フロイトと科学の興味
- フロイトは科学への関心を持つきっかけとしてゲーテの例に触発されました。
- ウィーン大学に入学した際、科学研究を始める前に医学の学位を取ることを決めました。
- 彼はさまざまな科目に手を出したため、通常の5年ではなく8年かかりましたが、これは怠惰さからではなく、ヨーロッパで最も教養のある人物の一人に成長させました。
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下の文を和訳していただけませんか？ However, he was inspired by Goethe’s example to interest himself in science. When he entered the University of Vienna in 1873, he decided to take a medical degree before embarking upon scientific research. Belonging, as he said of himself, to the class of sedentary humans “who can be found for the largest part of the day between two pieces of furniture, one formed vertically, the chair, and one extending horizontally, the table”, Freud took eight, instead of the usual five, years to graduate. This was not through laziness, but because he dabbled in so many subjects, making him eventually into one of Europe’s most cultivated men. For example, although it was not required of medical students, he elected to study with the German philosopher Franz Brentano (1838-1917), whose book Psychology from the Empirical Standpoint (1874) introduced Freud to the idea of “the unconscious”. (This idea, which Brentano actually dismissed, had been invoked by generations of earlier philosophers to explain how ideas and forgotten memories could sometimes rise to the surface as if floating up from a hidden reservoir.)
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しかしながら彼はゲーテの実例により、科学への興味を触発されました。1873年、ウイーン大学に入学した時、彼は科学的研究に着手する前に医学の学位を取ろうと決めました。自分を評して言ったとおり、「1日の大半を二つの家具（ひとつは垂直に形づくられた椅子でひとつの水平方向に伸びていくテーブル）の間で過ごせる座ってばかりいる人間」の授業に参加しながらフロイドは、卒業まで通常5年で済むところを8年かけました。これは彼が怠けていたのではなく、彼を最終的にヨーロッパでもっとも教養豊かな男性の1人にさせる、多くの課題に手を出していた為でした。例えば医学生の必須科目ではなかったのですが、彼はドイツ人哲学者ブランツ・ブレンターノ（1838-1917）の元で学ぶことを選択しました。彼の本、経験的立場からの心理学（1894年）はフロイトに「無意識」という考え方を紹介しました。（実際にはブレンターノが却下したこの考えは、考えや忘れていた記憶があたかもどこか隠されているそういったものを貯めておくところから浮かんでくるように時々表面化することを説明する為に、多くの初期の哲学者達が引き合いに出していたのでした。）
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下の文を和訳していただけませんか？ For his 50th birth day in 1906, Freud’s disciples commissioned the Austrian sculptor K.M.Schwerdtner to strike a medallion showing Oedipus with the sphinx and bearing, in Greek, the legend “Who divined the famed riddle and was a man most mighty”. Freud was evidently nonplussed, since as a medical student he had dreamed of being commemorated at the University of Vienna with a bust inscribed with these words from Sophocles’ play “Oedipus Rex”.
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What is the seacret, then,of Marx's appeal for and influence and power over millions of the earth's inhabitants? Neill has suggested that Marx is "the symbolical leader of the have-nots in their struggle against the haves."Another interpretation comes from Harold Laski:"At bottom,the main passion by which he was moved was the passion for justice. He may have hated too strongly,he was jealous and he was proud. But the mainspring of his life was the desire to take from the shoulders of the people the burden by which it was oppressed. "Yet another perceptive evaluation comes from Freehof, who wrote, "The great constructive gift of Karl Marx to modern society, socialistic and capitalistic alike,is his picture of the inevitability of a society in which poverty and suffering will cease. This ideal has become a challenge to every social system. Even a social system like ours, which rejects his economics, nevertheless accepts that ideal in its own way. Thus,the man who himself lived in misery gave the world the hope for the complete abolition of poverty. This is the accomplishment of Karl Marx. That is the way in which he has changed the mind of the modern world."
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Aristide Briand (French: [a.ʁis.tid bʁi.jɑ̃]; 28 March 1862 – 7 March 1932) was a French statesman who served eleven terms as Prime Minister of France during the French Third Republic and was a co-laureate of the 1926 Nobel Peace Prize.He was born in Nantes, Loire-Atlantique of a petit bourgeois family. He attended the Nantes Lycée, where, in 1877, he developed a close friendship with Jules Verne. He studied law, and soon went into politics, associating himself with the most advanced movements, writing articles for the Syndicalist journal Le Peuple, and directing the Lanterne for some time. From this he passed to the Petite République, leaving it to found L'Humanité, in collaboration with Jean Jaurès.At the same time he was prominent in the movement for the formation of trade unions, and at the congress of working men at Nantes in 1894 he secured the adoption of the labor union idea against the adherents of Jules Guesde. From that time, Briand was one of the leaders of the French Socialist Party.
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He devoted himself especially to financial questions, and in 1882 was reporter of the budget. He became one of the most prominent republican opponents of the Radical party, distinguishing himself by his attacks on the short-lived Gambetta ministry. He refused to vote the credits demanded by the Ferry cabinet for the Tongking expedition, and helped Georges Clemenceau overthrow the ministry in 1885. At the general election of that year he was a victim of the Republican rout in the Pas-de-Calais, and did not re-enter the chamber till 1887. After 1889 he sat for St Omer. His fear of the Boulangist movement converted him to the policy of "Republican Concentration," and he entered office in 1890 as foreign minister in the Freycinet cabinet. He had an intimate acquaintance and sympathy with English' institutions,' and two of his published works – an address, Biographie de Lord Erskine (1866), and Etude sur l'acte du 5 avril 1873 pour l'etablissement d'une cour supreme de justice en Angleterre (1874) – deal with English law; he also gave a fresh and highly important direction to French policy by the understanding with Russia, which was declared to the world by the visit of the French fleet to Kronstadt in 1891, and which subsequently ripened into a formal treaty of alliance.
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His North node was in yours second house, this mean both of you, can draw on karmic resources and skills from other life's and put them to use to earn money in this life. In the past life he developed various skills or talent but did not profit from them because of a fear that if he worked for himself, or struck out in those skills in a different kind of work place. you and he would loose the security you had. He found it difficult to anchor himself in the material and practical world, he felt too much emotionally, dreamed too much. He had the potential to be self supporting, and support you, but you may have somehow made him feel he did not Afraid of financial insecurity. In the present incarnation you must encourage him and also your self towards being self supporting in a mutual interest or talent and regaining the success you can enjoyed. In then present life the karma is to correct this mistake. He needs in this life to be independent in the kind of work and money life you will have together. He needs to earn the money but need to use his talents to do so. Your role is to help him, rather than discourage him, to make it easier and help him belief in himself.
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In 1967, Hunter "Patch" Adams entered the Medical College of Virginia. He was a very bright student, but one of the professors did not like him. Patch loved fun andhumor and acted like a fool even in college. The professor said to him, "If you want to be a clown, join the circus!" In fact, Patch wanted to be a clown, but he also wanted to but a doctor-the best foolish doctor in the world-who really cares for his patients. When he was a medical student, Patch had a chance to visit very sick children in a hospital. He asked a girl if she was doing fine. But the girl didn't answer. He quickly put something red on his nose and began acting like a clown. The room was soon full of laughter, and all the children there felt better. Patch did many other foolish things. For example, he rolled down a hill with a patient who was suffering from mental problems. He even dressed like a wild animal for an old patient who had the dream of going hunting before his death.
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On February 16, 1915, despite concurrent negotiations with Austria, a courier was dispatched in great secrecy to London with the suggestion that Italy was open to a good offer from the Entente. [ ...] The final choice was aided by the arrival of news in March of Russian victories in the Carpathians. Salandra began to think that victory for the Entente was in sight, and was so anxious not to arrive too late for a share in the profits that he instructed his envoy in London to drop some demands and reach agreement quickly. [...] The Treaty of London was concluded on April 26 binding Italy to fight within one month. [...] Not until May 4 did Salandra denounce the Triple Alliance in a private note to its signatories.
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和訳お願いします！ Freud began to apply the free-association method of therapy after 1892. He soon found that patients' memories continually harped back to childhood and to sexual experiences of an incestuous character. Charcot and other clinicians were clearly incorrect in considering neuroses (the collective term for hysteria, anxiety and obsession) to be hereditary. They were instead caused by the memory of "unpleasant" events within the individual's own life. By "repressing" these sexual memories into some unconscious part of the mind, Freud concluded, a poison was left "unconsciously" (subconsciously) which could emerge as mental and physical symptoms in later life. Relief was to be sought by purging and bringing the memory to the surface. harped back:繰り返しもと(昔)に立ち返る "repressing":抑圧 Freudはフロイトのことです！
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和訳お願いします！ But had these childhood sexual experiences really happened? Freud initially believed they had, and in 1896 went on record that the basis of female hysteria was actual, or attempted, incest by fathers of their daughters at the age of three or four. Such a conclusion was bound to shock and was embarrassing to Freud himself since many of his patients were daughters of family friends. As cases accumulated, the thesis seemed more and more preposterous and outrageous. Could thirty percent of Viennese par really be seducing, their children?
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There he was on the ground,in no condition to go on, and all of a sudden he was no longer in Poland.instead,he found himself imaging himself standing on a stage on postwar Vienna giving a lecture on The Psychology of Death Camps. Audience of two hundred listened to his every word. The lecture was one that he had been working out the whole time he had been in the death camp. He spoke about how some people seem to survive the experience better than others, psychologically and emotionally. It was a brilliant lecture, all taking place in his mind's eye and ear. He was no longer half dead on the field but living in the lecture. During the lecture, Frankl told the imaginary audience about the day he was in that field being beaten and was certain he didn't have the strength to get up and keep walking. Then, wonder of wonders, he told his imagined audience, he was able to stand up. The guard stopped beating him and get began to walk slowly. As he was imagining describing this to his audience, his body got up and began to walk. He continued to imagine this lecture all the while he was doing the work and through the cold march back to the death comp. He collapsed into his narrow bed, imagining ending this brilliantly clear speech and receiving a standing ovation.
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