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英語力のある方に質問です。少し長いですが、お時間の

英語力のある方に質問です。少し長いですが、お時間のある方、どうぞよろしくお願いします。 In most societies with writing, until 100 years ago only a minority could read and write; the rest were illiterate and hence were themselves dependent on the oral or visual transmission of knowledge. They were not, ( ), dependent on knowledge originating in the oral or visual registers, and, consequently, their traditions differed in kind from those of a society without writing because they would be indirectly influenced by the written forms; illiterates would absorb Christian or Buddhist book learning through stories, sermons, paintings, and scripture. Equally, they might learn to conduct cognitive operations invented by the written culture ( such as the arithmetic tables learned by heart ). The same is true of technological advances developed through the medium of written operations; illiterates may benefit from living in a literate culture, although the inability to read and write will place them in a disadvantageous position relative to others who can. Even cultures without writing may be influenced by contact with literate outsiders in a similar manner. The radio could stand as one example, because literacy was clearly a prerequisite of its invention but not its operation. Today, however, there is probably no society in the world that does not have some literates who are capable of gaining access to written knowledge produced elsewhere. 質問1 空欄(   )に入るものですが、therefore, however, on the contrary, のいずれかがはいるらしいのですが、どのような根拠でどれがはいるかがよくわかりません。 質問2 内容一致の問題です。(1)か(2)のような気がするのですが、これもよくわかりません。 (1)The knowledge they acquired was necessarily derived from oral or visual registers. (2)The channel through which they acquired was registered to the oral or visual mode. (3)They learned to conduct cognitive operations quite differently from literates. (4)They were placed in a disadvantageous position because there was no way for them to acquire written knowledge.

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回答No.8

では knowledge originating in the oral or visual registers って何かと考えると paintings, and scripture と考えがちなのですが, これは stories, sermons と並列になっています。 すなわち,聖書に書かれているようなキリストの教えを stories, sermons と同じように,paintings, scripture に具現化されたもの。 だから,あくまでもここの paintings, and scripture というのは 文字文化の book がもとにあります。 だから,少なくとも,この文中の paintings, and scripture というのは knowledge originating in the oral or visual registers ではありません。 こういうふうに,ずっと文字社会・文化での illiterate の話をしていて, 最後の方で Even cultures without writing ~と 「文字のない文化でさえ」と話を進めていきます。

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回答No.7

Equally, they might learn to conduct cognitive operations invented by the written culture ( such as the arithmetic tables learned by heart ). この equally「同様に」というのは 前の Christian or Buddhist book と同様に, 九九表の暗記なども。 九九表なんかも,それをそらで覚えることは 読み書きができなくても可能。 でも,そもそも九九表というのは文字社会にしかない。 (文字社会で)読み書きのできない人も, 間接的に文字文化から影響を受けている。 そういう意味で, knowledge originating in the oral or visual registers しか頼るものがない,文字のない社会とは違う。 differ/differently というのを 文字のある社会 対 ない社会 (文字社会の中で)literate 対 illiterate の両方で使っているので紛らわしいです。

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回答No.6

In most societies with writing, until 100 years ago only a minority could read and write; the rest were illiterate and hence were themselves dependent on the oral or visual transmission of knowledge. ここまでは問題ないはずです。 文字社会でもかつては大多数が文字を読めず,そういう人たちは口頭・視覚による知識伝達に依存した。 (ただ,あくまでも文字社会の話です) dependent on ~ oral/visual と言っておいて not dependent on ~ oral/visual となる。 だからこそ,however であるわけですが, 前の単なる transmission と違って, originate であり,register である。 最初,私は register を「録音・録画」的にとらえ,そういうのは当時あり得ない,と思ったのですが, それは誤りでした。 originate が大切で,「始まりが口頭・視覚的記録」である。 つまり,もともと文字のない社会・文化では知識の始まり自体,口頭・視覚的しかない。 でも,文字社会にいる以上,book は存在し,読み書きのできない人たちも, book から学ぶことができる。 book に書いている知識は knowledge originating in the oral or visual registers ではありません。 自分では読み書きできなくても,読み聞かされることによって学べる。 consequently「したがって」 そもそも文字のない世界の社会では knowledge originating in the oral or visual registers しか頼るものがない,のとは違っている。 この consequently という流れからはこう解釈することになります。

KumiYagami
質問者

お礼

なるほど、なんだかよくわかった気がします。細かく単語の語義を追って行く必要がありますね。

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回答No.5

すみません,differently の意味を取り違えていました。 Equally, they might learn to conduct cognitive operations invented by the written culture (文字社会の中の)読み書きできない人たちも同様に,文字文化によって知的作用を実行するようになるだろう (3) の quite differently from literates を「読み書きできる人々とは違って」 まるで読み書きできる人々はできないのと違って, と unlike の意味にとってしまったのですが, differently というのは「やり方が異なって」という意味でした。 differently で即刻(3)を却下して,(4)をちゃんと見ていませんでしたが, 確かに there was no way for them to acquire written knowledge ではなく, 「違ったやり方で」知識を得るので, (3)が正解です。 あと,これはあくまでも written culture「文字社会」の中で literate「読み書きできる人」と illiterate「読み書きできない人」 の説明です。 読み書きできない人々でも,そもそも社会レベルで文字のない社会とは違う,というのが differed in kind from those of a society without writing です。 ここがわかりにくいのですが, この主語 their traditions の their とは illiterates であり, それが「社会レベルで文字のない」のとは違う,と言っています。

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noname#202629
noname#202629
回答No.4

質問1 は however  質問2 は、 (2)になると思う。 前半は、文字文化を持つ世界と文字文化を持たない世界の文盲の人達の対比で、前者の人達をフォーカスしている。 1)は、文字文化を持たない文盲のことを言っているが故に間違いとなる。 3)は、cognitive operations=process of thinkingまたはcognitie processで思考の過程・認知の過程というような意味になる。  they might learn to conduct cognitive operations invented by the written culture 文字文化を持つ世界での文盲は活字文化によって創作された思考・認知の過程を実施することを学ぶに違いない・・と言っているが故に間違いとなる 4) because there was no way for them to acquire written knowledge. とは言っていないはずです。なぜならば、キリスト教や仏教書の物語、説教、絵画等から知識を吸収するのであろうと言っているから。 ならば2) channel=a method used for communicating information or for sending or receiving something http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/american/channel#channel_7 The channel through which they acquired was registered to the oral or visual mode. 文字文化を持つ世界での文盲が得る情報の伝達は言葉と視覚的に登録される。 多分このchannelは活字文化を意味している。活字文化を通して得る情報は(文字文化を持つ文盲)の言葉や視覚に記憶される・・ という事だと思いますよ。

参考URL:
http://www.freedictionary.org/?Query=cognitive%20operation
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回答No.3

>,読み書きできない人が多い, 「しかし」 (録音・録画ができる現代ではない以上)口頭などだけで情報の記録はできず, そんなのに頼ることなどできない。 ちょっととばしました。 読み書きできない人が多く,そういう人々は口頭・視力に頼らざるを得ない, 「しかし」 (録音・録画ができる現代ではない以上)口頭などだけで情報の記録はできず, そんなのに頼ることなどできない。

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  • bakansky
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回答No.2

(1) には however が入ると思います。 「根拠」 というほどのものでもないのですが、昔は文盲は珍しくなかったという内容から書きだされていて、文盲の人は音とか絵とかを手段として情報を入手した、とあります。 その次が問題の文ですが、ひとまず ( ) を無視して読んでみると、「彼等は口頭や絵から得られる情報だけに依存していたわけではない」 ということが述べられています。 そうすると、初めに述べられていたことから予想される流れを、少し修正しているということになります。A ではあるが、全面的に A というわけでもない、という表現の仕方。そうすると、「A ではあるが、しかし必ずしも B ではない」 ということで、そういう場合に however という語を挿入することは珍しくないということから however ではないかと考えました。 質問2 については、英語の問題というより読解力のテストみたいなものですが、まず (1) が間違いであることは、問題文の冒頭部分で述べられていたことと合致しないので、すぐに分かります。 (2) も (1) に近い文で、これもおかしい。(1) も (2) も、問題1 からのつながりで考えると、正しくないということが判断できます。 (3) はなるほど、そういうことが書いてあったような気がするな、と思いました。 (4) も、それに近いことは書いてあったように思いますが、少しズレている気がします。 だから、私なら (3) を答えとして選択します。

KumiYagami
質問者

補足

彼等は口頭や絵から得られる情報だけに依存していたわけではない」 という部分ですが、だけ、というonlyに相当する訳はどこから出てくるのでしょうか。ここを詳しく教えて頂けると助かります。

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回答No.1

until 100 years ago only a minority could read and write; the rest were illiterate and hence were themselves dependent on the oral or visual transmission of knowledge ここが惑わせる原因ですね。 ネイティブレベルでかつ教養があればいいんでしょうが。 ここは主点じゃないです。 100年前までは読み書きできる人は少なかった。 多くの読み書きできない人は口頭・視覚の情報に頼らざるを得ない。 これは余計なことで,文字文化があることはないのとは違う。 読み書きできる人が多い少ないは関係なく, とにかく文字文化は文字のない文化とは違う。 だから,読み書きできない人が多い, 「しかし」 (録音・録画ができる現代ではない以上)口頭などだけで情報の記録はできず, そんなのに頼ることなどできない。 質問1は however 質問2は (1)(2) は上で述べたように oral, visual では記録は残せないので誤り。 (3) は equally とあるので,differently は誤り。 the inability to read and write will place them in a disadvantageous position relative to others who can から(4) こういう問題でありがちですが,they って誰なの? illiterates と書いてしまうと答えになるのでやむを得ないのでしょうが。 さらに,この内容は although ~の部分なので illiterates may benefit from living in a literate culture を見ると間違いと思ってしまいます。

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