The Truth About Short-Term Memory Capacity
- Short-term memory capacity is often inflated due to additional factors such as rehearsal and long-term memory.
- The capacity of short-term memory is only four chunks when these additional factors are eliminated.
- Overall, short-term memory capacity is significantly less than long-term memory capacity.
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second,Cowan(2000)argued that the capacity of short-term memory capacity are often inflated because participants' performance depends on rehearsal(i.e.,saying the items under one's breath)and on long-term memory as well as on"pure"short-term memory capacity.when these additional factors are eliminated,the capacity of short-term memory is only four chunks.More generally,however,short-term memory capacity(whether four or seven chunks)is hugely less than the essentially unlimited capacity of long-term memory. 翻訳お願いします(__)
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> second, Cowan (2000) argued that the capacity of short-term memory are often inflated because participants' performance depends on rehearsal (i.e., saying the items under one's breath) and on long-term memory as well as on "pure" short-term memory capacity. When these additional factors are eliminated, the capacity of short-term memory is only four chunks. 第２に、コーウェン (2000) によれば、被験者がどれほどの結果を示すかは、事前練習 （たとえば、所定の課題を一息で言うなど） と、「純粋な」 短期記憶の能力とともに長期記憶の如何によるのであるから、短期記憶は好成績を示しがちであり、これらの要素を除いてやると、短期記憶の容量はわずか４つのチャンク [記憶すべき内容の塊] に限定されるという。 > More generally, however, short-term memory capacity (whether four or seven chunks) is hugely less than the essentially unlimited capacity of long-term memory. より一般的にいえば、短期記憶の容量 （それが４つであれ７つであれ） は、基本的に無制限な長期記憶の容量に比べて著しく小さなものである。
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The short-term stores are itself has very limited capacity. Some information processed in the short-term store is transferred to the long-term store,which has unlimited capacity. Long-term storage of information often depends on rehearsal,with a direct relationship between the amount of rehearsal in the short-term store and the strength of the stored memory trace. According to Atkinson and Shiffrin(1968),short-term memory is involved before long-term memory. However,an increasingly popular view is that short-term memory is only involved after long-term memory.
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Evaluation The assumption within the model that there are separate short-term and long-term stores has been influential and is approximately correct. As we will see, it is a gross oversimplification to argue that there is a single short-term memory store(see section on working memory). It is a gross oversimplification to argue that there is a single long-term memory store(see section on types of long-term memory).It seems very doubtful that knowledge that Russel Crowe is a film star,that 2+2=4,that we had muesli for breakfast,and information about how to ride a bicycle are all stored in the same long-term memory store.
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the capacity of short-term memory as assessed by span measures has often been reported as being about seven chunks.however,simon(1974)found that the span in chunks was less with larger chunks(e.g.,eight-word phrases)than with smaller chunks(e.g.,one-syllable words). 翻訳お願いします(__)
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another(very obvious)differece between short-term and long-term memory is in the length of time for which information is remembered.much information(e.g.,our own names;the names of our parents and friends)remains in long-term memory for a lifetime,whereas information in short-term memory is lost rapidly. 翻訳お願いします(__)
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Peterson and peterson(1959)studied the duration of short-term memory by using the task of remembering a three-letter stimulus while counting backwards by threes.The ability to remember the three letters in the correct order reduced to only about 50% after 6 seconds and forgetting was almost complete after 18 seconds(see the figure on the left). What is the most convincing evidence that short-term and long-term memory are distinct?Surprisingly,the strongest evidence comes from brain-damaged patients!Suppose there was only one memory system dealing with short-term and long-term memory.If that one and only memory system were damaged,performance would be impaired on all memory tasks regardless of wherther they involved short-term or long-term memory.In contrast,suppose there are separate short-term and long-term memory systems located in different parts of the brain.It follows that some brain-damaged patients should have impaired long-term memory but intact short-term memory,whereas others should have impaired short-term memory but intact long-term memory.If such finding were obtained,they would from a double dissociation(i.e.,some patients perform normally on task A but poorly on task B,whereas others perform normally on task B but poorly on task A).
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In similar fashion,we can only rehearse"IBM"as a single chunk in short-term memory by using relevant information stored in long-term memory.Thus,access to long-term memory occurs before information is processed in short-term memory. There is another reason why Atkinson and Shiffrin's(1968) assumption that information is processed in short-term memory before reaching long-term memory should be rejected (Marc Brysbaert,personal communication).
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peterson and peterson(1959)studied the duration of short-term memory by using the task of remembering a three-letter stimulus while couting backwards by threes. the ability to remember the three letters in the correct order reduced to only about 50% after 6 seconds(see the figure on the left). what is the most convincing evidence that short-term and long-term memory are distinct? 翻訳お願いしますm(--)m
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Atkinson and Shiffrin assumed that information in short-term memory represents "the conterts of consciousness,"implying that only information processed consciously can be stored in long-term memory. However, there is reasonable (if not conclusive) evidence for the existence of learning without conscious awareness of what has been learnd (this is known as implicit learning--see Chapter7). It would seem that implicit learning would be impossible within Atkinson and Shiffrin's(1968) model.
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According to Ruchkin,Grafman,Cameron,and Berndt(2003,p.711),"Short-term memory corresponds to activated long-term memory and information is stored in the same systems that initially processed the information." For once, a theoretical controversy can be resolved without discussing experimental findings in detail. The information processed in short-term memory must already have made contact with information in long-term memory(Logie,1999). For example, our ability to engage in verbal rehearsal of visually presented words depends on prior contact with stored information concerning pronunciation.
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surprisingly,the strongest evidence comes from brain-damaged patients! suppose there was only one memory system dealing with short-term and long -term memory. if that one and only memory system were damaged,performance would be impaired on all memory tasks regardlless of whether they involved short-term or long-term memory. 翻訳お願いしますm(. .)m
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