バスラの戦い：World War Iにおける重要な戦闘

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  • バスラの戦いは、第一次世界大戦においてイギリスとオスマン帝国の軍隊との間で行われた戦闘で、イギリスがバスラを占領した。
  • この戦闘は、イギリスがペルシャの油田を確保する任務を果たすためにバスラを攻略することを目指し、イギリス軍がバスラに向けて進撃した。
  • イギリス軍はオスマン軍の攻撃に打ち勝ち、バスラを占領。イギリスの勝利により、ペルシャの油田と精製所を保護する重要な一歩が踏み出された。
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The Germans moved in on 6 December, occupying a major industrial city with a population of more than 500,000 (about 70% of the population of Warsaw). German casualties were 35,000, while Russian losses were 70,000 plus 25,000 prisoners and 79 guns. Hindenburg summed it up: "In its rapid changes from attack to defense, enveloping to being enveloped, breaking through to being broken through, this struggle reveals a most confusing picture on both sides. A picture which in its mounting ferocity exceeded all the battles that had previously been fought on the Eastern front!" The Polish winter bought a lull to the major fighting. A Russian invasion of Silesia must wait for spring. By this time, the Russians feared the German army, which seemed to appear from nowhere and to win despite substantial odds against them, while the Germans regarded the Russian army with "increasing disdain." Hindenburg and Ludendorff were convinced that if sufficient troops were transferred from the Western Front, they could force the Russians out of the war. The Battle of Basra was a battle of World War I which took place south of the city of Basra (modern-day Iraq) between British and Ottoman troops from November 11 to November 22, 1914. The battle resulted in the British capture of Basra. After the capture of Fao by the British, the Ottoman army began to converge on Basra. The British had the mission of securing the Persian oil fields by capturing Basra, and they advanced up the river towards Basra. On November 7, 1914, British troops began the march from Fao to Basra. The Ottomans attacked the British camp at dawn on November 11, but were defeated. The Ottomans prepared defensive positions at Saihan, and on November 15 the British attacked. The Ottomans were beaten, suffering 250 casualties and the British continued to advance. The main Ottoman position was at a place the British called Sahil. The Ottomans had 4,500 soldiers dug in near some palm groves and an old mud walled fort. On November 19, the British advanced with two brigades of British and Indian infantry, some artillery and cavalry. Their advance was hampered by a rain storm, which made movement difficult. Ottoman fire, both rifle and artillery, was inaccurate. The British and Indian troops pressed on and when they came close the British artillery finally found the range, bringing fire directly upon the Ottoman trenches. The mud walled fort fell, and with that the entire Ottoman force got up and ran. Due to the condition of the ground, the cavalry was unable to pursue. Ottoman losses were maybe 1,000; the British and Indian troops lost 350. On the river, the British gunboats encountered a launch with a deputation from Basra to tell the British that the city had been abandoned by the Ottomans, asking for troops to occupy it and stop looting. Several battalions were loaded on the gunboats and on November 22, the Indian troops of the 104th Wellesley Rifles and 117th Mahrattas occupied Basra. The capture of Basra was a major step in protecting the Persian oilfields and refineries. However, the ambiguity of the mission would lead to mission creep that would lead the British to advance up the river. The Battle of Basra バスラの戦い

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＞The Germans moved ～ prisoners and 79 guns. ⇒12月6日、ドイツ軍は（ウッチに）入り、50万人（ワルシャワの人口の約70％）以上の人口を持つ主要な工業都市を占拠した。ドイツ軍の死傷者は35,000人、ロシア軍の損失は70,000人（の死傷者）に加え、25,000人の囚人と79丁の銃であった。 ＞Hindenburg summed it ～ the Russians out of the war. ⇒ヒンデンブルクはこう総括した。「攻撃から防衛へ、包囲から被包囲へ、突破側から被突破側への急速な変化の中で、最も混乱した情景を両側面で露呈しています。その激化する残酷状況は、かつての東部戦線で戦われたいかなる戦いをも凌駕していました！」。ポーランドの冬は、この大規模な戦闘に（さらなる）一撃をもたらした。ロシア軍のシレジア侵攻は、春を待たねばならなかった。この頃、ロシア軍はドイツ軍を恐れていたが、それは彼らに対する実質上の勝ち目にもかかわらず、彼らはどこからともなく現れて、勝利をさらってしまうからであった。一方、ドイツ軍は「増大しゆく蔑視の目」をもってロシア方面軍を見下していた。ヒンデンブルクとルデンドルフは、西部戦線から十分な部隊が移送されれば、ロシア軍を戦争から追い出すことができると確信していた。 ＞The Battle of Basra ～ British continued to advance. ⇒「バスラの戦い」は、1914年11月11日から11月22日にかけて、バスラ市の南（現代のイラク）で英国軍とオスマン軍の間に起こった第一次世界大戦の戦いであった。英国軍によるファオ攻略の後、オスマン方面軍はバスラに収束し始めた。英国軍はバスラを攻略することによってペルシャの油田を確保するという使命を負っていたので、バスラに向かって川を遡上して進軍した。英国軍は1914年11月7日ファオからバスラへの行進を始めた。オスマン軍は11月11日の夜明けに英国の野営地を攻撃したが、敗北した。オスマン軍はサイハンで守備陣地を準備したが、それを11月15日に英国軍が攻撃した。オスマン軍は250人の犠牲者を被って打ち負かされ、さらに英国軍は前進し続けた。 ＞The main Ottoman position ～ got up and ran. ⇒オスマン軍の主要陣地は、英国軍がサヒールと呼ぶ場所であった。オスマン軍には、4,500人の兵士らがヤシの木立付近に数か所の塹壕を掘り、古い泥の壁が城壁を覆っていた。11月19日、英国軍は、英国・インド軍の歩兵隊、若干の砲兵隊と騎兵隊の2個旅団をもって前進した。（しかし）彼らの進軍は暴風雨によって妨げられ、移動が困難になった。オスマン軍の砲撃は、ライフル銃、大砲とも不正確だった。英国・インド軍隊は圧力をかけ続けて、（敵に）近づいていってついに彼らが英国軍の大砲の射程に入り、オスマン軍の塹壕に直接砲火を見舞った。泥の城壁が倒れ、それに伴ってオスマン軍全体が浮き足立って逃走した。 ＞Due to the condition ～ to advance up the river. ⇒地面状況のため、騎兵隊は追跡することができなかった。オスマン軍の損失はおそらく1,000人であった。英国・インド軍は350人を失った。川上で、英国軍の小型砲艦はバスラからの代理を乗せた汽艇（モーターボート）に遭遇し、（代理は）市がオスマン帝国によって放棄されたと伝え、それを占領して略奪を中止するよう求めた。11月22日、数個大隊が汽船に分乗してバスラに向かい、インド軍の第104ウェルズリーライフル隊と第117マハラッタ隊がそこを占領した。バスラの攻略は、ペルシャの油田と製油所を保護するための大きな一歩であった。しかしながら、任務（指令内容）が曖昧であったせいで、英国軍は川上へ進む任務（遂行）へとずれ込んでいったようである。 ※この段落、誤訳があるかも知れません、その節はどうぞ悪しからず。

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