The Conviction Rate: A Closer Look at Japan's Criminal Court
- The conviction rate of the first instance in the Japanese criminal court is 99.9%, making it the highest in the world.
- This unusually high conviction rate raises questions about the fairness of the Japanese criminal justice system.
- Some argue that the high conviction rate is a result of prosecutors' control over the final decision of guilt and the lack of checks and balances between the prosecution and the criminal courts.
- ベストアンサー
The conviction rate 99.9%
The conviction rate of the first instance in the Japanese criminal court is 99.9% (actually it is the highest conviction rate all over the world). It means that just one case of a thousand cases indicted by the Japanese public prosecutors may not be convicted in the criminal court. If it were the same around the world, we would not feel it so irrational. However, the conviction rates of the first instance in the other criminal courts are quite different. For example, it is approximately 78% in USA (of course,it is different in each state), approximately 98% in China, approximately 96% in France and approximately 90% even in the Soviet Union. Therefore, the conviction rate of the first instance in the Japanese criminal court is historically abnormal. It is presumed that the conviction rate 99.9% is far beyond even that of Nazi Germany according to overall examined information. Whoever seriously examined the conviction rate, they would regard it as definitely depending on totalitarianism. Certainly, Japan has adopted the separation of three powers. The judicial branch, administrative branch and legislative branch should have mutually been checked and balanced. However, actually, the administrative branch has ruled and controlled other two branches and decided what should be guilty or not.In this respect, according to“Why Is the Japanese Conviction Rate So High?”,written by J. Mark Ramseyer (Harvard Law School) and Eric Rasmusen (Indiana University) as follows:”Conviction rates in Japan exceed 99 percent -- why? On the one hand, because Japanese prosecutors are badly understaffed they may prosecute only their strongest cases and present judges only with the most obviously guilty defendants. On the other hand, because Japanese judges can be reassigned by the administrative office of the courts if they rule in ways the office does not like, judges may face biased career incentives to convict. Using data on the careers and opinions of 321 Japanese judges, we conclude that judges who acquit do indeed have worse careers following the acquittal. On closer examination, though, we find that the punished judges are not judges who acquitted on the ground that the prosecutors charged the wrong person. Rather, they are the judges who acquitted for reasons of statutory or constitutional interpretation, often in politically charged cases. Thus, the appearent punishment of acquitting judges seems unrelated to any pro-conviction bias at the judicial administrative offices, and the high conviction rates probably reflect low prosecutorial budgets instead.”?」（http://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwple/9907001.html） By the way, the Japanese government has granted the point “Japanese prosecutors are badly understaffed they may prosecute only their strongest cases and present judges only with the most obviously guilty defendants”. The Japanese government and the public prosecutor’s office are proud of their superior prosecutors because it is regarded as being possible owing to their capacity. However, the criminal courts have only approved their decisions of guilt. It means that prosecutors actually monopolize the final decision of guilt in the criminal procedure. Also, the separation of three powers doesn’t function at all at least between prosecutors and criminal courts. This reality is quite similar to the relationship between Hitler’s government and its criminal courts in Nazi Germany. The separation of three powers between Hitler’s government and its criminal courts (the judicial branch) in Nazi Germany doesn’t function as well. In Judgment at Nuremberg, the judges of Nazi Germany have monolithically testified that they have never been informed of the atrocities of Hitler's government.Neverthless, they have finally found guilty.Similarly, the criminal procedure of Japan must be extremely risky.
- kimaba2279
- お礼率70% (244/344)
- アンケート
- 回答数2
- ありがとう数0
- みんなの回答 （2）
- 専門家の回答
質問者が選んだベストアンサー
- ベストアンサー
日本の刑事裁判所の最初の実例の有罪宣告率は、99.9%(実際に、それは世界中で最も高い有罪宣告率です)です。それは、日本人検察官によって起訴された無数の事件の単に1つの事件が刑事裁判所で有罪と判決されないかもしれないことを意味します。もしそれが世界中に同じならば、私たちはそれをそれほど不合理だと思わないでしょう。しかしながら、他の刑事裁判所の最初の実例の有罪宣告率は全く異なります。例えば、それは、ソ連でさえアメリカ(もちろん、それは各状態で異なります)、中国のおよそ98%、フランスのおよそ96%およびおよそ90%でおよそ78%です。したがって、日本の刑事裁判所の最初の実例の有罪宣告率は、歴史上異常です。99.9有罪宣告率%がすべての検討された情報によるナチ・ドイツのそれさえ越えていることが考えられます。ひどく有罪宣告率を検査した誰、それらはそれを明確に全体主義に依存すると見なすでしょう。確かに、日本は、3つの力の分離を採用しました。司法府、管理上の枝および立法部門は相互にチェックされ平衡を保たれるべきでした。しかしながら、実際に、管理上の枝は他の2本の枝を規定しコントロールし、有罪であるべきことあるいはnot.Inを決定しました、この尊敬、によって」日本の有罪宣告率はなぜそれほど高いですか。」J.マークRamseyer(ハーバード大学法学大学院)およびエリックRasmusen(インディアナ大学)によって以下のように書かれた:」日本の有罪宣告率は99パーセントを超過します--なぜ?一方では、日本人検察官が悪く人員不足であるので、それらは最も強い事件だけを起訴し、最も明らかに有罪の被告をのみ裁判官に提示するかもしれません。他方では、それらがオフィスが好きでない方法の中で規定する場合、日本人裁判官が法廷の行政機構によって再び委託することができるので、裁判官は有罪と判決するべき偏見的である経歴誘因に面するかもしれません。321人の日本人裁判官の経歴および見解上でデータを使用して、私たちは、それが判断すると結論を下します、彼らは無罪と宣告する、無罪宣告に続く、より悪い経歴を確かに持っています。より接近している検査においては、しかしながら、私たちが、検察官が間違った人を課したという理由で罰せられた裁判官が無罪と宣告した裁判官ではないことを知ります。もっと正確に言えば、彼らはしばしば政治上強烈な事件に、法令によるか憲法解釈の理由で無罪と宣告した裁判官です。したがって、裁判官に無罪と宣告するappearent罰は、司法の行政機構で任意の有罪判決支持バイアスと無関係に見えます。そして、高い有罪宣告率は恐らく代わりに低い起訴者の予算を反映します。」」(http://ideas.repec.org/p/wpa/wuwple/9907001.html))ところで、日本政府はポイントを与えました「日本人検察官は悪く人員不足です、それらは最も強い事件だけを起訴し、最も明らかに有罪の被告をのみ裁判官に提示するかもしれません。」それがそれらのキャパシティーへの可能に借りのあることであると見なされるので、日本政府および検察庁はそれらの優れた検察官を誇りにしています。しかしながら、刑事裁判所は、単に罪の決定を承認しました。それは、検察官が刑事訴訟での罪の最終決定を実際に独占することを意味します。さらに、3つの力の分離は、少なくとも検察官と刑事裁判所の間に全く機能しません。この現実は、ヒットラーの政府とナチ・ドイツのその刑事裁判所の関係に全く似ています。ヒットラーの政府とナチ・ドイツのその刑事裁判所(司法府)の間の3つの力の分離は、同様に機能しません。ニュールンベルクでの判断では、ナチ・ドイツの裁判官は、ヒットラーのgovernment.Neverthlessの残虐行為のことが彼らに通知されていないと単一体で証言しました、それらはとうとうguilty.Similarlyに見つけました、日本の刑事訴訟は非常に危険であるに違いありません。
その他の回答 (1)
裁判に持ち込む前に示談で終わるでしょう。 日本の裁判は長期すぎますから。 示談で出せない刑罰は、お上に出してもらわないといけないですから、確実に勝てるケースしか持ち込まないのでは。
関連するQ&A
- 英和翻訳をお願いします
私の日本語を書き直してくれますか？よろしくお願いします ---------------- You may argue that this is Japan and a Japanese law however that is incorrect. Although written in the Japanese constitution, the “the right to remain silent” came from common law. In other words, it wasn't debated and created by the courts of Japan. Instead it was forced into the constitution after the war by the foreign ruling authority of Japan. ---------------- これは日本の法律だと主張するかもしれないが、それは正しくない。黙秘権は日本国憲法に書かれているが、コモンローから来ています。つまり、黙秘権は日本の裁判所によって論議し制定されていないではなく、戦後外国の支配下で黙秘権は日本国憲法に課された。
- ベストアンサー
- 英語
- 和訳お願いします
Each ten years, the government conducts a national census, which is authorized by the Constitution. Most of us do not object to answering the questions that the census poses, but what if you should decide to refuse to answer the questions? Could you do so on the basis that they represent an invasion of your privacy? This has been answered by the courts, which hold that it is a proper government function and a necessary one to gather reliable statistics that have a bearing on governmental functions, and that intelligent legislation can only be formulated if the government has the facts. It is probable that people answer the census questions because they believe their answers will be kept confidential and that the information will not be used to hurt them. Census answers cannot be utilized by parties in a lawsuit and used without the consent of the party giving the answers. However, general statistics can be used, and the statistics gathered in the census have been used, for the good of all.
- 締切済み
- 英語
- 和訳です。
英文の和訳をお願いします。 途中、並び替えがあります。 スペルには気をつけましたが、ミスがあったら指摘していただいて結構です。お願いします。 It is often said that the Japanese are shy or mysterious and that it is impossible to guess what they are thinking. In many cases, however, they may simply be trying to behave politely according to their own custums. Japanese people do have their own opinions, but they tend to wait their turn to speak out. If they completely disagree with somebody, they will usually listen with an air of acceptance at first, then disagree in a rather vague and roundabout way. This is considered the polite way to do things in Japan. On the other hand, because Western people consider directness and the honest expression of one's opinions more important, they tend to express their ideas more crearly. Even though quarrels sometimes take place, they do not usually affect people's relationships, except in extreme cases. In Japan, however, if you go against someone and create a bad atmosphere, your relations may break off completely. People tend to react emotionally, and most (afraid,are,being,excluded,from,of,the group). Silence can be also be concidered a kind of ambiguity. Between the Japanese and Westerners, there is a different understanding of silence. For the Japanese, silence indicates deep thinking or consideration, but too much silence often makes non-Japanese uncomfortable. Whereas the Japanese consider silence as rather good and people generally feel sympathetic toward it, non-Japanese sometimes feel that it is an indication of indifference. Too many words, however, are a kind of pressure for many Japanese and make them nervous and ill-at-ease. Aimai can result in misunderstandings, and people from other countries sometimes become irritated because the Japanese seem unable to answer “yes” or “no” directly. For example, if asked, “Which will you have, tea or coffee？” a Japanese person will often reply, “Either is OK.” This is a reserved and polite answer, but it often causes the host or hostess trouble. In fact, the word that Japanese most often have difficulty in using is“no” and their use of vague denials may lead to a great deal of friction and misunderstanding. To solve this problem, the Japanese need to become aware of their sense of ambiguity because many of them simply do not realize that it causes problems. With this awareness, they can try to express their opinions more clearly. On the other hand, non-Japanese should try to understand the Japanese mentality and the importance of the role that ambiguity plays in Japanese life. 以上になります。 あまり難しくないように思えましたが、長い文になると、意外と見落としている語があったり、訳していて、おそらく訳す順が変で、しっくり来ない部分があり、少し自信が無かったです。
- ベストアンサー
- 英語
- 自由英作文の添削をお願いします。
自由英作文の添削をお願いします。 少子化について原因と対策を100語以内で述べています。 Nowadays the number of children is decreasing in Japan. Since it costs a lot of money to raise their children, many young people don't marry. I think the Japanese economic is so bad that they can't earn enough money to raise. So the Japanese government should help them. I think it should make a plan to establish more preschools for mothers. If that came true, they could work at noon. Children will play a important role in the future. So I want the Japanese government to make efforts to get out of this situation. <94語> ミス、また説得力の有無などもご指摘いただけると嬉しいです。 よろしくお願いします。
- ベストアンサー
- 英語
- 次の英訳の間違いを指摘し、文法的に説明して下さい。
次の英訳の間違いを指摘し、文法的に説明して下さい。 よろしくお願いいたします。 ＜日本語＞ 最近、人前で自由に話せる若者が増えていますが、日本人は以前として英語を話すのが苦手です。 これは日本人は英語を話す時に間違うことを恐れるからです。 ＜英訳＞ (1) Recently the number of young people who can express their feeling free in public is increasing, although Japanese are not still good at speaking English. This is why Japanese people is afraid that they make mistake when speaking English. (2) Today there is more and more young people can talk to as they like in public, so Japanese people still have trouble speaking. It is because Japanese are fear to mistake on speaking English. (3) These days many young people can speak fluently in front of others, and the Japanese are still poor speakers in English. The reason of this is that the Japanese are afraid of committing error while they say English.
- 締切済み
- 英語
- 和訳をお願いします。
IMF理事の事件に関する記事です。 引用されている検事の発言部分の意味がよく分かりません。 記事の前半部分と矛盾しているようにも思えるのですが、訳して頂けないでしょうか。 よろしくお願いします。 Assistant District Attorney Joan Iluzzi-Orbon, who is one of the lead prosecutors of the case, said it was unclear at the moment whether the maid could be a viable witness. "It would have to be that I believed every word that came out of her mouth, and that I believe in the criminal aspect of what occurred," Ms. Iluzzi-Orbon said in an interview with The Wall Street Journal.
- 締切済み
- 英語
- 『The sound of summer ～』
Ray Bradburyの『The sound of summer running』という短編からの質問です。 Somehow the people who made tennis shoes knew what boys needed and wanted.They put marshmallows and coiled springs in the soles and they wove the rest out of grasses bleached and fired in the wilderness. Somewhere deep in the soft loam of the shoes the thin hard sinews of the buck deer were hidden. The people that made the shoes must have watched a lot of winds blow the trees and a lot of rivers going down to the lakes. Whatever it was, it was in the shoes, and it was summer. Douglas tried to get all this in words. “Yes,” said Father, “but what’s wrong with last year’s sneakers? Why can’t you dig them out of the closet?” ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ They put marshmallows and coiled springs in the soles and they wove the rest out of grasses bleached and fired in the wilderness. Somewhere deep in the soft loam of the shoes the thin hard sinews of the buck deer were hidden.についてですが ここはとても比喩的な表現になっている気がします。 以下はどのような事を言っているのでしょうか？ ＊They put marshmallows and coiled springs in the soles マシュマロとぐるぐるに巻かれたバネを底に置きました？ （靴の履き心地ですか？） ＊they wove the rest out of grasses bleached and fired in the wilderness 荒野で焼かれ、さらされた草からの残りを織りました？ （意味がわかりません） ＊Somewhere deep in the soft loam of the shoes the thin hard sinews of the buck deer were hidden 靴の柔らかい壌土の中のどこかに深く、雄の鹿の細く硬い腱は隠されました？ （雄の鹿というのは少年のことだと思うのですが、be hiddenは"秘められている" というような感じでしょうか？） 冒頭のTheyはthe people who made tennis shoesですか？ ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ Whatever it was, it was in the shoes, and it was summer.について このitは特に意味を持たないitですか？ ＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊＊ 教えていただけるとありがたいです。 よろしくお願いいたします。
- ベストアンサー
- 英語
- 回答お願いします。
この文の和訳をお願いします。 This has been answered by the courts, which hold that it is a proper government function and a necessary one to gather reliable statistics that have a bearing on governmental functions, and that intelligent legislation can only by formulated if the government has the facts.
- 締切済み
- 英語
- counterparts が指すもの
in terms of business, it is common for japanese to have dinner and drinks together as they attempt to build a relationship in which they can both be inside. for foreigners who may find it difficult being to break into the social circle, there is the risk that they will continue to be treated politely as guests without being able to get their japanese counterparts to open up to them. counterparts が指すものが分からず there is the riskから上手く訳せません。宜しくお願い致します。
- ベストアンサー
- 英語
- substituteの使い方
こんにちは。以下の文章内のsubstituteの使い方は 正しいでしょうか？ In case that Research A of Ichigaya branch substitutes that of Shibuya branch, you should notify it clearly. （市谷支店の調査Aを、渋谷支店の調査として利用する場合、 その旨、明白に知らせなければならない） この場合、substituteはis substituted と、受身にすべきではないでしょうか。あるいは私の文章の読み取り方がちがいますか？ それとも上の文章は In case that you subsutitute Research A of Ichigaya branch substitute for that of Shibuya branch, と同義になりますか？ お願いします。
- ベストアンサー
- 英語
補足
mene' mene' teqel upharcin・・・