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Global warming threatens sun-basking lizards
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- miu223yui32
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典型的なトカゲを用いて、本物のトカゲの皮が年を通して彼らの環境で遭遇した温度を、彼らは測りました。 食物を捜している代わりに、陰を捜しているその季節に、トカゲがより多くの時間を過ごさなければならないことを、春のより暖かい温度が意味すると、彼らはわかりました。 春に十分な食物を得ることができない女性のトカゲは繁殖することができません、そして、地元の住民はすぐに壊れます。 太陽暖まっているトカゲ（我々が通常より暖かい天気を歓迎すると思っている動物）が、地球温暖化はこのように明らかに、地球からいなくなる原因になっています。 以上です。
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Lizard disappearances in the areas the team studied can’t be due to habitat destruction because they’re occurring where habitat has been protected. Rather, hotter sites close to the equator or at low altitudes are most likely to lose their lizards. To see how hotter climates damaged the reptiles, Sinervo’s team created a dummy lizard, set it out in the sun at sites in the Yucatan Peninsula where Sceloporus is found and where it had gone extinct, and monitored its temperature. Like all organisms, lizards must avoid overheating and keep their body temperature within a certain range to survive. The problem, the team found, seems to be warmer springtimes, rather than higher maximum temperatures at midday or in midsummer. Higher temperatures in spring mean that the animals spend less of the breeding season out foraging and more time in the shade. “That is the time of year that females need the maximum amount of food,” says Huey. “If the temperature gets higher in the spring, then the lizards restrict their activity. They simply may not have enough active time to catch enough food.” Underfed females do not have the resources needed to make young, causing populations to crash. The ecological consequences of lizard extinctions are unknown. “If Barry’s right or even close to right,” Huey says, “the world as we know it will be very different. Lizards are primarily insect eaters. So if a population goes extinct, that will affect the insects living there. Lizards are also prey for many snakes, birds, mammals and some other lizards. But how serious those 〔effects〕 will be is going to be very difficult to predict.” よろしくお願いしますorz
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Sinervo wasn’t intending to study extinctions. Rather, he had planned to use a Eurasian lizard, Lacerta vivipara, to examine the role of coloration in lizard evolution. But when he went to sites in France, Italy, Slovenia and Hungary where Lacerta had been studied, the lizards weren’t always there. A few years later, he found that Mexico’s Sceloporus lizards were also vanishing. Concerned, he assembled a team to examine the issue globally. Studying reports of extinctions on five continents, the scientists concluded that the problem is widespread. “It’s happening really, really fast,” Sinervo says. “We’re seeing a massive extinction wave sweeping across the planet.” Huey warns that not seeing lizards doesn’t mean that they’re not there. They may just have been overlooked. “Populations go up and down,” he says. Still, he notes, Sceloporus is very conspicuous. “It would be hard to miss.” “These kinds of studies take a lot of work, and people have just recently started to do them,” says Anthony Barnosky, a palaeoecologist at the University of California, Berkeley, and author of Heatstroke: Nature in an Age of Global Warming (Island Press, 2009). Of the handful of similar analyses, a 2008 study found population losses in amphibians living in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, and another found that small mammals in Yosemite National Park in California had tracked warming temperatures in the past century by shifting their range. よろしくお願いします＾＾；
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By 2080, global warming could result in one-fifth of the world’s lizard species becoming extinct, a global study has found. Even under the most optimistic scenarios for curbing carbon dioxide emissions, the analysis by an international team shows that one-fifth of the globe’s lizard populations, corresponding to 6% of all lizard species, may go extinct by 2050. “We’ve committed ourselves to that,” says Barry Sinervo, an evolutionary biologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, who led the study. He and his colleagues found that climate change has already driven 12% of the populations of Mexico’s colourful Sceloporus lizards extinct since 1975. If emissions continue at current levels, he predicts that by 2080, 39% of the world’s lizard populations will have vanished, corresponding to a 20% loss in species. The study is published in Science this week. It’s a stunning finding, says Raymond Huey, an evolutionary physiologist at the University of Washington, Seattle, who wasn’t part of the study team. “Lizards are animals that should be very tolerant of climate warming,” he says. よろしくお願いします＾＾；
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People in areas with a relatively cool climate think that they are free from catching malaria. However, recent changes in climate let mosquitoes move into parts of the world that used to be too cold for them to survive. For example, in Papua New Guinea, the higher mountain areas are becoming warmer, and mosquitoes may affect another two million people. As the world becomes warmer, the spread of malaria will be more and more of an urgent global concern.
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Evolutionary biologists such as Dr. Barry Sinervo research the origin of species and how they adapt to their environments. Dr. Sinervo specializes in lizard species. His team went to various sites where a particular lizard species lives. He and his team were investigating the effect of the lizard’s colorful appearance on its evolution. Unfortunately, the lizard species they were looking for turned out to be hard to find. Thus, the focus of their research changed from “how did the lizard’s appearance help it survive and evolve?” to “why is this species going extinct?” Habitat destruction is the most common reason for species to disappear from the Earth. However, the lizards were living in protected areas which were untouched by human activity. Thus, the team investigated alternative explanations for the disappearance of the lizards.
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From the time that life first appeared on Earth, species have gone extinct. Extinction is a natural part of evolution. Species that are best at adapting to their environment survive. Other species are unable to adapt quickly enough – so they die off. So, why do endangered species get so much attention today? One reason is much of the extinction happening these days is unnatural. The leading reason for a species to become endangered is loss of habitat. As humans cut down forests for farmland, expand cities, or pollute waterways, to name a few ways that habitat is destroyed, animals, plants, and insects find it harder and harder to survive. Thus, the effect of humans on the natural world is causing species to become endangered, and, ultimately, go extinct. Another leading reason for a species to become endangered is climate change. For example, the lizards in this article could probably adapt to a gradual change in temperature. However, the rapid change in the climate, and the consequent decrease in lizard birthrate, threaten to doom many lizard species. If human activity is a major reason for climate change, then it would seem that we are changing our world far too rapidly for species to naturally adapt. Humans are highly adaptable, but most species need a lot of time to get used to changing conditions.
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For the next 40 years, Maria lived alone on the pampa in a tiny one-room house, just to study and guard the mysterious Lines of Nazca. One of the biggest threats to preserving the Lines was the Pan American Highway that cut across the pampa, slicing the picture of the long, crocodile-looking lizard in half. After Maria published a few articles about the Lines, more and more people started coming to Nazca so they could go out on the pampa to see the figures and lines for themselves. Maria persuaded the government of Peru to make the pampa a restricted area, so no one could walk on the desert exceot her assistant and herself.
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