Sophisticated Artillery Plan and Improved Accuracy: The Second Army in WWI

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  • The Second Army in World War I developed a highly sophisticated centralized artillery plan, based on the Battle of Arras in 1917.
  • By utilizing field survey, gun calibration, weather data, and accurate maps, the British artillery achieved much-improved accuracy.
  • Target-finding became systematic with the use of new equipment, such as sound-ranging, flash-spotting, and a centralized reporting center.
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The Second Army devised a centralised artillery plan of great sophistication, following the practice established at the Battle of Arras in April 1917. The use of field survey, gun calibration, weather data and a new and highly accurate 1:10,000 scale map, gave British artillery much improved accuracy. Target-finding became systematic, with the use of new sound-ranging equipment, better organisation of flash-spotting and the communication of results through the Army Report Centre at Locre Château. Second Army counter-battery artillery bombardments increased from twelve in the week ending 19 April, to 438 in the last ten days before the attack. A survey of captured ground after the battle found that 90 percent of the German artillery positions had been plotted. The 2nd Field Survey Company also assisted the mining companies by establishing the positions of objectives within the German lines, using intersection and a special series of aerial photographs. The company surveyed advanced artillery positions, so that guns moving forward to them once the battle had begun could begin firing as soon as they arrived at the positions. The British had begun a mining offensive against the German-held Wijtschate (sic) salient in 1916. Sub-surface conditions were especially complex and separate ground water tables made mining difficult. To overcome the technical difficulties, two military geologists assisted the miners from March 1916, including Edgeworth David, who planned the system of mines. Sappers dug the tunnels into a layer of "blue clay" 80–120 feet (24–37 m) below the surface, then drifted galleries for 5,964 yards (5,453 m) to points deep underneath Group Wytschaete's front lines, despite German counter-mining.

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＞The Second Army devised a centralised artillery plan of great sophistication, following the practice established at the Battle of Arras in April 1917. The use of field survey, gun calibration, weather data and a new and highly accurate 1:10,000 scale map, gave British artillery much improved accuracy. Target-finding became systematic, with the use of new sound-ranging equipment, better organisation of flash-spotting and the communication of results through the Army Report Centre at Locre Château. Second Army counter-battery artillery bombardments increased from twelve in the week ending 19 April, to 438 in the last ten days before the attack. ⇒1917年4月に「アラスの戦い」で確立された実践方法に追随して、第2方面軍は大々的に洗練された集中砲撃計画を考案した。戦場の実地調査、銃砲の較正、気象データ、および新しくて非常に正確な1:10,000の縮尺地図の使用は、正確度の大幅改善を英国軍の砲撃にもたらした。新しい音響測量装置、光源の突き止め、およびロクロ・シャトーにある方面軍のレポートセンターを通じての、結果に関するコミュニケーションを利用して目標の発見方法が組織的になった。第2方面軍砲兵中隊の反砲撃爆撃は、週末4月19日の12発から攻撃直前の10日間で438発まで増加した。 ＞survey of captured ground after the battle found that 90 percent of the German artillery positions had been plotted. The 2nd Field Survey Company also assisted the mining companies by establishing the positions of objectives within the German lines, using intersection and a special series of aerial photographs. The company surveyed advanced artillery positions, so that guns moving forward to them once the battle had begun could begin firing as soon as they arrived at the positions. ⇒戦いの後、占領した地面を測量して、ドイツ軍の砲兵隊陣地の90％の位置を確定できたことが明らかになった。第2実地調査中隊はまた、交差地点や特別な一連の航空写真を利用してドイツ軍戦線中の標的の陣地を確定することによって坑道（爆破）中隊を援助した。同中隊は、戦いが始まって先進の砲兵隊が陣地に到着したらすぐに銃砲の砲火を開始できるように、彼らの陣地を調査した。 ＞The British had begun a mining offensive against the German-held Wijtschate (sic) salient in 1916. Sub-surface conditions were especially complex and separate ground water tables made mining difficult. To overcome the technical difficulties, two military geologists assisted the miners from March 1916, including Edgeworth David, who planned the system of mines. Sappers dug the tunnels into a layer of "blue clay" 80–120 feet (24–37 m) below the surface, then drifted galleries for 5,964 yards (5,453 m) to points deep underneath Group Wytschaete's front lines, despite German counter-mining. ⇒英国軍は、1916年にドイツ軍に占拠された「Wijtschate（原文のまま）突出部」に対する坑道爆破攻撃を開始した。地表面下の状況は特に複雑で、別々の土地の地下水面によって坑道爆破が難攻した。技術的な困難を克服するために、坑道爆破のシステムを計画したエッジワース・デイビッドを含む2人の軍事地質学者が、1916年3月から坑道爆破作業班を援助した。ドイツ軍の報復爆破にもかかわらず、地雷工兵らは地表面下80–120フィート（24–37m）の深度で「青い粘土」層に坑道を掘って、そしてウィッツシャエト・グループの前線の下深くに5,964ヤード（5,453m）にわたって横坑道を開けた。

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