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最初の一文、長っ！！ｗ いま冬季が終わろうとしている南半球の温帯全域では、汎流行性のH1N1型（インフルエンザ）が流行しだした時、ほぼすべての国々においてH3N2型が代表的である季節性ウイルス系統は、H1N1と比較したときのその重大さは急速に減ったのであり、汎流行性H1N1型が支配的なウイルス系統となった、ということが指摘されている。 季節性H1N1型系統もいくつか報告されたが、季節性H3N2型よりも普遍性はずっと低い。 新聞記事ですか。無理に訳そうとするとこうなりますが、本当は頭から追っていった方が意味が解しやすいと思います。
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The mid-war years were momentous times. Governing politicians in Paris and London were under great pressure from the press, the people and their parliaments to bring the war to a victorious close. The casualties from the battles of Gallipoli, the Somme and Verdun had been high and there was little prospect of victory in sight. The British prime minister, H. H. Asquith, resigned in early December 1916 and was succeeded by the "Welsh wizard", David Lloyd George. In France, premier Aristide Briand, along with General (later Marshal) Hubert Lyautey as Minister of Defence, were politically diminished and resigned in March 1917. The United States was close to declaring war on Germany; American public opinion was growing increasingly incensed by a long succession of high-profile U-boat attacks upon civilian shipping, starting with the sinking of RMS Lusitania in 1915 and culminating in the torpedoing of seven American merchantmen in early 1917. The United States Congress finally declared war on Imperial Germany on 6 April 1917, but it would be more than a year before a suitable army could be raised, trained, and transported to France.
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以下は↓のサイトにある表から下の部分を和訳したものです。もし英文解釈的に誤っている部分や日本語的に不自然な箇所がありましたら、ぜひ教えてください。宜しくお願い致します。 http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_08_19/en/index.html ↓原文 Qualitative indicators (Week 31: 27 July - 2 August 2009 and Week 32: 3 August - 9 August 2009) The qualitative indicators monitor: the global geographic spread of influenza, trends in acute respiratory diseases, the intensity of respiratory disease activity, and the impact of the pandemic on health-care services. Interim WHO guidance for the surveillance of human infection with A(H1N1) virus A description of WHO pandemic monitoring and surveillance objectives and methods can be found in the updated interim WHO guidance for the surveillance of human infection with pandemic (H1N1) virus. The attached maps display information on the qualitative indicators reported for weeks 31 and 32. Information is available for approximately 50 to 60 countries each week. Implementation of this monitoring system is ongoing and completeness of reporting is expected to increase over time. Geographic spread of influenza activity during week 31 and 32 Trend of respiratory diseases activity compared to the previous week during week 31 and week 32 Intensity of acute respiratory diseases in the population during week 31 and week 32 Impact on health care services during week 31 and week 32 ↓和訳 質的指標（第31週目：2009年7月27日～8月2日・第32週目：8月3日～8月9日） 質的指標の監視：インフルエンザ拡大の地域的分布、急性呼吸器疾患の流行、呼吸器疾患の重症度、医療サービスに対する影響。 新型インフルエンザ・ウィルスによるヒト感染のサーベイランスに対するWHOの暫定ガイダンス 新型インフルエンザに対するWHOのモニタリングとサーベイランスの目標と方法の概要については、同ウィルスによるヒト感染のサーベイランスに対する最新のWHO暫定ガイダンスを参照のこと。 下記リンク先の地図は第31週目と第32週目の質的指標に関する情報を示している。情報に関しては毎週50～60ヶ国より寄せられている。尚、このモニタリングについては継続中なので、時間の経過とともに報告の完成度は増すものとみられる。 第31週目から32週目におけるインフルエンザ発生の地域的分布 第31週目から32週目における前週と比較した呼吸器疾患流行の地域的分布 第31週目から32週目における急性呼吸器疾患の重症度の地域的分布 第31週目から32週目における医療サービスに対する影響の地域的分布
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- 形質転換？の語句で質問です
ある酵素を分泌する菌に対する形質転換の論文だと 思うのですが、その実験方法欄の冒頭で躓きました。 使用菌株について書いてあるのでしょうが、 どれが遺伝子で、とか全く判りません。 何か規則性があると聞いた気がしますが、 なにを意味しているのか判りません。 タイトルは 「The roles of the C-terminal domain and type III domains of chitinase A1 from Bacillus circulans WL-12 in chitin degradation.」 です。 recA1,endA1,Nal^r,supE44,relA1 Δ(lacproAB)/F'・・・ などの、どれが何を表しているのか、 教えてください。 この手の話は初めてで、 どれから触っていいのかも判りません・・・。 Bacterial strains. Escherichia coli JM109 [recAl endA1 gyrA96 (Nalr) thi hsdRl7 (rk- Mk-) supE44 relA1 mcrA Δ(lacproAB)/F'(traD36 lacIq lacZ ΔM15 proA+B+)] was the host strain used throughout the construction of various recombinant plasmids, and E. coli strains BW313 {HfrKL16PO/45[lysA(61-62)], dut-1 ung-1 thi-1 relA4}, BMH71-18 [A(lacproAB) thi supE mutS 215::TnlO (Tetr)/F'(traD36proAB+ lacIq lacZ AM15)], and MV1184 [ara Δ(lac-proAB) rpsL thi (f8OlacZ ΔM15) (srl-recA)306::TnlO (Tetr)/FI(traD36proAB+ lacIq lacZ AM15)] were used in the oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. Intact and modified chitinases were produced in E. coli HB101 [supE44 hsdS 20(rB- mB) recA13 ara-14proA2 lacYl lalK2 rpsL20 xyl-5 mtl-l]. All strains carrying recombinant plasmids were grown in L broth medium containing 100 ,ug of ampicillin per ml.
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Further north, part of the British Third Army also supported the attack. South of the Fourth Army's 19 km (12 mi) front, the French First Army launched a coordinated attack on a 9.5 km (6 mi) front. The objective was to break through one of the most heavily defended stretches of the German Siegfriedstellung (Hindenburg Line), which in this sector utilised the St Quentin Canal as part of its defences. The assault achieved its objectives (though not according to the planned timetable), resulting in the first full breach of the Hindenburg Line, in the face of heavy German resistance. In concert with other attacks of the Grand Offensive along the length of the line, Allied success convinced the German high command that there was little hope of an ultimate German victory. Rawlinson wanted the Australian Corps, under the command of Lieutenant General Sir John Monash, with its well-earned reputation, to spearhead the attack. Monash was unhappy, because his Australian force was by now short of manpower and many soldiers were showing signs of strain, having been heavily engaged in fighting for several months. There had been some episodes of mutiny by troops who were feeling unfairly put upon. Monash was however very pleased when Rawlinson offered him the American II Corps (the U.S. 27th and 30th Divisions), which still remained at the disposal of the British command, since American divisions were twice the numerical strength of their British counterparts. U.S. Corps commander Major General George Windle Read handed command of his American force for the duration of the action to Monash. However, the American soldiers lacked battle experience. A small group of 217 Australian officers and N.C.O.s was assigned to the U.S. troops for advice and liaison. The British high command considered that German morale was suffering badly and that their capacity to resist was much weakened. Monash believed that the operation would be "more a matter of engineering and organisation than of fighting". Whilst there had been some evidence of poor German morale from previous operations, this proved to be a dangerous assumption. Monash was tasked with drawing up the battle plan. He would use the Americans to breach the Hindenburg Line and the Australian 3rd and 5th Divisions to follow behind and then exploit the breakthrough. Monash intended to attack the Hindenburg Line south of Vendhuile where the St Quentin Canal runs underground for some 5,500 m (6,000 yd) through the Bellicourt Tunnel (which had been converted by the Germans into an integral part of the Hindenburg Line defensive system).
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The Zone of the Straits was planned including the Bosphorus, the Dardanelles and the Sea of Marmara in between. One of the most important points of the treaty was the provision that the navigation was to be open in the Dardanelles in times of peace and war alike to all vessels of commerce and war, no matter under what flag, thus, in effect, leading to internationalization of the waters. The waters were not to be subject to blockade, nor could any act of war be committed there, except in enforcing the decisions of the League of Nations. Free Zones Certain ports were to be declared to be of international interest. The League of Nations were completely free and absolute equality in treatment, particularly in the matter of charges and facilities insuring the carrying out of the economic provisions in commercially strategic places. These regions were be named the "free zones". The ports were: Istanbul from San Stefano to Dolmabahçe, Haidar-Pasha, Smyrna, Alexandretta, Haifa, Basra, Trabzon, and Batum. Thrace Thrace (up to the Chatalja line), the islands of Imbros and Tenedos, and the islands of the Sea of Marmara were ceded to Greece. The sea line of these islands was declared international and left to the administration of the "Zone of the Straits". The Kurdistan region was scheduled to have a referendum to decide its fate, which, according to Section III Articles 62–64, was to include the Mosul Province. There was no general agreement among Kurds on what its borders should be, because of the disparity between the areas of Kurdish settlement and the political and administrative boundaries of the region. The outlines of Kurdistan as an entity were proposed in 1919 by Şerif Pasha, who represented the Society for the Ascension of Kurdistan (Kürdistan Teali Cemiyeti) at the Paris Peace Conference. He defined the region's boundaries as follows: The frontiers of Turkish Kurdistan, from an ethnographical point of view, begin in the north at Ziven, on the Caucasian frontier, and continue westwards to Erzurum, Erzincan, Kemah, Arapgir, Besni and Divick (Divrik?); in the south they follow the line from Harran, Sinjar Mountains, Tel Asfar, Erbil, Süleymaniye, Akk-el-man, Sinne; in the east, Ravandiz, Başkale, Vezirkale, that is to say the frontier of Persia as far as Mount Ararat.
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NHKからの抜粋です This latest case comes 2 weeks after the same strain of the avian flu virus was found at another farm in Miyazaki Prefecture. 対応する日本語記事は次です 宮崎県では今月16日、北部の延岡市の養鶏場から「H5型」の鳥インフルエンザウイルスが検出されています。 質問（１） 主節の主語がcomesなのかwasなのか分かりにくです。関係代名詞thatが省略されているのでしょうか？ 主節の主語はwas This latest case (that comes 2 weeks after the same strain of the avian flu virus) was found at another farm in Miyazaki Prefecture. 主節の主語はcomes This latest case comes 2 weeks after the same strain of the avian flu virus (that was found at another farm in Miyazaki Prefecture). どちらでしょうか。 質問（２） 他の場所では過去形で述べられているのに、ここではcomesは現在形です。 何か意図があるのでしょうか。 全文です Bird flu virus found in southwestern Japan Authorities in southwestern Japan say they have found the H5 strain of bird flu virus in chickens at a local poultry farm. Officials say they found the virus in several birds at a farm in Miyazaki City. They carried out the testing after 30 birds were found dead there on Sunday. Officials sent in about 200 people to cull all of the 42,000 chickens at the farm. They also plan to complete burying the birds and disinfecting their barns by the end of Monday. Authorities banned the movement of chickens and eggs within a 3-kilometer radius as well as their shipping to areas outside of a 10-kilometer radius. They also set up 10 disinfection stations in nearby areas to keep passing vehicles from spreading the virus. This latest case comes 2 weeks after the same strain of the avian flu virus was found at another farm in Miyazaki Prefecture.
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LONDON(AP)ーJust try sugar-coating this:the World Health Organiz ation says your daily sugar intake should be just 5 percent of your total caloriesーhalf of what the agency previously recommended,according to new draft guidelines published earlier this month. After a review of about 9000studies,WHO's expert panel says dropping sugar intake to that level will combat obesity and cavities.Tha t includes sugars added to foods and those present in honey,syrups and fruit juices,but not those occurring naturally in fruits. Amerivans and others in the West eat a lot more sugar than that.Their average sugar in take would have to drop by two-thirds to meet WHO's suggested limit. Many doctors ap plauded the U.N. agency's attempt to limit th e global sweet tooth. "The less sugar you're eating, the better," sai d Dr. Robert Lustig, a professor of pediatrics at the University of California and author of a book about the dangers of sugar. "If the su gar threshold is lowered, I think breakfast ce real is going to have a really hard time justif ying its existence," he said, referring to swee tened cereals often targeted to children. Lustig said WHO's new guidelines could alte r the food environment by forcing manufact urers to rethink how they're using sugar in p rocessed foods like bread, soups, pasta sau ces and even salad dressings. He called the amount of sugar in processed food an "abso lute, unmitigated disaster." WHO's expert group found high sugar consu mption is strongly linked to obesity and toot h decay. It noted that heavy people have a hi gher risk of chronic diseases, responsible fo r more than 60 percent of global deaths. De ntal care costs up to 10 percent of health bu dgets in Western countries and cause signifi cant problems in the developing world. WHO warned many of the sugars eaten toda y are hidden in processed foods, pointing ou t that one tablespoon of ketchup contains a bout one teaspoon of sugar . There is no universally agreed consensus o n how much sugar is too much. The American Heart Association advises lim iting sugar to about 8 percent of your diet, or six teaspoons a day for women and nine for men. A study led by the U.S. Centers for Dise ase Control and Prevention published last m onth found too much sugar can raise the ch ances of fatal heart problems. Researchers f ound the average American gets about 15 p ercent of their calories from sugar, similar to other Western nations.
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“But that’s not the intention at all. I mean, me, Slash, and Duff really needed to do a band. We were ready, it was time. We were, like, ‘Look, Axl’s gone out and has done the Roses by himself, so, we can do this.’ “If anyone ever saw the things about Revolver, it wasn’t an easy process because the missing link was the lead singer. We went over and over that until the point we’ve finally settled on Scott. “In retrospect, all the energy that went into that band and what Scott represented, maybe different demography of rock ‘n’ roll coming from what we describe as the grunge era, but mixed with the GN’R sort of angst and a bit of a punky feel. “It worked, but we were all fired up, we were in great shape, we were ready to take on the world like we had something to prove like a 20-year old kid, which at that time we were all approaching 40, you know.”
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次の文章の日本語訳お願いします。 (1) Liver triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis and secretion are closely linked to nutrient availability. After a meal, hepatic TAG formation from fatty acids is decreased, largely due to a reduction in circulating free fatty acids (FFA). この文章のcirculating free fatty acids の部分 (2) Despite the postprandial decrease in FFA-driven esterification and oxidation, VLDL-TAG secretion is maintained to support peripheral lipid delivery and metabolism. この文章の FFA-driven の部分 (3)Secreted TAG. n = 3. For hepatocyte studies in L-Raptor–KO or control, hepatocytes from 4 to 9 mice per group were isolated and technical replicates pooled. この文章の technical replicates pooledの部分 (4)While CCTα mRNA levels were equivalent between both genotypes (Figure 5D), protein levels were diminished in liver from the L-Raptor–KO mice to an extent commensurate with the reduction in enzyme activity, suggesting regulation of CCTα stability or translation by mTORC1 at a posttranscriptional site (Figure 5E). (5)Restoration of PC synthesis normalizes hepatic triglycerides and VLDL-TAG secretion in L-Raptor–KO. (6)We reasoned that if mTORC1 regulates TAG secretion by promoting PC biosynthesis, restoration of PC synthesis would rescue the TAG secretion defect induced by loss of raptor. ご回答よろしくお願いします。
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次の文章の日本語訳お願いします。 (1)Liver triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis and secretion are closely linked to nutrient availability. After a meal, hepatic TAG formation from fatty acids is decreased, largely due to a reduction in circulating free fatty acids (FFA). この文章のcirculating free fatty acids の部分 (2)Despite the postprandial decrease in FFA-driven esterification and oxidation, VLDL-TAG secretion is maintained to support peripheral lipid delivery and metabolism. この文章の FFA-driven の部分 (3)Secreted TAG. n = 3. For hepatocyte studies in L-Raptor–KO or control, hepatocytes from 4 to 9 mice per group were isolated and technical replicates pooled. この文章の technical replicates pooledの部分 (4)While CCTα mRNA levels were equivalent between both genotypes (Figure 5D), protein levels were diminished in liver from the L-Raptor–KO mice to an extent commensurate with the reduction in enzyme activity, suggesting regulation of CCTα stability or translation by mTORC1 at a posttranscriptional site (Figure 5E). (5)Restoration of PC synthesis normalizes hepatic triglycerides and VLDL-TAG secretion in L-Raptor–KO. (6)We reasoned that if mTORC1 regulates TAG secretion by promoting PC biosynthesis, restoration of PC synthesis would rescue the TAG secretion defect induced by loss of raptor. ご回答よろしくお願いします。
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お礼
WHOのサイトに掲載されていた文です。 挿入？が多くてかなり意味を掴むのに苦労しましたが、nebuntuさんのおかげでだいぶ内容が理解できました。（特に"the relative importance of seasonal strains"がどこにどうかかってというのが…） どうもありがとうございました！