The Middle-Age Crisis of Occupational Discrepancy
- The middle-age crisis of occupation often involves a discrepancy between early ambitions and actual accomplishments.
- This can be disappointing unless ambitions were modest or the individual has been fortunate.
- This crisis typically affects husbands more directly, but it can indirectly impact their wives as well.
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The other middle-age crisis associated with occupation is that it is during this stage that people normally face the discrepancy between their early ambitions and their actual accomplishments. The discrepancy is likely to be a disappointment unless the ambitions were modest or the individuals have been fortunate. This crisis usually affects the husband more directly than the wife, but it can have an immense indirect effect on her. お願いします。
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職業に関連したもう一方の中年の危機は、人々が通常彼らの若い頃の野心と彼らの実際の成果の間の相違に向きあうのがこの段階の間においてであるということです。野心が控え目であったか、、あるいは、その個人が幸運でなかった限り、その相違は失望につながりがちです。この危機は通常、妻より直接夫に影響を及ぼします、しかし、それは妻に巨大な間接的な影響を及ぼす場合もあります。
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According to another stereotype, a major crisis occurs in middle age, the “mid-life crisis.” However, psychologists have not been able to agree when it occurs, some arguing for the 20s, some for the 60s, and others for every age in between. Furthermore, they disagree about the nature of this crisis. One might suspect, then, that the concept lacks a firm basis of facts. Supporting this suspicion, a recent study showed that middle age is actually the best period of adulthood. Feelings of alienation, powerlessness, meaninglessness, and disengagement were most prevalent in young adulthood and least prevalent in middle age. The elderly group in the study was intermediate. お願いします。
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Kohlberg’s adolescent moral stage The operative moral principle in adolescence is often that if everyone misbehaved , society would not work; law and order are necessary or we would have chaos and so control over others. Interestingly, it is during this period of adolescence, when so many youngsters in fact have problems in accepting authority (or at least question it closely), that youngsters begin to feel very strongly about the importance of that authority for purposes of defining morality. よろしくお願いします。
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The crisis appears at about the same time as the crisis of the empty nest- the departure of the last child from the home-which affects particularly the wife. She may be unable to turn to her husband for help in dealing with the empty-nest crisis, because he is preoccupied with his own crisis of adjusting to the limits on his career and the implied limits on his abilities. Especially if the wife has learned only the traditional view of woman’s role in society-wife and mother-the departure of the last child will be a crisis. For such a woman one of the main purposes in life has ended, bringing about a sudden “retirement” that was unwanted and largely unanticipated. お願いします。
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Perhaps the most disturbing thing about the empty nest, however, is that it is a sign that youth has gone. This sign, together with the evidence confronted in the mirror and the menopause, which occurs at about the same time as the empty nest, make the loss of youth impossible to deny. Given the worship of youthfulness in our society, especially youthfulness in woman, the effect is a real crisis. Of little comfort to the present generation, the declining birth rate and increasing longevity have combined to increase the average age of Americans to 29 years. If the trends continue, our ideal may also mature. お願いします。
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Failing health Old age is a time of failing health. Over half the elderly have lost their teeth; over half have problems with vision; about half have chronic health problems that limit their activities; and over a fourth have problems with hearing (Kalish, 1975). In addition, serious conditions such as arthritis, rheumatism, high blood pressure, and heart disease are more prevalent, and seven out of eight old people have chronic conditions of some kind (Bengtson & Haber, 1975). On top of all this, their incomes are lower and their health costs are higher than at younger ages. お願いします。
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The reality does not always agree with the ideal. The old may prattle and preach (“When I was young, we didn’t have it so good...") rather than teach, especially because their failing memory makes their testimony unreliable. お願いします。
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The menopause The word menopause is derived from the Greek menos, mouth, and paueis, to cause to cease. It refers to an abrupt period of time in which physiological changes in women result in natural termination of menstruation and the menstrual cycle. During the menopause, women sometimes experience “hot flashes”, and many women report that period is unpleasant. It signals the end of fertility, but it is not viewed by middle-aged women as a heavy crisis; only 4 percent checked “the menopause” in a question on the worst thing about middle age, and most women who are postmenopausal feel positively about it (Troll, 1975). お願いします。
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Loss of spouse During the early years of life, loss of souse is certainly not a normally encountered crisis. After adolescence, however, it becomes increasingly common with increasing age. During the early years of adulthood, divorce cause loss of a spouse much more often than death does. Incidentally, the crisis of losing a spouse is more likely to have a gradual onset in the early adult years than a sudden onset, because during these years divorce-the more usual cause of losing a spouse-is likely to result from a gradual buildup of tensions, while death-the less common cause of losing a spouse-is likely to have a sudden onset. The most common cause of death in early adulthood, as in adolescence, is accident. お願いします。
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The picture is complicated because some persons carry over their work-related tasks into retirement, and some workers see the leisure after retirement as their just reward. Finally, “it seems entirely possible that, given sufficient income and transportation, the elderly who are in good health would willingly make use of whatever sources of leisure entertainment were available without longing for work” (Kalish,1975, p. 115). Retirement then is task for the society as well as for elderly persons. お願いします。
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For many years, one of the best-established findings in developmental psychology was that intelligence declines in old age. It is now known, however, that this “finding” is partly false. The data were obtained in cross-sectional research, and apparently reflected differences between birth cohorts to a large extent, because the finding has not been entirely confirmed in research with longitudinal or sequential designs (see Chapter 6, pp, 166-168). お願いします。
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