The End of the First World War on the Italian Front
- Reserves including the 332nd US Infantry Regiment poured over the Piave behind the Italian Tenth Army.
- The result was that Austria-Hungary lost about 30,000 killed and wounded and 300,000 prisoners.
- The battle marked the end of the First World War on the Italian front and secured the end of the Austro-Hungarian empire.
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Reserves including the 332nd US Infantry Regiment poured over the Piave behind the Italian Tenth Army. At dawn on the 31st, the Italian Fourth Army resumed the offensive on Monte Grappa and this time was able to advance beyond the old Austrian positions towards Feltre. In the mountains and on the plain the Allied armies pushed on until an armistice was arranged. The result was that Austria-Hungary lost about 30,000 killed and wounded and 300,000 prisoners (50,000 by 31 October; 100,000 by 1 November; 300,000 by 4 November). The Italians suffered during the 10 days' struggle 37,461 casualties (dead and wounded) — 24,507 of them on Monte Grappa. British casualties were 2,139, while the French lost 778 men. The Armistice of Villa Giusti was signed on 3 November at 15:20, to become effective 24 hours later, at 15:00 on 4 November. The Austrian command ordered its troops to cease hostilities on 3 November. Following the signing of the armistice, Austrian General Weber informed his Italian counterparts that the Imperial army had already laid down its weapons, and asked to cease combat immediately and to stop any further Italian advance. The proposal was sharply rejected by the Italian General Badoglio, who threatened to stop all negotiations and to continue the war. General Weber repeated the request. Even before the order to cease hostilities, the Imperial Army had already started to collapse, beginning a chaotic retreat. Italian troops continued their advance until 3 p.m. on 4 November. The occupation of all Tyrol, including Innsbruck, was completed in the following days. Under the terms of the Austrian-Italian Armistice of Villa Giusti, Austria-Hungary’s forces were required to evacuate not only all territory occupied since August 1914 but also South Tirol, Tarvisio, the Isonzo Valley, Gorizia, Trieste, Istria, western Carniola, and Dalmatia. All German forces should be expelled from Austria-Hungary within 15 days or interned, and the Allies were to have free use of Austria-Hungary’s internal communications. They were also obliged to allow the transit of the Entente armies, to reach Germany from the South. Beginning in November 1918, the Italian Army with 20,000-22,000 soldiers occupied Innsbruck and all North Tyrol. The battle marked the end of the First World War on the Italian front and secured the end of the Austro-Hungarian empire. As mentioned above, on 31 October Hungary officially left the personal union with Austria. Other parts of the empire had declared independence, notably what later became Yugoslavia. The surrender of their primary ally was another major factor in the German Empire's decision that they could no longer continue the war. On 30 October the Wilhelmshaven mutiny erupted, shortly afterwards the German Revolution of 1918–1919 started to spread from Kiel. Less than a week after the Austro-Hungarians, the Germans requested an armistice.
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以下のとおりお答えします。 （前回同様、字数制限オーバーのため、原文は範囲のみを示します。） ＞Reserves including the ～ Italian Tenth Army. ⇒米国軍第332歩兵連隊を含む予備隊がイタリア第10方面軍の背後でピアヴェに襲いかかった。 ＞At dawn on ～ lost 778 men. ⇒31日の夜明けに、イタリアの第4方面軍はモンテ・グラッパでの攻勢を再開し、この時はオーストリア軍の古い陣地を越え、フェルトレに向かって前進することができた。山岳地帯でも平原地帯でも、停戦協定が整えられるまで連合国軍は押し進んだ。その結果、オーストリア‐ハンガリー軍は約3万人の死傷者と30万人の囚人（10月31日までに5万人、11月1日までに10万人、11月4日までに30万人）を失った。イタリア軍は10日間の闘争中に37,461人―そのうち、モンテ・グラッパで24,507人―の犠牲者（死傷者）を被った。英国軍の犠牲者は2,139人で、フランス軍のそれは778人だった。 ＞The Armistice of ～ the following days. ⇒「ヴィラ・ジュスティの休戦条約」が11月3日15時20分に調印され、24時間後の11月4日15時に発効した。11月3日、オーストリア軍の指揮層が軍隊に対して対戦を中止するよう命じた。オーストリア軍のヴェーバー将軍は、停戦協定に続いてすでに帝国方面軍は武器を捨てたとイタリア軍当事者に知らせ、すぐに戦闘を中止してイタリア軍の進軍を止めるよう求めた。（しかし）この提案は、すべての交渉を中止して戦争を続けると威嚇するバドリオ将軍によって厳しく拒絶された。ウェーバー将軍は、その要求を繰り返した。敵対を止める命令が出る前からも帝国方面軍はすでに崩壊し始め、混沌のうちに後退を始めていた。イタリア軍は午後3時まで進軍を続けた。翌11月4日に、インスブルックを含むすべてのチロル地域の占拠が完了した。 ＞Under the terms ～ all North Tyrol. ⇒ハンガリー軍は、ヴィラ・ジュスティでの「オーストリア‐イタリア軍縮条約」の下で、1914年8月以降に占領した領土だけでなく、南チロル、タルヴィシオ、イゾンゾ渓谷、ゴリツィア、トリエステ、イストリア、西カルニオラ、およびダルマチアも明け渡さなければならなかった。すべてのドイツ軍団が15日間以内にオーストリア‐ハンガリーから追放されるか、さもなければ拘束されることとなり、連合国軍はオーストリア‐ハンガリーの内部通信施設を自由に利用できることになった。彼らはまた、南から協商国の方面軍がドイツに移動到来することを認めるよう義務づけられた。1918年11月以来、イタリア軍が20,000人～22,000人の兵員をもってインスブルックと北チロルを占拠した。 ＞The battle marked ～ requested an armistice. ⇒この戦いはイタリア戦線上での第一次世界大戦の終局を告げ、オーストリア‐ハンガリー帝国の終焉を確定した。上述したように、10月31日にハンガリーは正式にオーストリアとの同盟関係を離れた。帝国の他の部分は独立を宣言し、衆知のとおり、後にユーゴスラビアになった。彼らの主要な味方の降伏は、もはや戦争を続けることができないというドイツ帝国の決定のもう一つの重要な要素であった。10月30日、ヴィルヘルムシャーフェンの反乱が勃発した直後、1918～1919年のドイツ革命がキールから広がり始めた。オーストリア‐ハンガリーの休戦協定から一週間も経たないうちに、ドイツ軍は休戦を要請した。
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The Battle of Mount Ortigara was fought from 10 to 25 June 1917 between the Italian and Austro-Hungarian armies for possession of Mount Ortigara, in the Asiago Plateau.The Italians decided to launch an offensive because the Strafexpedition of the previous year had improved the Austrian defensive positions, whence the Italian armies of Cadore, Carnia and the Isonzo could be threatened. The battle was prepared with considerable means (300,000 men with 1,600 artillery guns) concentrated on a short segment of the front just a few kilometers long. However, although the Italians enjoyed a 3-to-1 numeric superiority in both men and guns, as they faced 100,000 Austro-Hungarians with 500 guns, the attack still presented several problems: The Austrian positions were very strong. The arc formed by the opposing lines was such as to favor the Austrian artillery. The Italian lines were overcrowded, which made it difficult to maneuver. The Austrians expected the offensive, so there was no surprise.The attack began on 10 June and after fierce and bloody fightings the Italian 52nd Alpine Division managed to capture the top of Mount Ortigara. The Austro-Hungarian command promptly sent many trained reinforcements. On 25 June, the 11 Italian battalions guarding the summit were attacked by Austrian shock troops which retook it, the strenuous Italian resistance notwithstanding. The 52nd Division alone suffered about half the Italian casualties. General Ettore Mambretti, commander of the Sixth Army, was considered responsible for the heavy casualties and removed from command. A letter from a young soldier, written on the eve of the battle, is part of the museum of the Asiago War Memorial. Adolfo Ferrero wrote this letter to his family shortly before dying in combat, and the letter was later discovered in the personal effects of his page, whose body was exhumed from Mount Ortigara in the 1950s. The Battle of Mount Ortigara :オルティガーラ山の戦い
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On 28 June the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated and on 5 July the Kaiser promised "the full support of Germany" if Austria-Hungary took action against Serbia. On 23 July the Austro-Hungarian Government sent an ultimatum to Serbia and next day the British Foreign Minister Sir Edward Grey proposed a conference to avert a war and the Belgian Government issued a declaration that Belgium would defend its neutrality "whatever the consequences". On 25 July the Serbian Government ordered mobilisation and on 26 July, the Austro-Hungarian Government ordered partial mobilisation against Serbia. The French and Italian governments accepted British proposals for a conference on 27 July but the next day Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and the German government rejected the British proposal for a conference and on 29 July the Russian government ordered partial mobilisation against Austria-Hungary as hostilities commenced between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. The German government made proposals to secure British neutrality; the Admiralty sent a Warning Telegram to the Fleets and the War Office ordered the Precautionary Period On 30 July the British government rejected German proposals for British neutrality and next day the Austro-Hungarian and Russian governments ordered full mobilisation
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The Fifth Battle of the Isonzo was fought from March 9–15, 1916 between the armies of the Kingdom of Italy and those of Austria-Hungary. The Italians, under immense pressure from the French commanders, had decided to launch another offensive on the Soča (Isonzo) River.After four attempts to cross the Soča (Isonzo) river and invade Austro-Hungarian territory, Luigi Cadorna, the Italian commander-in-chief, organized a strong new offensive following the winter lull in fighting which had allowed the Italian High Command to regroup and organize 8 new divisions for the front.
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Before the war, the Kingdom of Romania was an ally of Austria-Hungary; however, when war broke out in 1914 Romania pledged neutrality - claiming that Austria-Hungary had started the war and thus Romania had no obligation to join it. Romania eventually joined the Entente, on the condition that the Allies recognise Romanian authority over Transylvania, due to Romanians being the majority population in the region. The Allies accepted the terms, and Romania declared war on Austria-Hungary on 27 August.
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Under the terms of the Chantilly Agreement of December 1915, Russia, France, Britain and Italy committed to simultaneous attacks against the Central Powers in the summer of 1916. Russia felt obliged to lend troops to fight in France and Salonika (against her own wishes), and to attack on the Eastern Front, in the hope of obtaining munitions from Britain and France. The Russians also initiated the disastrous Lake Naroch Offensive in the Vilno area, during which the Germans suffered only one-fifth as many casualties as the Russians. This offensive took place at French request, in the hope that the Germans would transfer more units to the East after their attack on Verdun. General Aleksei Brusilov presented his plan to the Stavka, the Russian high command, proposing a massive offensive by his Southwestern Front against the Austro-Hungarian forces in Galicia. Brusilov's plan aimed to take some of the pressure off French and British armies in France and the Italian Army along the Isonzo Front and, if possible, to knock Austria-Hungary out of the war. As the Austrian army was heavily engaged in Italy, the Russian army enjoyed a significant numerical advantage on the Galician front.
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