謎のキノコサークルの正体とは？
- ナミビアのナミブランド自然保護区で見つかったキノコサークルの正体について、研究者が解明に迫っています。
- キノコサークルの形成は、欠乏している栄養分や農薬などではなく、ナミビアの自然環境によって引き起こされていることが判明しました。
- キノコサークルは約24〜75年の周期で発生・消滅しており、その寿命の平均は41年であることがわかりました。
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下の文を和訳していただけませんか？ Tschinkel first encountered fairy circles in 2005 on a vacation to the NamibRand Nature Reserve, a private nature park dedicated to conserving the local ecology and wildlife in southwestern Namibia, where his local guide introduced him to the strange land forms. “I looked at them and said, ‘Obviously, they’re caused by termites,’ ” he recalls. Perhaps the insects were killing the grass from below, or maybe they were giving off gases that were poisoning the vegetation. But when he and his wife returned to the region in 2007 and excavated a handful of fairy circles, they found no evidence of termites. Other experiments ― adding essential nutrients such as zinc to the fairy circles or replacing the soil inside the circles with the soil from outside the circles ― didn’t cause the vegetation to grow back, suggesting the formations are not the result of a lack of nutrients.So Tschinkel turned to satellite images. By comparing photos taken over a 4-year period, he confirmed something other scientists had suspected: The circles were alive ― or at least they were dynamic. A number of circles appeared and disappeared over this time period. Extrapolating from the data, Tschinkel calculated that most smaller circles arise and vanish every 24 years, whereas larger circles last up to 75 years. Overall, the lifespan averaged 41 years.
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チンクルは、休暇でナミビランド自然保護区に行った2005年に、初めてフェアリー・サークルに出会いました。ナミビランド自然保護区は、南西ナミビアの地元の生態環境や野生生物を保護するために献納された個人の自然公園ですが、そこで、彼の地元のガイドが彼に奇妙な土地の形態を紹介したのでした。「私はそれらを見て、『明らかに、それらはシロアリに起因します』」と言ったことを、彼は思い出します。 おそらく、その昆虫（シロアリ）が下から草を枯らしたか、あるいは、多分、それら（シロアリ）が植物に有害なガスを放っていたのでしょう。しかし、彼と彼の妻が2007年にその地域に戻って、少数のフェアリー・サークルを掘り返したとき、彼らはシロアリの証拠を見つけませんでした。亜鉛のような重要な栄養分をフェアリー・サークルに加えたり、サークル（円）の内側の土をサークルの外側から持ってきた土と入れ替える ― と言った、他の実験も、植物が再び成長する原因にはなりませんでした。このことは、その形態が栄養分の欠乏の結果でないことを示唆しました。それで、チンクルは衛星画像を調べました。 4年の期間に撮られた写真を比較することによって、彼は、他の科学者が疑ったことを確認しました： サークルは生きていました ― あるいは、少なくとも、それらは動的でした。この期間に、いくつかのサークルが現れて、消えました。 データから推定して、チンクルは、ほとんどの小さめのサークルが、24年おきに生じたり、消えたりしてること、ところが、より大きなサークルは最高75年続くことを算出しました。全体として、寿命は平均で41年でした。
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- 和訳していただけませんか？
下の文を和訳していただけませんか？ To confirm his results, Tschinkel crunched data collected from the NamibRand Nature Reserve. Over the past 10 years, the park has sold fairy circles to ecotourists for about $50 each. The buyers don’t actually get the land; they just adopt it―kind of like people who “purchase” stars. Each circle the reserve sells is marked with the date of sale, and new owners are given the latitude and longitude so they can check up on their purchase on Google Earth.Tschinkel’s friends at the reserve revisited the sold fairy rings and took photos to estimate the amount of regrowth that had occurred over the years. From the number of fairy circles that had died or started to die over the past 2 to 9 years, Tschinkel calculated that the fairy circles had an average age of about 6 decades. “It gives me some confidence that we really are talking about a lifespan of about 30 to 60 years,” he says.Very few researchers have taken the time to investigate the fairy circles, and their work is usually based on opportunistic experiments done on quick trips, Tschinkel says. “There’s no program really focused on trying to figure this out.”Fairy circle aficionados are impressed. “Tschinkel does deliver a superb product for a one-man band,” says Carl Albrecht, the head of research at the Cancer Association of South Africa, who occasionally researches and publishes on the mysterious spots as a hobby. “These are beautiful synergies between Google Earth, satellite photographs, aerial photographs, and actual observations on the ground.”In the future, Tschinkel hopes to return to the region to conduct tests at different times of year, as some of his data indicate that circles tend to form after the rainy season. He acknowledges that he may never get to the bottom of what causes the fairy circles ― and that’s just fine with others. During a recent trip, a local conservationist told Tschinkel that he hopes the fairy circles remain a mystery for years to come. “I certainly can sympathize with that sentiment,” Tschinkel says. “But that doesn’t mean I’ll stop trying to understand.”
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以下の文の , something 〜 の部分が文法的にわかりませんので解説お願いいたします。 They also found that the top eight inches of soil within fairy circles quickly dried out, something they hypothesize is caused when established plants surrounding fairy circles actively draw water toward them.
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下の文を和訳していただけませんか？ Walter Tschinkel may not have solved the mystery of the fairy circles, but he can tell you that they’re alive. Tens of thousands of the formations ― bare patches of soil, 2 to 12 meters in diameter ― freckle grasslands from southern Angola to northern South Africa, their perimeters often marked by a tall fringe of grass. Locals say they’re the footprints of the gods. Scientists have thrown their hands up in the air. But now Tschinkel, a biologist at Florida State University in Tallahassee, has discovered something no one else has.
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A raindrop falling in a pond produces perfect circles of waves that expand indefinitely until canceled by the friction of the shore or by the perfect circles made by other raindrops. When viewed from above, the branches of a tree form circles around their trunk, in an attempt to achieve optimal surface area for soaking in the sun's rays. Even planets and stars try to from circles and spheres in space, although gravity and spinning forces push and pull their pure mathematical curves into the complex forms we see in nature.
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'Then he showed me the lamps burning in the shop.He said they were obliged to keep them burning eight months before they could do anything. 'We then went into the glss-blowing department,a separate building,out back. Two men were at work there.Edison had enlarged the bulb of his lamp about 33 per cent and they were at work blowing them,and parts of these vacuum pumps. Edison is working a vacumm pump of glass entirely .They were putting some of the carbon horseshoe into the lamps.There was only one man at work putting the carbon in(Batchelor). 'From there I went into a photo-lithographic concern that Edison has just got up,and they were at work pictures.There was one picture of Edison surrounded bu about thirty-five of his workmen taken by this process;and they had a man at work with chemicals,etc.Every now and then my conductor would point out a lamp with remark,''How nice that is burning!''ect.Then he would turn a little screw to turn the light off or on.He couldn't regurate it intermediately.It was eighter all off or all on.I asked him if they could regurate to any intermediate point and he said they couldn't.''These horseshoe burn very well,''he said. '''Some of them burn on an average about 800 hours continuously.''My conductor then took me where the dynamo machines were working and showed me the engine which he said was 80HP-150,I should think,judging from the size of it.He said they had a hundred lamps burning,but I am positive there weren't over 50,even if as many as that,everywhere,in the shop and out of it;and to run them he had 3 dynamo machines worked by this engine,those big upright machines of Edison's,that my conductor said had a capacity of 50 lightseach
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Pericles' Funeral Oration 431 BC: "...In the fighting, they thought it more honourable to stand their ground and suffer death than to give in and save their lives. So they fled from the reproaches of men, abiding with life and limb the brunt of battle, and in a small moment of time, the climax of their lives, a culmination of glory, not of fear, were swept away from us." 後半が分かりません。 よろしくお願い致します。
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和訳と選択をお願いします 長くなってすみません(>_<) People first ( 1 ) civilization about 4,000 B.C., or 6,000 years ago. This is an insignificant period of time compared to their 3 million years on this globe. The ( 2 ) of history speeded up tremendously compared to the sluggish pace of earlier times. Million of years passed before people learned how to farm. This occurred about 10,000 B.C. But after that people seemed to leap forward. The more time passed, the more rapid pace of invention and development and change. When people were food gatherers they ( 3 ) their knowledge every 100,000 years. When they became civilized they needed 1,000 years, but people depended on their own two legs during most of these 3 million years on this earth. Then a few thousand years ago they learned to ( 4 ) horse and other animals, and to ride them or use them to pull carriages. About a century ago the bicycle was developed. Then in rapid succession the steam engine, the automobile, and the airplane were developed, and now there are spaceships that can land on the moon and place instruments on Mars. (1)1.raised 2.grew 3.developed 4.invented (2)1.time 2.tempo 3.rhythm 4.grade (3)1.stored 2.doubled 3.exchanged 4.accumulated (4)1.ride 2.use 3.tame 4.hurt
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長文の和訳 お願いします a lot of young people became victims of the battle of ofokinawa. some of the most well known are the girls in the himeyuri student corps. their story has been told in movies and books. Student corps were units that the japanese army created for the battle of okinawa. the himeyuri corpy was made of students and teachers from the okinawa first girl's high school and the female division of the okinawa normal school. in decembar 1944, the japanese military felt that it was impossible to prevent the Americans from landing in okinawa. they organized some studebt corps to help wounded soldiers. at the end of march 1945, the himeyuri students were sent to the army field hospital in haebaru . this was just a few days before the americans landede. the himeyuri corps was formed of 240 members : 222 were students from ages 15 to 19 , and 18 were teachers. they were so busy taking care of wounded soldiers that they didn't even have time to sleep. the war situation got worse. in late may, the himeyuri corps retreated to the south. the last fierce battle of the battle of okinawa was fought in the southern part of okinawa island. when the japanese military knew they were losing he battle, they ordered the himeyuri corps to disband. on june 18 , the girls were thrown out onto the battlefield. more than one hundred of the himeyuri students sent to the battlefield lost their lives. the name "himeyuri" sounds peaceful , but the reality they had to face was far from peace. we must never forget the tragedy of the himeyuri student corps.
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The movements of humans in the last million years provide a clue to the answer. At the beginning of the Ice Age, humans lived near the equator, where the climate was mild and pleasant. Later they moved northward. From their birthplace in Africa they moved up across Arabia and then turned to the north and west into Europe, as well as eastward into Asia. When these early movements took place, the ice still only covered the lands in the far north; but eight hundred thousand years ago, the ice moved southward until it covered large parts of Europe and Asia. Then, for the first time, humans encountered the bone-chilling, freezing winds from the cakes of ice in the north. The climate in southern Europe had a Siberian coldness then, and summers were nearly as cold as European winters are today. In those difficult times, resourcefulness and inventiveness must have been of great value. Which individual first thought of stripping the fur from dead animals to wrap around hi body? Only by (human beings/ imaginative acts/ could/ such inventive/ survive/ and) a cold climate. In every generation, the individuals with strength, courage, and creativity were the ones more likely to survive the Ice Age; those who were less resourceful fell victim to the climate and their numbers were reduced. The Ice Age winter was the greatest challenge that humans had ever faced. They were naked and defenseless against the cold, as some little mammals had been defenseless against the dinosaurs one hundred million years before. Facing the pressure of a hostile world, both those mammals and humans were forced to live by their wits; and both became, in their time, the most intelligent animals of the day. ()内は並べ替えです。 めっちゃ困ってます!お願いします...
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