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- Baddeley's basic working memory model consists of three components: central executive, phonological loop, and visuospatial sketchpad.
- The central executive is a limited-capacity processing system that can process information from any sensory modality.
- The phonological loop is used for verbal rehearsal, while the visuospatial sketchpad holds spatial and visual information.
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Baddeley's basic working memory model consisted of three components: ・Central executive:This is a limited-capacity processing system resembling attention.It is modality-free,meaning it can process information from any sensory modality(e.g.,visual;auditory). ・Phonological loop:This is a temporary storage system holding verbal information in a phonological(speech-based)form;it is used for verbal rehearsal. ・Visuospatial sketchpad:This is a temporary memory system holding spatial and/or visual information.
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バッドリーの基本的なワーキングメモリ・モデルは、3つの構成要素から成りました： ・ 中心的な執行部： これは、注意に似ている限られた能力処理システムです。 それには様式がありません。そして、それがどんな感覚様式（例えば、視覚; 聴覚）からでも情報を処理することができることを意味します。 ・ 音韻ループ： これは、（スピーチ・ベースの）音韻形でことばの情報を保持している一時的な（記憶）保管システムです; それは、ことばのリハーサルのために使われます。 ・ 視空間スケッチパッド：これは、空間および／または視覚の情報を持っている一時的な記憶・システムです。
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Baddeley and Hitch(1974) used the term working memory to refer to a system combining processing and short-term memory functions. According to Baddeley and Logie(1999,p.28), "working memory comprises multiple specialized components of cognition that allow humans to comprehend and mentally represent their immediate environment, to retain information about their immediate past experience,to support the acquisition of new knowledge,to solve problems,and to formulate,relate,and act on current goals." As we saw earlier, Atkinson and Shiffrin(1968) emphasizsed the importance of verbal rehearsal in short-term memory. Baddeley(e.g.,1986,2001) accepted that verbal rehearsal is important.
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Visuospatial sketchpad The visuospatial sketchpad is used for the temporary storage and manipulation of visual patterns and spatial movement.It is used in many situations in everyday life (e.g.,finding the route when walking ; playing computer games).Logie et al.(1989) studied performance on a complex computer game called Space Fortress, which involves maneuvering a space ship around a computer screen.
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The working memory system is hierarchical(see the figure below). The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad are both "slave"systems at the base of the hierarchy. They are slave systems in the sense that they are used by the central executive or attention-like system for various purposes. This figure also shows the episodic buffer,which was only added to the working memory model 25years after it was first put forward. The episodic buffer is a limited-capacity storage system that integrates information from the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad. Since relatively little is as yet known about the episodic buffer,we won't be discussing it further.
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Evaluation The assumption within the model that there are separate short-term and long-term stores has been influential and is approximately correct. As we will see, it is a gross oversimplification to argue that there is a single short-term memory store(see section on working memory). It is a gross oversimplification to argue that there is a single long-term memory store(see section on types of long-term memory).It seems very doubtful that knowledge that Russel Crowe is a film star,that 2+2=4,that we had muesli for breakfast,and information about how to ride a bicycle are all stored in the same long-term memory store.
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another(very obvious)differece between short-term and long-term memory is in the length of time for which information is remembered.much information(e.g.,our own names;the names of our parents and friends)remains in long-term memory for a lifetime,whereas information in short-term memory is lost rapidly. 翻訳お願いします(__)
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Atkinson and Shiffrin assumed that information in short-term memory represents "the conterts of consciousness,"implying that only information processed consciously can be stored in long-term memory. However, there is reasonable (if not conclusive) evidence for the existence of learning without conscious awareness of what has been learnd (this is known as implicit learning--see Chapter7). It would seem that implicit learning would be impossible within Atkinson and Shiffrin's(1968) model.
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According to Ruchkin,Grafman,Cameron,and Berndt(2003,p.711),"Short-term memory corresponds to activated long-term memory and information is stored in the same systems that initially processed the information." For once, a theoretical controversy can be resolved without discussing experimental findings in detail. The information processed in short-term memory must already have made contact with information in long-term memory(Logie,1999). For example, our ability to engage in verbal rehearsal of visually presented words depends on prior contact with stored information concerning pronunciation.
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どなたか以下の英文を翻訳できる方が居ましたらぜひお願いいたします。 As this book seeks to demonstrate, the visual world and its producers, its users and its designers, are engaged in a heated debate over the status of design - who has ownership of it, who is qualified to do it, and how we receive and interpret it, It is in a period of evolution, and requires more developed and rigorous understanding. It may seem odd to say this , but whatever your view of the discussion in this chapter, it should ve clear that design is not simp;y a visual medium; it is a social and, as we have identified, a political one. It just happens to be most apparent visually in the messages sent to us by commerce, media and government, and the subtler but equally important messages we send each other in our everyday practices. Like an iceberg, 90 per cent of visual communication is hidden beneath the surface. And, just like an iceberg, it is the invisible 90 per cent that provides the raw power of visual communication. So, there we end this overview of some of the key ideas that are involved in the study and under standing of visual communication and its relationship with design. Undoubtedly, like some of the practitioners interviewed for the book, you will disagree with some of it. Hopefully some of it will have challenged your own positon on this subject.
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自分で訳してはみたのですが自信がないのでお願いしますm(_ _)m According to the conventional multi-store model (Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968), humen memory comprises three different types of store: the sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory (see the summary of Craik and Lockhart, 1972, Chapter13). Sperling's paper deals with the characteristics of the first of these stores, the sensory register, and examines how it deals with visual stimuli. The sensory register for visual information is often referred to as iconic memory. Model of memory that proporse distinct memory stores, including long-term memory and short-term memory. Short-acting memory store for the sensory record of a stimulus. どうかよろしくお願いしますm(_ _)m
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How are short-term and long-term memory related? An inflluential answer was provided by Atkinson and Shiffrin(1968) in their multi-store model(see the figure below). They assumed that stimulation from the environment is initially received by the sensory stores. These stores are modality-specific,meaning there is a separate one for each sensoty modality(e.g.,vision;hearing). Information is held briefly in the sensory stores,with some franction being attended to and processed further within the short-term store.
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