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どう訳しますか？ Senior diplomats from founding powers Germany and France , as well as several other countries, met on Monday for talks chaired by European commission president Jean-Claude Junker's chief of staff, Martin Selmayr,several sources said.
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> Senior diplomats from founding powers Germany and France, as well as several other countries, met on Monday for talks chaired by European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker's chief of staff, Martin Selmayr, several sources said. → 複数の情報源から得た情報によると、EC の創設国であるドイツとフランスの上級外交官たちが、独仏以外の国々の外交官とともに、ジャン=クロード・ユンケル EC 委員長の補佐官マーチン・ゼルマーが議長を務める会議で顔を合わせた
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The Treaty of Versailles (French: Traité de Versailles) was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919 in Versailles, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand which directly led to World War I. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I signed separate treaties. Although the armistice, signed on 11 November 1918, ended the actual fighting, it took six months of Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919. Of the many provisions in the treaty, one of the most important and controversial required "Germany [to] accept the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage" during the war (the other members of the Central Powers signed treaties containing similar articles). This article, Article 231, later became known as the War Guilt clause. The treaty required Germany to disarm, make ample territorial concessions, and pay reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers. In 1921 the total cost of these reparations was assessed at 132 billion marks (then $31.4 billion or ￡6.6 billion, roughly equivalent to US $442 billion or UK ￡284 billion in 2018). At the time economists, notably John Maynard Keynes (a British delegate to the Paris Peace Conference), predicted that the treaty was too harsh—a "Carthaginian peace"—and said the reparations figure was excessive and counter-productive, views that, since then, have been the subject of ongoing debate by historians and economists from several countries. On the other hand, prominent figures on the Allied side such as French Marshal Ferdinand Foch criticized the treaty for treating Germany too leniently. The result of these competing and sometimes conflicting goals among the victors was a compromise that left no one content: Germany was neither pacified nor conciliated, nor was it permanently weakened. The problems that arose from the treaty would lead to the Locarno Treaties, which improved relations between Germany and the other European powers, and the re-negotiation of the reparation system resulting in the Dawes Plan, the Young Plan, and the indefinite postponement of reparations at the Lausanne Conference of 1932. Although it is often referred to as the "Versailles Conference", only the actual signing of the treaty took place at the historic palace. Most of the negotiations were in Paris, with the "Big Four" meetings taking place generally at the Quai d'Orsay.
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One, Charlie Simpson, had with him about ￡10,000 which was all the cash from the government offices and businesses in Kasama, which he buried in a goat pen near the rubber factory he ran, thinking that the goats' hoofprints would hide evidence of digging, and that the Germans would probably be more interested in the goats than looking for the money. On arrival at the Chambeshi the Germans machine-gunned the rubber factory before Croad arrived with the telegram. The Monument was unveiled on 14 November 1953 as a National Monument of Northern Rhodesia (as the country was then) and consists of a large stone platform with the plaques set into a stone pillar, next to a cannon of the era (but not one used by the Germans). The Paris Peace Conference, also known as Versailles Peace Conference, was the meeting of the victorious Allied Powers following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers. Involving diplomats from 32 countries and nationalities, the major or main decisions were the creation of the League of Nations, as well as the five peace treaties with the defeated states; the awarding of German and Ottoman overseas possessions as "mandates", chiefly to Britain and France; reparations imposed on Germany; and the drawing of new national boundaries (sometimes with plebiscites) to better reflect ethnic boundaries. The main result was the Treaty of Versailles with Germany, which in section 231 laid the guilt for the war on "the aggression of Germany and her allies". This provision proved humiliating for Germany and set the stage for the expensive reparations Germany was intended to pay (it paid only a small portion before reparations ended in 1931). The five major powers (France, Britain, Italy, Japan and the United States) controlled the Conference. And the "Big Four" were the Prime Minister of France, Georges Clemenceau; the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, David Lloyd George; the President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson; and the Prime Minister of Italy, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando. They met together informally 145 times and made all the major decisions, which in turn were ratified by the others. The conference began on 18 January 1919, and with respect to its end date Professor Michael Neiberg has noted: Although the senior statesmen stopped working personally on the conference in June 1919, the formal peace process did not really end until July 1923, when the Treaty of Lausanne was signed".
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これらの文がうまく訳せなくて困っています。助けてください。よろしくお願いします。 The Federal Chancellor created a new West German state in a growing Western economic community. Thus he also became the Chancellor of a divided Germany, an outcome that is not often referred to by German historians. The way Adenauer’s ‘policy of strength’ developed contributed to an escalation in the formation of blocs. In this area he was ahead of his ‘opponent’ Ulbricht in fact and in timing. As early as March 1949 ― even before the founding of the Federal Republic ― and on several occasions in the summer and autumn of 1950, be expressed his readiness to contribute militarily within the framework of a European Army.
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To prevent anyone from getting too much control over any part of the federal government’s power, each branch was given some share in the other branches’ powers. This is called what? という質問があり、それに該当するであろう文章を探しました。 かなり長く申し訳ないです。 一段落目の最後の☆マークのところを参考にしました。 特に不要でしたら全文読んでいただかなくても大丈夫です。 The powers of the three branches are not, however, entirely separate. The President plays a role in the legislative process, authorized to propose legislation, and given the veto. The President appoints ambassadors, judges, and executive branch officials, and negotiates treaties with other countries, but the Senate has the final say on all that. The great presidential scholar Richard Neustadt went so far as to say that the Constitution didn’t really have separation of powers at all, but “separated institutions sharing powers.” ＜☆＞ The purpose of these shared powers, however, was still to act as a constraint on tyranny. They didn’t want anyone to have too much power, but they also didn’t want anyone to have too much control over their own power. Madison argued that the great security against a gradual concentration of the several powers in the same department, consists in giving to those who administer each department the necessary constitutional means and personal motives to resist encroachment by others. The constitutional means were these checks and balances of shared powers, while the personal motive was simply jealousy of power. “Ambition must be made to counteract ambition,” Madison argued. あまり自信がないのですが、答えは「separated institutions sharing powers」でしょうか？（☆マークのところです。） もしくは見当はずれの文章を引用している可能性もあります。 全然違うこと言ってるよ、などあればそちらを指摘していただきたいです。 （この以下の文に答えがあるかと自分で訳して読みましたが、特にそれらしきものは見つけられませんでした。） よろしくお願いします。
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和訳あってますか？ 違ったら正しい訳を教えてください。 BRUSSELS (Reuters) — European Union officials and diplomats launched a round of confidential discussions this week to prepare a coordinated response to a possible British vote to leave the bloc next month, EU sources told Reuters on Wednesday. ブリュッセルにあるヨーロッパ連合機関と外交官は今週イギリスが来月その連合を脱退する投票を可能にし、よく調整された返答を準備する為に非公開の話し合いを開始した。とEU機関が水曜にロイター通信にいった。 One source with direct knowledge of Monday’s discussion said it was intended to be followed by others on specific topics. 月曜の話し合いについて、それは他の明確な題材によって習われた意図したものだと、ひとつの情報源がいった — a situation its diplomats and ministers would rapidly have to get used to if Prime Minister David Cameron’s “In” campaign loses. その状況から外交官や大臣が急速にもし首相のデヴットキャメノンが脱退する運動に加わる場合に慣れる必要があった。 EU institutions and Britain’s 27 partner states have been at great pains to avoid discussing in public the possibility that Brexit could actually happen, for fear of fuelling a Leave vote. Many senior officials admit in private they have no clear idea how events might unfold on the morning after. EU機関とイギリスの27の同盟州が脱退投票をあおっている不安からイギリスが脱退することが実際に起こりうるこおを公開して話すことを避けることに大きな苦悩を持っている。多くの上官機関はその朝以降出来事がどのようにおりたたまれないかもさはれないという明確な答えはなかった。
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1 in Brazil, a waiter brings one menu for four people and gives it to the senior member of the group who orders the same food for all. 2 in France, each member of the group orders a different main dish at a restaurant. 3 in India,a senior engineer is asked to move to NewYork,at a salary that is twenty-five times his salary in NewDelhi,but he declines the opportunity. 4in California,a senior engineer is asked to move to NewYork,at a salary that is 50percent higher than his salary in LosAngeles,and he accepts. 5in Germany,a man walks one the grass in apublic park and is reprimanded by several passersby. ※reprimand；叱り付ける 6 in Illinois,a person marries someone without parental approval. 後に書かれてるsix behaviors のこと。 この英文は個人主義、集団主義についての文章 You will want some explanation of why the six behaviors mentioned above reflect these constructs.Brazil and India are collectivist countries,thougy in different degrees.France,the United States,and Germany are individualistic countries,also in different degrees. (3)Nevertheless,one can find both collectivist and individualistic elements in all these countries,in different combinations. In (c), the waiter infers that each person has personal preferences that must be respected, whereas in (d),the waiter assumes that the senior member of the group will decide what toeat and that ultimately consuming the same food will intensify bonds among the members of the group. ・・・ In India,the senior engineer feels he must stay close to his parents and that New York is simply too far. If his father were dying,it would be the engineer`s duty to be at his bedside and ease his passage to the other state. Under similar conditions in the United States,it is more likely that the parent would be placed in anursing home.the parent and his son have their own lives and are independent beings. . . . .以下画像参照 問 （3）（←Nevertheless～combinations）の特徴を本文中ではどの国のどのようなエピソードをあげて説明してますか？ 問 （ｃ）（ｄ）に入る国名を答えよ 問 インドは集団主義的傾向が強く、アメリカは個人主義的傾向が強いとされていますが、その根拠を答えよ ↑これは・・・以下からの文章だと思いますが、engineerをはじめいまいち意味をつかめません
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There was a general disappointment in Italy, which the nationalist and fascist parties used to build the idea that Italy was betrayed by the Allies and refused what was due (Mutilated victory). This led to the general rise of Italian fascism. Prior to Wilson's arrival in Europe in December 1918, no American president had ever visited Europe while in office. Wilson's Fourteen Points, of a year earlier, had helped win the hearts and minds of many as the war ended; these included Americans and Europeans generally, as well as Germany, its allies and the former subjects of the Ottoman Empire specifically. Wilson's diplomacy and his Fourteen Points had essentially established the conditions for the armistices that had brought an end to World War I. Wilson felt it was his duty and obligation to the people of the world to be a prominent figure at the peace negotiations. High hopes and expectations were placed on him to deliver what he had promised for the post-war era. In doing so, Wilson ultimately began to lead the foreign policy of the United States toward interventionism, a move strongly resisted in some domestic circles. Once Wilson arrived, however, he found "rivalries, and conflicting claims previously submerged". He worked mostly trying to sway the direction that the French (Georges Clemenceau) and British (Lloyd George) delegations were taking towards Germany and its allies in Europe, as well as the former Ottoman lands in the Middle East. Wilson's attempts to gain acceptance of his Fourteen Points ultimately failed, after France and Britain refused to adopt some specific points and its core principles. In Europe, several of his Fourteen Points conflicted with the other powers. The United States did not encourage or believe that the responsibility for the war that Article 231 placed on Germany was fair or warranted. It would not be until 1921 that the United States finally signed separate peace treaties with Germany, Austria, and Hungary.In the Middle East, negotiations were complicated by competing aims, claims, and the new mandate system. The United States hoped to establish a more liberal and diplomatic world, as stated in the Fourteen Points, where democracy, sovereignty, liberty and self-determination would be respected. France and Britain, on the other hand, already controlled empires, wielded power over their subjects around the world and still aspired to be dominant colonial powers.
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1 in Brazil, a waiter brings one menu for four people and gives it to the senior member of the group who orders the same food for all. 2 in France, each member of the group orders a different main dish at a restaurant. 3 in India,a senior engineer is asked to move to NewYork,at a salary that is twenty-five times his salary in NewDelhi,but he declines the opportunity. 4in California,a senior engineer is asked to move to NewYork,at a salary that is 50percent higher than his salary in LosAngeles,and he accepts. 5in Germany,a man walks one the grass in apublic park and is reprimanded by several passersby. ※reprimand；叱り付ける 6 in Illinois,a person marries someone without parental approval. 後に書かれてるsix behaviors のこと。 この英文は個人主義、集団主義についての文章 You will want some explanation of why the six behaviors mentioned above reflect these constructs.Brazil and India are collectivist countries,thougy in different degrees.France,the United States,and Germany are individualistic countries,also in different degrees. (3)Nevertheless,one can find both collectivist and individualistic elements in all these countries,in different combinations. In (c), the waiter infers that each person has personal preferences that must be respected, whereas in (d),the waiter assumes that the senior member of the group will decide what toeat and that ultimately consuming the same food will intensify bonds among the members of the group. ・・・ In India,the senior engineer feels he must stay close to his parents and that New York is simply too far. If his father were dying,it would be the engineer`s duty to be at his bedside and ease his passage to the other state. Under similar conditions in the United States,it is more likely that the parent would be placed in anursing home.the parent and his son have their own lives and are independent beings. Germany,though overall quite individualistic,is also collectivist in certain respects. the German episode is a community concern ,and witnesses to such deviant behavior(逸脱した行為)may take action.IN most cultures,people are independent beings and can marry someone regardless of parental disapproval.In individualist cultures marriage is an institution tha only links two people and not their respective families. In collectivist cultures it links tywo families,in which case it is essential that the families find the mate acceptable 問 （3）（←Nevertheless～combinations）の特徴を本文中ではどの国のどのようなエピソードをあげて説明してますか？ ↑この設問は意味がよくわかりません。 問 （ｃ）（ｄ）に入る国名を答えよ 問 インドは集団主義的傾向が強く、アメリカは個人主義的傾向が強いとされていますが、その根拠を答えよ ↑これは（In India,the senior engineer feels he must stay close to his parents and that New York is simply too far. ）あたりのことだと思いますが、engineerをはじめいまいち意味をつかめません
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The Conference opened on 18 January 1919. This date was symbolic, as it was the anniversary of the proclamation of William I as German Emperor in 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles, shortly before the end of the Siege of Paris - a day itself imbued with significance in its turn in Germany as the anniversary of the establishment of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701. The Delegates from 27 nations (delegates representing 5 nationalities were for the most part ignored) were assigned to 52 commissions, which held 1,646 sessions to prepare reports, with the help of many experts, on topics ranging from prisoners of war to undersea cables, to international aviation, to responsibility for the war. Key recommendations were folded into the Treaty of Versailles with Germany, which had 15 chapters and 440 clauses, as well as treaties for the other defeated nations. The five major powers (France, Britain, Italy, the U.S., and Japan) controlled the Conference. Amongst the "Big Five", in practice Japan only sent a former prime minister and played a small role; and the "Big Four" leaders dominated the conference. The four met together informally 145 times and made all the major decisions, which in turn were ratified by other attendees. The open meetings of all the delegations approved the decisions made by the Big Four. The conference came to an end on 21 January 1920 with the inaugural General Assembly of the League of Nations. Five major peace treaties were prepared at the Paris Peace Conference (with, in parentheses, the affected countries): the Treaty of Versailles, 28 June 1919, (Germany) the Treaty of Saint-Germain, 10 September 1919, (Austria) the Treaty of Neuilly, 27 November 1919, (Bulgaria) the Treaty of Trianon, 4 June 1920, (Hungary) the Treaty of Sèvres, 10 August 1920; subsequently revised by the Treaty of Lausanne, 24 July 1923, (Ottoman Empire/Republic of Turkey). The major decisions were the establishment of the League of Nations; the five peace treaties with defeated enemies; the awarding of German and Ottoman overseas possessions as "mandates", chiefly to members of the British Empire and to France; reparations imposed on Germany, and the drawing of new national boundaries (sometimes with plebiscites) to better reflect the forces of nationalism. The main result was the Treaty of Versailles, with Germany, which in section 231 laid the guilt for the war on "the aggression of Germany and her allies". This provision proved humiliating for Germany and set the stage for very high reparations Germany was supposed to pay (it paid only a small portion before reparations ended in 1931)
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As the conference's decisions were enacted unilaterally, and largely on the whims of the Big Four, for its duration Paris was effectively the center of a world government, which deliberated over and implemented the sweeping changes to the political geography of Europe. Most famously, the Treaty of Versailles itself weakened Germany's military and placed full blame for the war and costly reparations on Germany's shoulders – the humiliation and resentment in Germany is sometimes considered[by whom?] one of the causes of Nazi electoral successes and indirectly a cause of World War II. The League of Nations proved controversial in the United States as critics said it subverted the powers of Congress to declare war; the U.S. Senate did not ratify any of the peace treaties and the U.S. never joined the League – instead, the Harding administration of 1921-1923 concluded new treaties with Germany, Austria, and Hungary. Republican Germany was not invited to attend the conference at Versailles. Representatives of White Russia (but not Communist Russia) were present. Numerous other nations did send delegations in order to appeal for various unsuccessful additions to the treaties; parties lobbied for causes ranging from independence for the countries of the South Caucasus to Japan's unsuccessful demand for racial equality amongst the other Great Powers. A central issue of the Conference was the disposition of the overseas colonies of Germany. (Austria did not have colonies and the Ottoman Empire presented a separate issue.) The British dominions wanted their reward for their sacrifice. Australia wanted New Guinea, New Zealand wanted Samoa, and South Africa wanted South West Africa (modern Namibia). Wilson wanted the League of Nations to administer all the German colonies until such time as they were ready for independence. Lloyd George realized he needed to support his dominions, and he proposed a compromise that there be three types of mandates. Mandates for the Turkish provinces were one category; they would be divided up between Britain and France. The second category, comprising New Guinea, Samoa, and South West Africa, were located so close to responsible supervisors that the mandates could hardly be given to anyone except Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Finally, the African colonies would need the careful supervision as "Class B" mandates that could only be provided by experienced colonial powers Britain, France, and Belgium; Italy and Portugal received small bits of territory. Wilson and the others finally went along with the solution. The dominions received "Class C Mandates" to the colonies they wanted. Japan obtained mandates over German possessions north of the equator.
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