Hall, called the adolescent phase of development the Sturm und Drang period. Recent longitudinal studies have shown that adolescence is not necessarily as much a time of “storm and stress” as Hall believed it to be, thus agreeing with a conclusion reached much earlier by anthropologists (such as Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict) on the basis of cross-cultural research: Adolescence is a time of storm and stress only if society makes it so; if society eases the transition from childhood to adulthood, adolescence is not tumultuous(Muuss,1962).
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