Detailed Regulations for Important Groups or Classes under the Tokugawa Administrative System
- Learn about the detailed regulations that governed important groups or classes under the Tokugawa administrative system
- Discover the impact of regulations on Buddhist monasteries and religious houses
- Understand how the Tokugawa protection made Buddhism and Shinto completely dependent
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申し訳ありませんが、次の英文を和訳して下さい。
Detailed regulations for important groups or classes underpinned the Tokugawa administrative system. Such regulations took the form of basic codes which were reaffirmed and sometimes revised at the accession of each new shogun. One set, issued between 1601 and 1616 and known collectively as the regulations for Buddhist monasteries (jiin hatto), left doctrine and internal sect organization largely in the hands of the clergy, but made aggressive propaganda an offense and put the management and taxation of temple estates under bakufu supervision. These and later rules for religious houses were enforced by an important group of bakufu officials, the temple magistrates(jisha bugyo). Such legislation made Buddhism, and Shinto, completely dependent on Tokugawa protection. jiin hatto 寺院法度 jisha bugyo 寺社奉行
- 阿部 結唯（@iwano_aoi）
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重要な集団や階級を対象とした細かい規則が、徳川幕府の基礎になっている。これらには、新しく将軍職に就いた者が、再確認し、時には改訂した基本的法例の形を取る物もある。 1601年から1616年の間に公布され、纏めて寺院法度と呼ばれる法令は、教義や宗派内の組織の多くを僧侶の手に委ねたものの、攻撃的な宣伝を違法とし、寺領の管理や税を幕府の監督下においた。 これら、および以後の宗教団体に関する規則は、寺社奉行と呼ばれる重要な幕府役人の集団によって行使された。このような法令により、仏教と神道は、完全に徳川の保護に頼ることになった。
関連するQ&A
- 英文と日本語訳があります。日本語訳は正しいですか？
Detailed regulations for important groups or classes underpinned the Tokugawa administrative system. Such regulations took the form of basic codes which were reaffirmed and sometimes revised at the accession of each new shogun. One set, issued between 1601 and 1616 and known collectively as the regulations for Buddhist monasteries (jiin hatto), left doctrine and internal sect organization largely in the hands of the clergy, but made aggressive propaganda an offense and put the management and taxation of temple estates under bakufu supervision. These and later rules for religious houses were enforced by an important group of bakufu officials, the temple magistrates(jisha bugyo). Such legislation made Buddhism, and Shinto, completely dependent on Tokugawa protection. 和訳 重要なグループもしくは階級に対する細部にわたる法度は、徳川の統治システムを支えた。 こうした法度は、各新将軍の即位時に再確認され時には差し替えられる基本法令という形を取っていた。1601年から1616年の間に発布され、仏教の僧院の為の規制（寺院法度）として知られているものは、仏教の教義と内部宗派の運営を広く僧侶の管理下に残したが、幕府の監視下でひとつの違反を攻撃的宣伝に使って寺領への管理と租税を加えた。こうした各宗の対する法度と後に加えられた規則は、幕府の役人の中でも重要なグループである、寺を裁く者（寺社奉行）によって強化された。そのような法律が完全に徳川の庇護に依存する仏教と神道を作ったのだ。
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Its provisions applied to all daimyo equally. The military lords were forbidden to: move troops outside their own frontiers; from political alliances among themselves; maintain more than one castle in their domain; marry without shogunal approval. Later prohibitions made it illegal for daimyo to do such things as coin money, enter into direct relations with the court of foreigners as coin money, enter into direct relations with the court of foreigners except with the express permission of the bakufu, ior build large ships except for trade. The military house legislation succeeded in its primary object of protecting the Tokugawa against daimyo attack and ushered in the long period of Tokugawa peace. Civil war, like religious war, became a thing of the past.
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英文の和訳で困っています 和訳を教えていただきたいです よろしくお願いします！！ The use of this technique characterizes another major new building, the Forum Baths. Situated in the block immediately to the north of the Capitoline temple, these represented a state-of the-art project incorporating not just bathing facilities but also shops and upstairs apartments, and were clearly intended as an amenity for the general population, among whom the bathing habit had taken a firm hold, rather than for the colonists alone. Significantly, a pair of inscriptions which have been ascribed to the Forum Baths records the magistrates who supervised the work as operating at public expense rather than paying from their own pockets. Evidently the Stabian Baths were now inadequate to the requirements of the city, and a new establishment was needed to relieve pressure on them. At the same time the Stabian Baths themselves were modernized, as an inscription reveals, by the addition of a laconiun and destrictarium (room for rubbing down after exercise) and by the reconstruction of the Bath’s palaestra and its porticoes.
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Traditionally, the tozama were objects of Tokugawa mistrust, and though territorially strong, these lords could never hope to fudai colleagues. Nevertheless, even the tozama benefited from long-term changes. By 1700, it was no longer feasible for any group of daimyo to foment rebellion. Long periods of cohabitation in Edo, a city which was birthplace and childhood home of most of the domainal lords as well as the scene of their later compulsory residences, of outlook among them, and between them and ranking members of the Tokugawa lineage. Marriage and adoption, the later being freely used to ensure that no daimyo family should die out for lack of heirs, worked to the same end. Before long, many of the military lords were related to each other several times over, and similar links bound them to the Kyoto nobility and the Tokugawa house itself.
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It is true that local autonomy was an integral part of the Tokugawa system, in the sense that the han had existed from the first as semi-independent and functioning entities. It is even more true in the sense that the domains became even more closely integrated in the overall administrative structure as time went on, and at the same time were able to consolidate their (albeit subordinate) position relative to the bakufu. Therefore, to talk of the ‘’Tokugawa system’’ or the ‘’Tokugawa bakufu’’ is useful when discussing the administrative structure and developments of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, but after that these terms reflect progressively less of the actual state of affairs and, in particular, the distribution of power. 和訳 藩が始めから半独立国家的に機能する物として存在していたという意味で、地方自治が徳川体制にとって必須であったことは事実である。 さらに、時が経つにつれ藩が（徳川の）総合的行政機構により緊密に組み込まれていき、同時に幕府に対し、おのが地位（服従ではあるものの）を強固なものに出来たという意味でも事実である。よって、17世紀と18世紀初めの行政機構とその発展について論議する場合、「徳川体制」もしくは「徳川幕府」を語ることは有意義ではあるものの、こうした表現は徐々にそれ以後の国家情勢、特に権力の分配について表すものではなくなっていく。
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It is even more true in the sense that the domains became even more closely integrated in the overall administrative structure as time went on, and at the same time were able to consolidate their (albeit subordinate) position relative to the bakufu. Therefore, to talk of the ‘’Tokugawa system’’ or the ‘’Tokugawa bakufu’’ is useful when discussing the administrative structure and developments of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, but after that these terms reflect progressively less of the actual state of affairs and, in particular, the distribution of power. 和訳 さらに時が経つにつれて、藩が全体的な行政機構の中に組み込まれていき、同時に幕府に対する相対的な地位を固めることが出来たという事実である。よって、１７世紀から１８世紀初めまでの行政機構およびその発展について議論する場合、「徳川体制」や「徳川幕府」を語ることは有用ではあるが、次第に状況、特に権力の分布という表現を使うものではなくなっていく。
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翻訳サイトだと意味がおかしくなるので質問しました。 Of the 203 people interviewed two-thirds were women, half of them widowed. Just under a firth had no surviving children. Table 1 outlines the numbers of different marital status, distinguishing those without children. The main interview lasted for an average of about two hours. After an explanation of the reasons for the call, the interview itself was not so much a search for short answers to formal questions as a guided conversation. An interview schedule was taken out and extensive notes taken. A kinship diagram was drawn for each informant, the Christian names, ages, occupations, and districts oof residence of husband or wife, children, grandchildren, brothers and sisters, and so on being noted down, together with an estimate of the frequency of contact with each of them. Information about the family often proved difficult to obtain sometimes because the number of relatives was very large, sometimes because people were infirm, deaf, forgetful, or unwilling. Too much should not be made of such difficulties. Most people were remarkably generous and indulgent and went to great lengths to find an answer to questions - searching out birth certificates, funeral cards, family photos, insurance agreements, and supplementary assistance books. The kinship diagram usually gave information about more than fifty relatives, including all those in frequent touch with the old person. Facts about income, health, household management, retirement, neighbours, and friends were also sought. After the interview a report of from two to four thousand words was written. A further note on method, together with examples of interview-reports, will be found at the end of this book. In the illustrations from interviews throughout the text fictitious names have been used and details have been altered to prevent identification. In the quotations no attempt has been made to convey dialect. Apart from a few early interviews all the people were seen between October 1954 and November 1995. I interviewed 160 myself and the remainder were interviewed by my colleague, Peter Marris. Nearly all were visited a second time, some three, four, or more times, partly to secure additional information. Separate interviews were also obtained with some relatives of the chief informants.
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The political fragmentation involved in the baku-han system naturally made for an irrational duplication of administrative functions, and inevitably produced an overabundance of officials. However, it also gave the entire country the elementary political disciplines of effective law and order and tax collection, not only at the local-regional but also at the local-village levels. Moreover, despite the regionalist and pluralist assumptions of the system, resemblances between one governing authority and another (i.e.,han and han, han and bakufu) were sufficiently close to create a common political culture, an experience of government which was shard across the nation and which affected all classes. Willingness to obey the commands of official superiors, even in the matter of taxes, and the existence of a common political culture, enabled the country’s leaders after 1868 to proceed rapidly with their self appointed task of building a unified and progressive nation state.
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From the light bulb to the World Wide Web, British science has had an enormous impact on our lives. Let's consider just a small number of the important inventions and discoveries made by British science.
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New research finds link between frequency of exercise and stroke risk Here’s yet another reason to get off the couch: new research findings suggest that regularly breaking a sweat may lower the risk of having a stroke. A stroke can occur when a blood vessel in the brain gets blocked. As a result, nearby brain cells will die after not getting enough oxygen and other nutrients. A number of risk factors for stroke have been identified, including smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes and being inactive. For this study, published in the journal Stroke, Michelle N. McDonnell, Ph.D., from the University of South Australia, Adelaide and her colleagues obtained data from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. REGARDS is a large, long-term study funded by the NIH National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) to look at the reasons behind the higher rates of stroke mortality among African-Americans and other residents living in the Southeastern United States. “Epidemiological studies such as REGARDS provide an important opportunity to explore race, genetics, environmental, and lifestyle choices as stroke risk factors,” said Claudia Moy, Ph.D., program director at NINDS. Over 30,000 participants supplied their medical history over the phone. The researchers also visited them to obtain health measures such as body mass index and blood pressure. At the beginning of the study, the researchers asked participants how many times per week they exercised vigorously enough to work up a sweat. The researchers contacted participants every six months to see if they had experienced a stroke or a mini-stroke known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA). To confirm their responses, the researchers reviewed participants’ medical records. The researchers reported data for over 27,000 participants who were stroke-free at the start of the study and followed for an average of 5.7 years. One-third of participants reported exercising less than once a week. Study subjects who were inactive were 20 percent more likely to experience a stroke or TIA than participants who exercised four or more times a week. The findings revealed that regular, moderately vigorous exercise, enough to break a sweat, was linked to reduced risk of stroke. Part of the protective effect was due to lower rates of known stroke risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity and smoking. “Our results confirm other research findings but our study has the distinct advantage of including larger numbers, especially larger numbers of women as well as blacks, in a national population sample so these provide somewhat more generalizable results than other studies,” said Virginia Howard, Ph.D., senior author of the study from the School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham.
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