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和訳はこれでよいでしょうか。
The "French Lute": the Golden Age of the Baroque Lute in the Grand Siecle Although the lute enjoyed great favour throughout Europe during the Renaissance, the baroque lute may be regarded as a French phenomenon. Thomas Mace, one of the few authors who wrote extensively on the instrument, called it the "French lute". In a similar vein, the anonymous author of the Burwell Lute Tutor wrote that: "the viol is the instrument of England, the guitar that of Spain, the theorbo that of Italy, the virginal or harpsichord [harpsicall] that of Germany, the harp that of Ireland, and so of others according to the genius of each nation [however] the French are in possession of the lute, that it is their instrument." The Burwell author went so far as to seek the origins of French lute supremacy in classical antiquity, saying that the French genius for the lute was a form of revenge for the Roman conquest of Gaul. これを和訳すると「「フランスのリュート:」: バロック式の黄金時代 大いなる世紀の中のリュート リュートはルネッサンス期にはヨーロッパの至る所で大きな支持を享受しましたが、バロック式のリュートはフランスにのみあてはまる事象と見なされるかもしれません。 トマス・メイス(広範囲にこの楽器について書いたわずかの著者のうちの1人)はそれを「フランスのリュート」と呼びました。 同様の傾向をBurwellリュート教師であったの匿名の著者はこう書いています。: 「ヴィオールは英国の楽器である。ギターはスペインのそれ、テオルボはイタリアのそれ、バージナルかハープシコード[はドイツのそれ、ハープはアイルランドのそれ、その他の国もそれぞれの国の特性をもった楽器がある。〔しかしながら〕フランス人はリュートを所有している。すなわちそれが彼らの楽器である。」 Burwellの著者は、リュートに関するフランス人の気風がローマ人によるガリア征服に対する報復の姿だと言って、フランスのリュートの起源をギリシャ・ローマ古典時代にまでさかのぼって求めさえしました。」といったものでよいでしょうか。
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- Agee
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気になったところを幾つか上げてみます。 （１）最初の３行は本か章のタイトルでしょうか？ コロン「:」の次の２行は、たまたま改行されているだけで２行続きなのでは？つまり、the Baroque Lute in the Grand Siecle なのでは？ （２）Although の行、英語的表現をそのまま日本語に訳すとぎこちない感じです。同じことを日本語的にいうと、「ルネッサンス時代、リュートはヨーロッパ全体でもてはやされていましたが、バロック時代では、もてはやされたのはフランスでだけだったといえるかもしれません」という感じ。英語と日本語とでは、重複する言葉のどれを省略するかとか、重複するときに同じ言葉ではなくて言い方を変えるとかそういう表現の習慣が違うので。 （３）In a similar vein。「同じような表現（言い方）で」のように感じました。 （４）the Burwell Lute Tutor。Tutor は「教本」です。 （５）"the viol is the instrument of England, the guitar that of Spain, ……。これも、英語と日本語とでは同じことをいうのに表現の習慣が違います。直訳すると、訳されているとおりですが、日本語では省略する語や反復する語が変わって、「ヴィオールといえばイギリスの楽器、ギターはフランス、テオルボはイタリア、……」という感じ。英語では一々 that of を入れないといけませんが、日本語では省略するのが自然です。 （６）The Burwell author went の文。日本語に組立てるには後ろから前に帰ってこなくてはいけませんが、実際には、前から後ろへと訳した方が自然です。……遡って求めて……と言った。意味内容は良く分かりません。 あくまで一個人の、この英文を読んだ印象として、ご参考までに。
お礼
ありがとうございました。まさに最初の３行はタイトルです。
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Mason wrote in 2000 that there had been 378,000 French and 337,000 German casualties. In 2003, Clayton quoted 330,000 German casualties, of whom 143,000 were killed or missing and 351,000 French losses, 56,000 killed, 100,000 missing or prisoners and 195,000 wounded. Writing in 2005, Doughty gave French casualties at Verdun, from 21 February to 20 December 1916 as 377,231 men of 579,798 losses at Verdun and the Somme; 16 percent of Verdun casualties were known to have been killed, 56 percent wounded and 28 percent missing, many of whom were eventually presumed dead. Doughty wrote that other historians had followed Churchill (1927) who gave a figure of 442,000 casualties by mistakenly including all French losses on the Western Front. (In 2014, Philpott recorded 377,000 French casualties, of whom 162,000 men had been killed, German casualties were 337,000 men and a recent estimate of casualties at Verdun from 1914 to 1918 was 1,250,000 men).
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a little rift in(within) the lute という英語は、「不和の兆し」という意味だそうですね。 ここでの lute なんですが、手元の英和辞書では２つ載ってまして、 どちらの意味からきているんでしょうか？ 楽器のリュート or 封泥(ふうでい) (パイプの継ぎ目などに塗る粘土性剤)
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In 1935, a number of mechanised and motorised units were deployed behind the Maginot line and plans were laid to send detachments to fight a mobile defence in front of the fortifications. Verdun remained a symbol and at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu (1953–1954), General Christian de Castries said that the situation was "somewhat like Verdun". French forces at Dien Bien Phu were supplied by transport aircraft, using a landing strip in range of Viet Minh artillery; the French forces at Verdun were supplied by road and rail, beyond the reach of German artillery.Verdun has become for the French the representative memory of World War I. Antoine Prost wrote, "Like Auschwitz, Verdun marks a transgression of the limits of the human condition".
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The Germans planned to use a large number of heavy and super-heavy guns to inflict a greater number of casualties than French artillery, which relied mostly upon the 75 mm field gun. In 2007, Foley wrote that Falkenhayn intended an attrition battle from the beginning, contrary to the views of Krumeich, Förster and others but the lack of surviving documents had led to many interpretations of Falkenhayn's strategy. At the time, critics of Falkenhayn claimed that the battle demonstrated that he was indecisive and unfit for command; in 1937, Förster had proposed the view "forcefully".
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The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) claims one of the goals of its insurgency is to reverse the effects of the Sykes–Picot Agreement. "This is not the first border we will break, we will break other borders," a jihadist from the ISIL warned in the video called End of Sykes-Picot. ISIL's leader, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, in a July 2014 speech at the Great Mosque of al-Nuri in Mosul, vowed that "this blessed advance will not stop until we hit the last nail in the coffin of the Sykes–Picot conspiracy". The Franco-German geographer Christophe Neff wrote that the geopolitical architecture founded by the Sykes–Picot Agreement disappeared in July 2014 and with it the relative protection of religious and ethnic minorities in the Middle East. He claimed furthermore that Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in some way restructured the geopolitical structure of the Middle East in summer 2014, particularly in Syria and Iraq. The former French Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin presented a similar geopolitical analysis in an editorial contribution for the French newspaper Le Monde.
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In the second 1916 volume of the British Official History (1938), Miles wrote that total German casualties in the battle were 660,000–680,000, against Anglo-French casualties of fewer than 630,000, using "fresh data" from the French and German official accounts. In 1938, Churchill wrote that the Germans had suffered 270,000 casualties against the French, between February and June 1916 and 390,000 between July and the end of the year (see statistical tables in Appendix J of Churchill's World Crisis) with 278,000 casualties at Verdun. Some losses must have been in quieter sectors but many must have been inflicted by the French at the Somme. Churchill wrote that Franco-German losses at the Somme, were "much less unequal" than the Anglo-German ratio.
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Sheffield wrote that the losses were "appalling", with 419,000 British casualties, c. 204,000 French and perhaps 600,000 German casualties. In a commentary on the debate about Somme casualties, Philpott used Miles's figures of 419,654 British casualties and the French official figures of 154,446 Sixth Army losses and 48,131 Tenth Army casualties. German losses were described as "disputed", ranging from 400,000–680,000. Churchill's claims were a "snapshot" of July 1916 and not representative of the rest of the battle. Philpott called the "blood test" a crude measure compared to manpower reserves, industrial capacity, farm productivity and financial resources and that intangible factors were more influential on the course of the war.
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和訳お願いします(>_<) ↓ ↓ When it come to eating,the United States has a lesson to learn from France. I'm not talking about the kind of elaborate dinners Americans often associate with the French. Many of the meals the French eat are quick and simple. The difference is that the French eat together. They have managed to preserve a tradition that is good for everyone's health―the family meal. According to the French government's Committee for Health Education,75 percent of the French eat dinner together as a family and many French schoolchildren still go home for lunch. This figure hasn't changed much in decades. In the United States, on the other hand,national studies show that,on average, only one family in three sits down for dinner together on a daily basis. Over the last two decades,there has been a steady decline in the number of American families that eat together regularly. It looks like the family meal is disappearing.
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During the Battle of the Somme German forces suffered 537,919 casualties, of which 338,011 losses were inflicted by the French and 199,908 losses by the British. In turn German forces inflicted 794,238 casualties on the Entente. Doughty wrote that French losses on the Somme were "surprisingly high" at 202,567 men, 54% of the 377,231 casualties at Verdun. Prior and Wilson used Churchill's research and wrote that the British lost 432,000 soldiers from 1 July – mid-November (c. 3,600 per day) in inflicting c. 230,000 German casualties and offer no figures for French casualties or the losses they inflicted on the Germans. Sheldon wrote that the British lost "over 400,000" casualties. Harris wrote that total British losses were c. 420,000, French casualties were over 200,000 men and German losses were c. 500,000, according to the "best" German sources.
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The rear edge of the German battle zone along the ridge, had been reinforced with machine-gun posts and the German divisional commanders decided to hold the front line, rather than giving ground elastically and few of the Eingreif divisions were needed to intervene in the battle. In 1939 Wynne wrote that the French lost 117,000 casualties including 32,000 killed in the first few days but that the effect on military and civilian morale was worse than the casualties. In the 1939 volume of Der Weltkrieg, the German official historians recorded German losses to the end of June as 163,000 men including 37,000 missing and claimed French casualties of 250,000–300,000 men, including 10,500 taken prisoner. In 1962, G. W. L. Nicholson the Canadian Official Historian, recorded German losses of c. 163,000 and French casualties of 187,000 men.[43] A 2003 web publication gave 108,000 French casualties, 49,526 in the Fifth Army, 30,296 casualties in the Sixth Army, 4,849 in the Tenth Army, 2,169 in the Fourth Army and 1,486 in the Third Army. In 2005, Doughty quoted figures of 134,000 French casualties on the Aisne from 16–25 April, of whom 30,000 men were killed, 100,000 were wounded and 4,000 were taken prisoner; the rate of casualties was the worst since November 1914. From 16 April – 10 May the Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Tenth armies took 28,500 prisoners and 187 guns. The advance of the Sixth Army was one of the largest made by a French army since trench warfare began. The Battle of La Malmaison (Bataille de la Malmaison) (23–27 October) led to the capture of the village and fort of La Malmaison and control of the Chemin des Dames ridge. The 7th Army commander Boehn, was not able to establish a defence in depth along the Chemin-de-Dames, because the ridge was a hog's back and the only alternative was to retire north of the Canal de l'Oise à l'Aisne. The German artillery was outnumbered about 3:1 and on the front of the 14th Division 32 German batteries were bombarded by 125 French artillery batteries. Much of the German artillery was silenced before the French attack. Gas bombardments in the Ailette valley became so dense that the carriage of ammunition and supplies to the front was made impossible. German retreat from the Chemin des Dames, November 1917 From 24–25 October the XXI and XIV corps advanced rapidly and the I Cavalry Corps was brought forward into the XIV Corps area, in case the Germans collapsed. On 25 October the French captured the village and forest of Pinon and closed up to the line of the Canal de l'Oise à l'Aisne. In four days the attack had advanced 6 miles (9.7 km) and forced the Germans from the narrow plateau of the Chemin des Dames, back to the north bank of the Ailette Valley. The French took 11,157 prisoners, 200 guns and 220 heavy mortars. French losses were 2,241 men killed, 8,162 wounded and 1,460 missing from 23–26 October, 10 percent of the casualties of the attacks during the Nivelle Offensive.
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