解説：時計の発明者と科学者の不確実性について
- 質問者は、実験等で得られた資料に最も合致する理論と一般原則の適合を考えることが重要であると思っていたが、1が正解である理由を知りたい。
- 質問者が引用した文章は、センセーショナルなタイトルとなりうる。
- 科学者は、実験の結果と一般原則との最適な組み合わせを見つけることに尽力している。
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問題の解き方の解説をお願いいたします。
Sometimes if you are lucky as an historian, you find a bit of evidence which illuminates a big idea. That happened to me in the Pepys Library at Magdalene College, Cambridge, in April 2006, when I made a discovery which allowed me to correct the historical record. It concerned a piece of documentary evidence repeatedly used to prove that a Dutch scientist had been the first to invent a clock accurate enough to determine the precise position of a ship on the open sea. (中略） The thought uppermost in my mind as I worked my way through the manuscript materials in the library was how odd it is that non-scientists think of science as being concerned with certainties and absolute truth. Because in fact the contrary is the case: scientists are on the whole quite tentative about their results. They simply try to arrive at the best fit between the experimental findings so far and a general principle. ＜The Pendulum Clock of Christiaan Huygens--Lisa Jardine＞ 最後のThey simply try to arrive at the best fit between the experimental findings so far and a general principle.の意味を問う設問で 1. 実験等で得られた資料に最も合致する理論は何かを考える 2. 実験等で発見されたことと一般原則との最も適した融合をはかる というのがあって、私は2だと思ったのですが 正解は1でした。 between～andとあったのでそのまま「～と～」と考えてしまったのですが なぜ1が正解になるのか、解き方を教えてください。 尚、中略の部分は以下になります。 The manuscript I found in Cambridge was a ship's journal kept by a seventeenth-century English sea-captain, who had offered to give space on his ship for some state-of-the-art scientific equipment--two new pendulum clocks--on a voyage to the west coast of Africa and back. The job he agreed to undertake for the recently founded Royal Society was to test the clocks at regular intervals on his journey, to see if they kept accurate time in spite of being tossed up and down and generally shaken about at sea. よろしくお願いいたします。
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They simply try to arrive at the best fit between the experimental findings so far and a general principle. 「彼ら（科学者）がすることとは単に、実験から得られた最新の結果と一般原則とが、最も良く調和する妥協点（理論）を見出すことだ。」 つまり、先に仮説としての「一般原則」を立てておき、その後の実験で得られた結果を元にその仮説を検証した上で、結果に見合う説（理論）を思案していく作業が科学者の取るアプローチだ、と言っているわけです。 1. 実験等で得られた資料に最も合致する理論は何かを考える 2. 実験等で発見されたことと一般原則との最も適した融合をはかる そう考えると私は 1. の方が近いと思います。 一方 2. ですが、そもそも日本語の表現が気になります。「一般原則 = general principle」や「最も適した融合 = best fit」等、原文のキーワードを取り入れており、あたかも正答のように見せかけてはいますが、「実験結果と一般原則との融合をはかる」という表現が、それらしきことを言ってはいるものの、いま一つ意味を成していません。2. は引っ掛けのように思います。2. の文言が、 2' 実験等で発見されたことと一般原則とを照らし合わせ、最適な理論は何かを考える となっていれば、文句なくこれが正答なのですが…。
その他の回答 (2)
こういう問題は、選択肢を見る前に自分で意味を考えて（読み取って）、１番近い選択肢を選ぶようにすると良いかと思います。 前半は、科学発明にまつわる歴史の記録を修正したことがある、という話をしています。 ・誤解→「外海で使える正確な時計が、○○の時点で最初に発明されていた」 ・実際→「17世紀の時点で、新しい時計が海上でちゃんと正確に動くか科学実験してた（＝それ以前にはまだ発明されてない）」 これを受けて、 →非科学者（例：誤解してた歴史家）ってやたら科学を信頼してるよね…（例：正確な時計）。 反対に、 →科学者はむしろtentative（今のところこうしておくけど、後で変わるだろう。くらいの感じ）なのにね…。 ということを言っています。 科学者たちは、科学（their results）、ひいては科学法則（a general principle）を、ぜんぜん絶対じゃなく、「変わり得るもの、変えていいもの」と考えているわけですね。 最後の文は、あえて訳してみるならば、「科学者たちはただ、その時点での実験結果の蓄積を受けて、1番しっくりくる＜実験結果群⇔一般法則のセット＞を見いだそうと努めているのだ」みたいな感じになるでしょうか。 新しい実験結果が出てくれば、それを受けて何かの法則を考えたり修正したりするわけです。 そんなわけで答えは１です。 ２はなんか直訳っぽいですが、意味不明です。（実験結果と一般原則を混ぜるの…？混ぜてどうするの…？という感じ） tentativeの意味を覚えていると有利な問題ですが、覚えていなくても、「非科学者と反対に、科学者はそんなに科学を絶対とは思っていない、むしろ○○だ」ということは読み取れると思います。 その上で最後の文を読解すれば、正解にはたどり着けるのではないでしょうか。 直訳しにくい文なので、英文読解力を問うには良い問題だと思います。
お礼
全体の意味がよく掴めていませんでしたが、ご解説ありがとうございます！ 読解力をもっと磨きたいです。
ゆうごう【融合】 （ 名 ） スル とけあうこと。とけて一つになること 上記の解釈が融合であれば英文の意味と異なる。 fitは融合ではなく「妥当性」とでも訳すべき。 fit 1 adj. verb noun meeting adequate standards for a purpose 目的に対して適切な基準を満たす。＝ adequeateness 妥当性 http://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/fit 「実験等で発見されたことと一般原則との最も適した融合をはかる。」ではなくて 「実験等で発見されたことと一般原則との（間に）最も適した妥当性を推し量る。」であれば良いと思う。
お礼
fitの意味をもっとよく考えるとよかったのですね。 ご回答ありがとうございます！
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お礼
科学者の取るアプローチはどういうことか、ということを考えると1なのですね。 2は引っ掛け問題ですね。 ありがとうございます、よくわかりました！