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民主主義の横暴で幹細胞研究や動物実験が翻弄される
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- bakansky
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見る順番が逆で後の方を先に見てしまいました。 (1) については、お示しの日本語文を読むと、内容がよく分かります。これなら原文よりもこちらを読みたい気になります （あえて注文をつけるなら、もう少し読点を付けてもらった方が読みやすいです）。 ban と forbid の違いについてですが、手元の辞書 （学研 「スーパー・アンカー英和辞典」 第2版） の forbid の項に出ていた内容を下に転記してみます。 forbid は一般語で、親や教師などが 「・・・するな」 と命じることをいう。 prohibit は堅い語で、法律や規則で公的に禁止すること。 ban も公的に禁止することをさすが、特に 「よくないことだから禁止する」 というニュアンスがある。また、短かいので新聞の見出しで forbid, prohibit の代わりによく用いられる。 > (2) If this topic sounds rather familiar, that's because the same sensitive issue was extensively discussed by the European Parliament in 2006, and again in 2013, before the launch of the multi-billion-euro Seventh Framework and Horizon 2020 research programmes, respectively. to sound familiar は 「聞き覚えがある」 みたいなことを表す表現です （sound はもちろん動詞です）。rather は familiar という語の意味を強めています。 「どこかで聞いたことがあるように思われるとしたら、それは同じ事柄が2006年に欧州議会でさんざん議論されたし、2013年にも繰り返された事柄だからだ。Seventh Framework や Horizon 2020 といった、巨額の資金を注ぎ込んだ欧州科学新興計画が開始される以前のことである」 > (3) The European Commission must prepare a report responding to the One of Us initiative before 28 May, addressing whether any EU legislation could or should be changed in response. It should not. It should not の should は、私は可能性や推量を表す should ではないかと思います。「そういうことにはならないだろう」 というふうに、可能性を否定しているのだと、私は読みました。 「EC （欧州委員会） は、One of Us の提議に応じて EU のしかるべき法律を変更する可能性があるかどうか、あるいは変更すべきなのかどうかということを、5月28日までに報告書にまとめなければならない。おそらく提案は却下されるものと思われる」 > (4) European scientists have been unsettled by the One of Us initiative, and also by the prospect of a parliamentary hearing of another ECI, 'Stop Vivisection', that calls for the 2010 legislation on the use of animals in research to be replaced by a new directive banning all animal experimentation. Stop Vivisection については私も another ECI と同格と見ます。ECI とは違う組織だが、似たような主張を掲げている組織、ということでしょう。 call for A to be replaced by B は 「B が A で置き換えられることを要求する」 ということなので、「2010年に制定しようと要求した活動」 という解釈には疑問があります。 「One of Us の主張や、Stop Vivisection （ECI に似た組織で、実験用動物の使用に関する2010年に制定された法律を、いかなる動物を使った実験をも禁止するものに変えるよう求めている） の公聴会が、議会で開かれるかもしれないという予想に、ヨーロッパの科学者たちは不安な思いを抱いた」 私の訳は１つの文に詰め込んだので、読みにくくなったかもしれません。少しでも緩和するために苦肉の策として ( ) を使ってみたのですが ・・・
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- 民主主義はぐるぐる回る(2)
続きです。 (5)The 2010 animal legislation represented a hard-fought-for compromise that was agreed by EU member states and the European Parliament only after more than a decade of debate involving consultation with all sides. この文章でのonly after more than a decade of debate involving consultation with all sides. のonlyの意味が分かりません。 たった十年と訳しましたがリアルな意味で短いよ！たったの十年さ。 といっているのかあるいは超皮肉的な言い回しなのか。それとも全然違う意味のonlyなのかわかりません。 2010年の動物実験の法律に対して10年以上もかかったといっているからやはり民主主義のマイノリティーな批判を相手にするのはいかがなものかと連続的に筆者が言っていることからやはり皮肉なonlyなのでしょうか。 (6)The even-more-recent legislation on funding of research with human embryonic stem cells also represents a compromise in which all sides, including the representatives of One of Us, had their say. (5)に続く文章です。 ヒト胚性幹細胞の研究基金の最新の法律も我々の一人運動を含む問題において妥協を示してきたと彼らは言った。 でしょうか？ ここで毎度議論にたいして compromise が汎用されているのですがここでのcompromiseは妥協してきた。本来の意図にそぐわない結果。 として考えていますが違いますでしょうか。あと最後のhad their sayの意味がよくわかりません。ここでのthierは科学者たちのことでしょうか？ (6)Worse, the commission’s report will of necessity have to repeat the arguments that led to the 2013 decision to fund some research using human embryonic stem cells, again reflecting that a majority supported the compromise. That opens the door to allegations that the EU invites ECIs — and then ignores them. のagain reflecting that a majority supported the compromise. That opens the door to allegations that the EU invites ECIs — and then ignores them. が分かりませんでした。その前述で委員会は当然実験に対して過去に出したような同じ謳い文句で主張するしかない。と言っていますが、またしても妥協ばかりでまとまった法案になるということを言っているのでしょうか。 長くなりましたがご指導お願い申し上げます。
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They were also surrounded by territories controlled by Britain, France, Belgium and Portugal.Colonial military forces in Africa were relatively small, poorly equipped and had been created to maintain internal order, rather than conduct military operations against other colonial forces. Most of the European warfare in Africa during the 19th century had been conducted against African societies to enslave people and later to conquer territory. The Berlin Conference of 1884, had provided for European colonies in Africa to be neutral, if war broke out in Europe; in 1914 none of the European powers had plans to challenge their opponents for control of overseas colonies. When news of the outbreak of war reached European colonialists in Africa, it was met by little of the enthusiasm seen in the capital cities of the states which maintained colonies. An editorial in the East African Standard on 22 August, argued that Europeans in Africa should not fight each other but instead collaborate, to maintain the repression of the indigenous population. War was against the interest of the white colonialists because they were small in number, many of the European conquests were recent, unstable and operated through existing local structures of power and the organisation of African economic potential for European profit had only recently begun.
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As foreign minister Briand formulated an original proposal for a new economic union of Europe. Described as Briand's Locarno diplomacy and as an aspect of Franco-German rapprochement, it was his answer to Germany's quick economic recovery and future political power. Briand made his proposals in a speech in favor of a European Union in the League of Nations on 5 September 1929, and in 1930, in his "Memorandum on the Organization of a Regime of European Federal Union" for the Government of France. The idea was to provide a framework to contain France's former enemy while preserving as much of the 1919 Versailles settlement as possible. The Briand plan entailed the economic collaboration of the great industrial areas of Europe and the provision of political security to Eastern Europe against Soviet threats. The basis was economic cooperation, but his fundamental concept was political, for it was political power that would determine economic choices. The plan, under the Memorandum on the Organization of a System of European Federal Union, was in the end presented as a French initiative to the League of Nations. With the death of his principal supporter, German foreign minister Gustav Stresemann, and the onset of the Great Depression in 1929, Briand's plan was never adopted but it suggested an economic framework for developments after World War II that eventually resulted in the European Union.
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- 英文解釈 (The Economist) で分からないところがあるのですが
次の文章の後半にあります、 able to ～ なのですが、何が省略されていて、どこに掛かっているかが分からず、困っています。文章の意味は大体つかめるのですが、細部の理解も完全にしたいと思い、質問させていただく次第です。よろしくお願いします。 The European Union’s leaders, meeting in Brussels on June 18th and 19th, agreed that financial institutions in the 27-country block should be subject to common rules and overseen by new EU-level supervisors able to make binding rulings in disputes between national regulators. (The Economist, Jun 19th 2009)
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- これらの文がうまく訳せなくて困っています。
これらの文がうまく訳せなくて困っています。助けてください。よろしくお願いします。 Schumacher saw German unity as a precondition for the unification of Europe, and in the long run be was correct: the unification of Germany in 1990 became the basis for the ‘enlargement’ of the European Union towards the East that took place later in 2004-7. As long as Germany remained split, Europe was divided. The Minister of the Interior, Gustav Heinemann, resigned on account of the policy of German rearmament that actually meant the militarization of the Federal Republic. Heinemann considered peace in Europe to be threatened by this and saw a deepening in the division of Germany.
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German colonies in Africa had been acquired in the 1880s and were not well defended. They were also surrounded by territories controlled by Britain, France, Belgium and Portugal.Colonial military forces in Africa were relatively small, poorly equipped and had been created to maintain internal order, rather than conduct military operations against other colonial forces. Most of the European warfare in Africa during the 19th century had been conducted against African societies to enslave people and later to conquer territory. The Berlin Conference of 1884, had provided for European colonies in Africa to be neutral, if war broke out in Europe; in 1914 none of the European powers had plans to challenge their opponents for control of overseas colonies. When news of the outbreak of war reached European colonialists in Africa, it was met by little of the enthusiasm seen in the capital cities of the states which maintained colonies. An editorial in the East African Standard on 22 August, argued that Europeans in Africa should not fight each other but instead collaborate, to maintain the repression of the indigenous population. War was against the interest of the white colonialists because they were small in number, many of the European conquests were recent, unstable and operated through existing local structures of power and the organisation of African economic potential for European profit had only recently begun. In Britain, an Offensive sub-committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence was appointed on 5 August and established a principle that command of the seas was to be ensured and that objectives were considered only if they could be attained with local forces and if the objective assisted the priority of maintaining British sea communications, as British army garrisons abroad were returned to Europe in an "Imperial Concentration". Attacks on German coaling stations and wireless stations were considered to be important to clear the seas of German commerce raiders. Objectives at Tsingtau in the Far East and Luderitz Bay, Windhoek, Duala and Dar-es-Salaam in Africa and a German wireless station in Togoland, next to the British colony of Gold Coast in the Gulf of Guinea, were considered vulnerable to attack by local or allied forces.
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英語が得意な方 和訳を助けてください。うまく訳せなくて困っています。よろしくお願いします The industrial unions demanded to be embedded within legislation going beyond the co-determination set by the European Coal and Steel Community, even for the economic co-determination of employees at the higher levels of the companies.
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- 解らない英文があります
Bernard ShawのThe Doctor's Dilemmaの最初のページを読んでおり、以下の文でつまずいてしまいました。 "That any sane nation, having observed that you could provide for the supply of bread by giving bakers a pecuniary interest in baking for you, should go on to give a surgeon a pecuniary interest in cutting off your leg, is enough to make one despair of political humanity" おそらくこの文章を理解できない原因は、'should go on to give a surgeon ...'の主語がわからないことだと考えています（any sane nationが主語だと思うのですが）。 そこで、今回お聞きしたいのは、shouldに対応する主語とこの文章の日本語訳です。 どうぞよろしくお願い致します。
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Preparations for operations in Flanders began in 1915, with the doubling of the Hazebrouck–Ypres rail line and the building of a new line from Bergues–Proven which was doubled in early 1917. Progress on roads, rail lines, railheads and spurs in the Second Army zone was continuous and by mid-1917, gave the area the most efficient supply system of the BEF. Several plans and memoranda for a Flanders offensive were produced between January 1916 and May 1917, in which the writers tried to relate the offensive resources available to the terrain and the likely German defence. In early 1916, the importance of the capture of the Gheluvelt plateau for an advance further north was emphasised by Haig and the army commanders. On 14 February 1917, Colonel C. N. Macmullen of GHQ proposed that the plateau be taken by a mass tank attack, reducing the need for artillery; in April a reconnaissance by Captain G. le Q Martel found that the area was unsuitable for tanks. On 9 February, General Rawlinson, commander of the Fourth Army, suggested that Messines Ridge could be taken in one day and that the capture of the Gheluvelt plateau should be fundamental to the attack further north. He suggested that the southern attack from St. Yves to Mont Sorrel should come first and that Mont Sorrel to Steenstraat should be attacked within 48–72 hours. After discussions with Rawlinson and Plumer and the incorporation of Haig's changes, Macmullen submitted his memorandum on 14 February. With amendments the memorandum became the GHQ 1917 plan. A week after the Battle of Messines Ridge, Haig gave his objectives to his Army commanders: wearing out the enemy, securing the Belgian coast and connecting with the Dutch frontier by the capture of Passchendaele ridge, followed by an advance on Roulers and Operation Hush, an attack along the coast with an amphibious landing. If manpower and artillery were insufficient, only the first part of the plan might be fulfilled. On 30 April, Haig told Gough the Fifth Army commander, that he would lead the "Northern Operation" and the coastal force, although Cabinet approval for the offensive was not granted until 21 June.
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（問） While a survey reported in 2001 that 71% of Europeans felt that everyone in the European Union(EU) should be able to speak one European language in addition to their mother tongue, and almost the same proportion agreed that this language should be English, 63% also believed that their own language needed to be protected. （私の解答）２００１年の調査で、７１％のヨーロッパ人が、EUの人々が母国語のほかにもう一つヨーロッパの言語を話せるようになるべきであり、ほぼ同じ比率の人々が、その言語は英語であるべきだと同意する一方で、６３％の人々がまた、自分たちの言語を守る必要があると信じている。 （模範解答）２００１年にある調査が報告したところによると、ヨーロッパ人の７１％が欧州連合（EU）域内のだれもが母語に加えてヨーロッパの言語をもう一つ話せるのが望ましいと感じており、ほぼ同じ割合の人々がその言語としては英語が望ましいという点で意見が一致していたが、６３％の人々は自分たちの言語が守られる必要があるとも考えていた。 ２００１年の調査で～に続く述語部分がないことと、最後の「信じている」の時制がおかしいところ、「欧州連合」を訳し忘れているところは自覚しております。ほかにどこかおかしいところや不自然なところがありましたらご指摘いただきたいです。 また、回答者様の主観で構いませんので、１０点満点だとして私の解答だと何割ぐらい取れるか教えて頂けると嬉しいですm(__)m だいたいでいいので、よろしくお願いします！
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いつも構文の提示とその用法の丁寧な解説誠にありがとうございます。おかげさまでイディオムや文法の基礎がない自分にとって大変勉強になっております。 今後とも是非お願い申しあげます。